205 feeb ntawm "Buran" lub dav hlau ya dav hlau los ua qhov hnov tsis hnov lus. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb yog tsaws. Thawj thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, lub tsheb thauj neeg Soviet tau tsaws hauv hom tsis siv neeg. Cov neeg Asmeskas shuttles yeej tsis tau kawm qhov no: lawv tsaws nkaus xwb los ntawm txhais tes.
Vim li cas qhov kev kov yeej pib tsuas yog ib qho? Lub teb chaws poob dab tsi? Thiab puas muaj kev cia siab tias lub dav hlau thauj neeg Lavxias tseem yuav ya mus rau lub hnub qub? Hmo ua ntej ntawm 25 hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Buran lub davhlau, RG tus neeg sib tham tham nrog ib tus ntawm nws tus tsim, yav dhau los yog tus thawj coj ntawm NPO Energia chav haujlwm, thiab niaj hnub no tus xibfwb ntawm MAI, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txuj Ci Valery Burdakov.
Valery Pavlovich, lawv hais tias Buran lub dav hlau tau dhau los ua lub tshuab nyuaj tshaj plaws uas tib neeg tsim los.
Valery Burdakov: Tau kawg. Ua ntej nws, tus thawj coj yog American Space Shuttle.
Puas yog qhov tseeb tias "Buran" tuaj yeem ya mus rau lub hnub qub hauv qhov chaw, ntes nws nrog tus tswj thiab xa nws mus rau nws "lub tsev menyuam"?
Valery Burdakov: Yog, zoo li American Space Shuttle. Tab sis Buran lub peev xwm tau dav dua: ob qho tib si hais txog qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom thauj xa mus rau Lub Ntiaj Teb (20-30 tuj tsis yog 14.5), thiab nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lawv nruab nrab. Peb tuaj yeem de-ncig lub chaw nres tsheb Mir thiab tig nws mus rau hauv cov khoom pov thawj!
Cov neeg Asmeskas puas ntshai?
Valery Burdakov: Vakhtang Vachnadze, uas ib zaug ua NPO Energia, tau hais tias: raws li SDI txoj haujlwm, Asmeskas xav xa 460 lub tsheb tub rog mus rau hauv qhov chaw, thawj theem - txog 30. Thaum kawm paub txog kev ya dav hlau ntawm Buran, lawv tau tso tseg qhov no. lub tswv yim
"Buran" dhau los ua peb cov lus teb rau Asmeskas. Vim li cas lawv thiaj ntseeg tias peb tsis tuaj yeem tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub dav hlau?
Valery Burdakov: Yog lawm, cov neeg Asmeskas tau hais cov lus no tiag. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob nruab nrab xyoo 1970, peb lub lag luam qis dua Tebchaws Meskas tau kwv yees li ntawm 15 xyoos. Peb tsis muaj kev paub txaus nrog pawg loj ntawm cov kua hydrogen, peb tsis muaj cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws lossis lub dav hlau muaj tis. Tsis hais txog qhov tsis muaj qhov sib piv zoo li X-15 hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nrog rau Boeing-747 chav kawm dav hlau.
Thiab txawm li cas los xij, "Buran" tau sau nrog, raws li lawv hais niaj hnub no, kev hloov pauv?
Lub dav hlau ntawm "Buran" lub dav hlau tau dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb hnov thaum xyoo 1988. Duab: Igor Kurashov / RG.
Valery Burdakov: Yog lawm. Unmanned tsaws, tsis muaj roj lom, kuaj kab rov tav, thauj huab cua ntawm foob pob hluav taws tso rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub dav hlau tshwj xeeb tsim … Txhua yam yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Coob leej neeg nco txog daim duab zoo: lub dav hlau "saddled" lub dav hlau Mriya. Puas yog tis loj loj tau yug los hauv Buran?
Valery Burdakov: Thiab tsis yog Mriya nkaus xwb. Tom qab tag nrho, lub dav hlau loj 8-meter ntawm lub foob pob Energia yuav tsum tau xa mus rau Baikonur. Yuav ua li cas? Peb txiav txim siab ntau txoj kev xaiv, thiab txawm tias qhov no: txhawm rau khawb kwj dej ntawm Volga mus rau Baikonur! Tab sis lawv txhua tus rub rau 10 txhiab rubles, lossis 17 txhiab daus las. Yuav ua li cas? Tsis muaj nyiaj li. Tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev tsim kho no - ntau dua 10 xyoo.
Peb lub tuam tsev tau npaj tsab ntawv ceeb toom: kev thauj mus los yuav tsum yog los ntawm huab cua, piv txwv li los ntawm dav hlau. Dab tsi pib ntawm no!.. Kuv raug liam ntawm kev npau suav. Tab sis Myasishchev's 3M-T dav hlau (tom qab lub npe tom qab nws VM-T), lub dav hlau Ruslan, thiab lub dav hlau Mriya, uas peb ua ke nrog tus sawv cev ntawm Tub Rog Tub Rog tau ua raws li cov lus siv, tau tshem tawm.
Thiab vim li cas, txawm tias ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv, muaj ntau tus neeg tawm tsam ntawm Buran? Feoktistov hais bluntly: reusability tsuas yog lwm qhov bluff, thiab Academician Mishin txawm hu ua "Buran" nkaus xwb "Burian".
Valery Burdakov: Lawv tau ua txhaum yam tsis raug cai los ntawm kev raug tshem tawm ntawm cov ncauj lus siv tau.
Leej twg yog thawj tus xav txog qhov haujlwm ntawm lub nkoj xa khoom ntawm lub dav hlau thiab lub peev xwm dav hlau tsaws ntawm txoj kev khiav?
Valery Burdakov: Korolev! Nov yog qhov kuv hnov los ntawm Sergei Pavlovich nws tus kheej. Xyoo 1929, nws muaj hnub nyoog 23 xyoos, thiab nws twb yog tus neeg nto npe nto npe nrov. Korolyov hatched ib lub tswv yim: kom tsa lub dav hlau los ntawm 6 km, thiab tom qab ntawd, nrog lub dav hlau nrawm nrawm, mus rau hauv stratosphere. Nws txiav txim siab mus rau Kaluga rau Tsiolkovsky txhawm rau kos npe rau tsab ntawv ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev ya dav hlau siab.
Tsiolkovsky kos npe?
Valery Burdakov: Tsis yog. Nws thuam lub tswv yim. Nws hais tias yam tsis muaj lub tshuab ua lub foob pob ua kua, lub dav hlau ya mus rau qhov siab yuav tswj tsis tau thiab, ua kom nrawm dua thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg, yuav tawg. Nws nthuav qhia kuv nrog phau ntawv me "Cov chaw foob pob hluav taws" thiab qhia kuv kom xav txog kev siv cov tshuab foob pob hluav taws ua kua rau ya dav hlau tsis mus rau hauv stratosphere, tab sis txawm tias siab dua, mus rau "chaw etheric".
Kuv xav paub tias Korolev tau ua li cas?
Valery Burdakov: Nws tsis zais nws qhov kev chim siab. Thiab txawm tsis kam lees kos npe! Txawm hais tias kuv tau nyeem phau ntawv. Korolev tus phooj ywg, tus tsim qauv dav hlau Oleg Antonov, hais rau kuv tias pes tsawg tus neeg tau ntxhi ntawm kev sib sau ua ke hauv Koktebel tom qab xyoo 1929: puas yog lawv Seryoga ua rau nws xav? Zoo li, nws ya ntawm lub tshuab ya tsis muaj qhov kawg thiab hais tias nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho cov tshuab foob pob hluav taws ua kua rau nws. Kuv tsoo tus kws tsav dav hlau Anokhin txhawm rau txhob txwm tsoo lub dav hlau ya mus rau saum huab cua thaum lub sij hawm "flutter test" …
Korolev nws tus kheej tau tsim qee yam ntawm lub luag haujlwm hnyav?
Valery Burdakov: Yog, Red Star. Thawj thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, tus kws tsav dav hlau Stepanchenok tau ua ntau yam "tuag loops" ntawm lub dav hlau no. Thiab tus glider tsis tawg! Qhov tseeb nthuav. Thaum thawj tsib tus kws tshaj lij dav hlau tau nkag mus rau Zhukovsky Academy, nws tau txiav txim siab muab lawv cov ncauj lus rau kev kawm tiav qib siab ntawm Vostok qhov chaw dav hlau. Tab sis Korolev tsis pom zoo ib yam: "Tsuas yog lub nkoj ncig ntawm lub dav hlau dav hlau! Qhov no yog peb lub neej yav tom ntej! Cia lawv nkag siab tias yog dab tsi rau qhov piv txwv ntawm lub dav hlau me me nrog tis."
Thiab yam xwm txheej zoo li cas tshwm sim nrog German Titov?
Valery Burdakov: Nws xav tsis thoob tias nws nkag siab txhua yam, thiab thov kom poj huab tais lees txais nws. "Peb, - nws hais tias, - ya ntawm cov nkoj tsis zoo. Cov khoom loj loj, thaum nqes los zoo li ntawm cov pob zeb pob zeb. Korolyov luag nyav: "Koj puas tau txais koj daim ntawv kawm tiav engineering?" "Tsis tau," Herman teb. "Thaum koj tau txais, tom qab ntawd los thiab tham raws li qhov sib npaug."
Thaum twg koj pib ua haujlwm ntawm "Buran"?
Valery Burdakov: Rov qab rau xyoo 1962, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Sergei Pavlovich, Kuv tau txais kuv thawj daim ntawv pov thawj kev cai lij choj rau lub chaw thauj khoom rov siv tau. Thaum qhov kev tawm tsam nyob ib puag ncig Asmeskas cov tub rog tau tshwm sim, cov lus nug ntawm seb nws puas tsim nyog ua tib yam hauv peb lub tebchaws tseem tsis tau raug daws. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov hu ua "kev pabcuam No. 16" hauv NPO Energia nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Igor Sadovsky tau tsim xyoo 1974. Muaj ob lub chaw tsim qauv hauv nws - mine rau kev ua haujlwm hauv dav hlau thiab Efrem Dubinsky - rau cov nqa khoom.
Sib sau ua qauv ntawm Buran lub dav hlau rau MAKS-2011 huab cua qhia hauv Zhukovsky. Yees duab: RIA Novosti www.ria.ru
Peb tau koom nrog hauv kev txhais lus, tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, kho thiab tshaj tawm "primers" ntawm lub dav hlau. Thiab lawv tus kheej, ntsiag to, tau tsim lawv tus kheej lub nkoj thiab cov neeg nqa khoom rau nws.
Tab sis tom qab tag nrho, Glushko, leej twg tom qab Mishin raug lawb tawm los ua lub taub hau ntawm Energia, kuj tseem tsis txhawb nqa lub ntsiab lus siv tau?
Valery Burdakov: Nws hais rau txhua qhov chaw tias nws yuav tsis koom nrog hauv lub dav hlau. Yog li ntawd, thaum Glushko tau raug hu mus rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog kom pom Ustinov, nws tsis mus nws tus kheej. Nws xa kuv. Cov lus nug tsis txaus ntseeg tau poob rau nws: vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau qhov chaw rov siv tau, nws yuav yog dab tsi, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab qhov kev mus ntsib no, Kuv tau kos npe Cov Lus Ceeb Toom nrog Glushko - cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm "Buran" lub ncauj lus. Ustinov sai li sai tau npaj qhov kev txiav txim siab, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Brezhnev. Tab sis nws tau siv ntau lub rooj sib tham nrog kev tsim txom thiab kev liam ntawm kev tsis muaj peev xwm txog thaum lawv mus txog qhov kev xav sib xws.
Thiab dab tsi yog txoj haujlwm ntawm koj lub tuam txhab tseem ceeb aviation tus neeg cog lus - tus thawj tsim qauv ntawm NPO Molniya, Gleb Evgenievich Lozino -Lozinsky?
Valery Burdakov: Tsis zoo li Aviation Minister Dementyev, Lozino-Lozinsky ib txwm nyob ntawm peb ib sab, txawm tias thaum xub thawj nws tau muab nws cov kev xaiv. Nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas nws tso qhov kawg los tham txog qhov ua tsis tau ntawm kev tsaws tsis siv neeg. Nws hais rau cov thawj coj tias nws yuav tsis tig mus rau lawv ntxiv lawm, tab sis yuav thov kom lawv ua lub tsaws tsis siv neeg … rau cov pioneer los ntawm Tushino tshav dav hlau, txij li nws tau rov ua dua qhov tseeb uas lawv cov qauv xov tooj cua tswj tau tsaws.. Thiab qhov xwm txheej tau daws rau qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm nws tus thawj coj.
Cov neeg caij dav hlau kuj tsis zoo siab. Peb xav tias Dementiev txoj haujlwm yuav yeej. Lawv tau sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam: lawv tsis xav tau lub tsaws tsis siv neeg, lawv xav ua haujlwm Buran lawv tus kheej.
Lawv hais tias "Buran" tau txais nws lub npe ua ntej pib?
Valery Burdakov: Yog lawm. Glushko tau thov kom hu lub nkoj "Zog", Lozino -Lozinsky - "Xob Laim". Muaj kev pom zoo - "Baikal". Thiab "Buran" tau thov los ntawm General Kerimov. Cov ntawv sau tsis tau muab tshem tawm ua ntej pib thiab ib qho tshiab tau thov.
Qhov tseeb ntawm tsaws ntawm "Buran" tsoo txhua tus neeg ntawm qhov chaw …
Valery Burdakov: Thaum lub nkoj twb tau tshwm sim los ntawm qab huab, ib tus thawj coj, zoo li yog nyob rau hauv delirium, rov hais dua: "Tam sim no nws yuav tsoo, tam sim no nws yuav tsoo!" Muaj tseeb, nws siv lwm lo lus. Txhua tus neeg ua pa thaum "Buran" pib tig hla txoj kev khiav. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev txav no tau suav nrog hauv qhov haujlwm. Tab sis tus thawj coj ntawd, thaj, tsis paub lossis tsis hnov qab qhov kev xav no. Lub nkoj tau ncaj nraim mus rau txoj kab. Lateral deviation los ntawm kab nruab nrab - tsuas yog 3 meters! Qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws. 205 feeb ntawm "Buran" ya davhlau, zoo li txhua lub davhlau ya dav hlau nrog cov khoom thauj loj, dhau mus yam tsis muaj lus hais rau tus tsim qauv.
Koj xav li cas tom qab qhov kev kov yeej?
Valery Burdakov: Cov lus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog qhov no. Tab sis muaj lwm qhov "kev xav" ua ntej peb: kev ua tiav txoj haujlwm tshiab tau raug kaw. 15 billion rubles raug pov tseg.
Puas yog Buran qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab txuj ci hauv paus puas tau siv?
Valery Burdakov: "Buran", zoo li lub tsheb thauj mus los, tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig los siv vim tias kim heev thiab tsis zoo rau kev tsim tawm. Tab sis cov kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem tsim kho ntawm Buran-M. Qhov tshiab, hloov kho rau hauv tus as khauj qhov ua tiav qhov kawg, lub nkoj tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov nrawm heev, ntseeg tau thiab yooj yim txhais tau tias yog kev thauj mus los hauv dav hlau hla tebchaws, tsuas yog cov neeg caij tsheb thiab cov neeg ncig tebchaws. Tab sis rau qhov no nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim kev rov siv tau ib leeg-theem tag nrho-azimuthal ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thauj khoom MOVEN. Nws yuav hloov lub foob pob hluav taws Soyuz. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav tsis xav tau qhov kev tso tawm tsis yooj yim, yog li nws yuav tuaj yeem tsim tawm los ntawm Vostochny cosmodrome.
Kev vam meej ntawm "Buran" tseem tsis tau ploj mus. Kev siv lub dav hlau tsis siv neeg tau yug los rau tiam neeg sib ntaus thib tsib thiab ntau tus drones. Nws tsuas yog tias peb, zoo li yog qhov xwm txheej nrog lub ntiaj teb cuav satellite, yog thawj zaug.
Koj tau ua haujlwm rau Korolev hauv chav haujlwm thib 3, uas txiav txim siab qhov kev cia siab rau kev tsim kho lub ntiaj teb kev ya dav hlau. Dab tsi yog qhov kev cia siab rau niaj hnub cosmonautics?
Valery Burdakov: Lub sijhawm siv nuclear thiab hnub ci lub zog tab tom los hloov lub zog hydrocarbon, uas yog qhov xav tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev siv dav ntawm ntau lub tsheb loj. Txhawm rau tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci uas muab lub zog rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv ntiaj teb, yuav tsum muaj cov nqa khoom rau 250 tons. Lawv yuav raug tsim los ntawm MOVEN. Thiab yog tias peb tham txog cosmonautics feem ntau, tom qab ntawd nws yuav muab txhua yam kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg, thiab tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv, raws li nws yog tam sim no.
los ntawm txoj kev
Tag nrho tsib daim ntawv theej ya dav hlau ntawm Buran tau tsim.
Nkoj 1.01 "Buran" - ua ib lub davhlau nkaus xwb. Nws tau khaws cia hauv kev sib dhos thiab sim tsev ntawm Baikonur. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2002, puas tsuaj los ntawm lub ru tsev puas.
Nkoj 1.02 - yuav tsum ua lub davhlau thib ob thiab tsaws nrog Mir chaw nres tsheb chaw nres tsheb. Tam sim no cov khoom pov thawj ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome tsev cia puav pheej.
Nkoj 2.01 tau npaj 30-50%. Kuv nyob ntawm Tushinsky lub tshuab tsim lub tsev, tom qab ntawd ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Khimki reservoir. Hauv xyoo 2011, nws tau thauj mus rau kev rov kho dua rau LII hauv Zhukovsky.
Nkoj 2.02 tau npaj 10 - 20%. Sib cais ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Nkoj 2.03 - qhov tshwj tseg tau raug rhuav tshem thiab nqa mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg.
