Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 2011, rab yaj phom Makarov ua kev zoo siab rau nws hnub tseem ceeb. 60 xyoo hauv kev pabcuam yog lub sijhawm tsim nyog. Txawm hais tias riam phom ntawm tus kheej yog "khaws cia" thiab cov pov thawj zoo tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau ntev, thaum nyob hauv lwm hom riam phom thiab khoom siv tub rog, ntau dua ib tiam ntawm cov qauv tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Txhawm rau pib nrog, nws tsim nyog nco txog yuav ua li cas thiab lub hom phiaj twg PM tau tsim ib zaug.
Stalin Prize Laureate
Kev sib tw rau rab phom tshiab tau tshaj tawm hauv USSR xyoo 1945. Lub luag haujlwm tau tsim los ntawm GAU tshwj xeeb daim cartridges 7, 62x25 TT, 7, 65x17, daim ntawv cog lus cog lus 9x18. Txoj haujlwm txhim kho tau ua tiav zoo. Kev sib tw tau koom nrog ob tus kws tsim txuj ci "nrog lub npe" - F. V. Tokarev, P. V. Voevodin, S. A. Korovin, I. I. Rakov, S. G. Simonov, thiab cov hluas, tseem tsis tau paub tsawg - NF Makarov thiab KA Baryshev los ntawm Tula, GV Sevryugin, AA Klimov thiab AI Lobanov los ntawm Izhevsk.
Twb tau nyob rau Lub Kaum Hli 1945, kev sim phom sij ntawm Makarov, Sevryugin, Korovin, Rakov, Simonov, Baryshev, Voevodin tau pib. Makarov nthuav qhia lub 7, 65-mm TKB-412 rab yaj phom qauv thiab rab phom 9-mm TKB-429. Cov phom me tau raug tshuaj xyuas zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntau yam ntawm cov caj npab me thiab cov phom cug hauv Shchurov. Txog kev sib piv, rab phom txawv teb chaws tau sim nrog lawv: "Walter" PP, "Mauser" HSc, "Browning" 1922, "Sauer" 38N, "Beret" 1934, ntxiv rau TT.
Kev vam meej poob rau kev sib koom ntawm TsKB-14 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Ministry of Armaments Nikolai Fedorovich Makarov. Nws tus neeg sib tw tseem ceeb nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev sib tw yog Baryshev rab yaj phom. Kev sim ntawm 9 hli piv txwv tau ua tiav xyoo 1948. Lub luag haujlwm tau xaiv Makarov tus qauv, uas tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 1951 raws li kev xaiv "9-mm Makarov rab yaj phom (PM) mod. Xyoo 1951 ". GAU muab nws qhov ntsuas 56-A-125. Ua ke nrog rab yaj phom, 9x18 daim cartridge, tsim los ntawm B. V. Semin thiab N. M. Elizarov ntawm NII-44 (yav tom ntej TSNIITOCHMASH), nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam.
Xyoo 1952, rau kev txhim kho rab yaj phom, Makarov tau txais khoom plig Stalin ntawm qib III. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 8 ntawm tib lub xyoo, kev txiav txim los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm 5th Tus Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Ministry of Armaments tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm PM kev tsim khoom. Qhov kev tso tawm tau teeb tsa hauv Izhevsk ntawm tus lej cog 622 (tom qab Izhevsk Mechanical Plant).
German counterpart: zoo sib xws thiab sib txawv
Nws tsis tas yuav piav qhia lub cuab yeej ntawm rab yaj phom Makarov: nws paub zoo rau ntau tus. Txawm li cas los xij, lub suab tseem hnov ntau zaus thov tias Makarov tsuas yog "hloov kho me ntsis" ntawm German Walther PP, thiab 9x18 daim cartridge yog qhov sib txawv ntawm 9-mm Ultra cartridge ntawm German tuam txhab Gecko.
Qhov tseeb, tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob xaus, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom "Karl Walter" hauv Zella-Melis tau mus rau sab Soviet. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Cov Tib Neeg Cov Neeg Sawv Cev (Ministry) ntawm Armaments pom zoo tias thaum txhim kho rab phom tsom mus rau Walter system. Qhov me me "Walter" PP tiag tiag yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus kheej nqa rab phom ntawm Lub Qub thiab Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab, thiab nws cov phiaj xwm tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob tau dhau los yuav luag txhua qhov theej hauv ntiaj teb. Cartridge "Ultra", tsim ua ntej ua tsov rog los "txhim kho" tib yam "Walter" PP, hais txog lub zog yog nruab nrab ntawm ob qho tib si 9 -mm rab yaj phom - "Parabellum" thiab "Browning luv".
Cov qauv raug xaiv zoo heev. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog rab yaj phom Makarov lossis rab phom rab yaj phom ntawm Semin thiab Elizarov tau luam ncaj qha ntawm lawv cov neeg German. Kev tsim qauv ntawm PM tau raug kho dua tshiab hauv qhov nthuav dav, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab nws tus qauv ywj pheej kiag li - hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej, muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua li feem ntau ua raws li Walther RR cov phiaj xwm hauv lwm lub tebchaws.
Cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo ntawm PM thiab rab phom me me ntawm lub zog sib piv, uas tshwm sim tom qab
Kev siv dav ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau ntawm cov khoom ua rau nws yooj yim rau kev tsim qauv thiab nce kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov txheej txheem. Tshwj xeeb, lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav sib ntaus sib tua tau hloov pauv los ntawm ob lub ntsej muag lamellar, uas ua rau lub ntsej muag nrog lub dav dav, thiab ntawm tus pas nrig sib tsoo thiab ua rau nqaim ib qho, thiab qis qis ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav ua haujlwm li ntawv xov xwm. Tus pas nrig ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus pas nrig tseem ua haujlwm zoo li qhov tsis txav, qhov kaw qhov kaw yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub tes tsho uas tau muab tshem tawm.
Hloov tus naj npawb ntawm cov qag nrog cov pins ntawm cov ntu ua kom yooj yim rau kev sib dhos thiab sib dhos ntawm rab yaj phom hauv kev sib piv nrog tib "Walter" PP. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus chij tsis siv neeg hauv PM tau ua kom zoo dua li hauv Walter PP: nws qhov kev ua yog ntseeg tau ntau dua, thiab tig tus chij thaum tig los ntawm saum toj mus rau hauv qab yog qhov zoo dua rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntiv tes ntawm tes tuav riam phom.
Tus tsim ntawm PM suav nrog tsuas yog 29 ntu, thaum "Walter" PP muaj txog 50 ntawm lawv, thiab piv txwv li, CZ 82, tsim ntau tom qab (ua tau zoo, los ntawm txoj kev) - twb 55 lawm.
Ntawm txoj kev txhim kho
Kev tsim cov khoom loj ntawm "Makarovs" tau siv sijhawm. Tus PM tsis tau dhau los ua tus qauv ntawm rab phom me me uas ntseeg tau thiab tau txais los ntawm ob tus neeg siv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom. Thawj zaug feem ntau yog cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Soviet pab tub rog, siv rau kev ntaus nrig thiab qhov ntev ntawm TT. Txawm hais tias PM tuav tau yooj yim dua, qhov "ceeb toom" qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, txo qis kev sib tsoo thiab qhov sib piv ntawm lub zog rov qab los rau qhov hnyav riam phom tau pab txhawb kom nce qhov tseeb ntawm cov kab lus luv.
Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom thawj zaug suav tias PM yog tus qauv ntawm "tsis yog thev naus laus zis tsim". Cov lus piav qhia ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntu txiav txim siab lawv lub cev, uas yog qhov nyuaj rau cov thev naus laus zis muaj, thiab qhov ntim ntawm kev hloov kho kev ua haujlwm yog qhov zoo. Kev koom tes tseem ceeb los ua kom muaj kev tsim khoom ntau thiab nce kev ntseeg tau ntawm rab phom tau ua los ntawm Izhevsk cov kws tsim qauv thiab thev naus laus zis, ntawm lawv G. V. Sevryugin, A. Klimov, A. Belikov, A. N. Molodchenkov, E. V. Lopatkin, M. Dorfman, AM Pestov, AV. Kamerilov.
Tau kawg, Makarov nws tus kheej tau koom nrog hauv kev teeb tsa kev tsim khoom. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav tsum tau hloov qee qhov kev tsim qauv. Xyoo 1953, cov duab ntawm rab yaj phom thav duab tau hloov pauv, ua kom yooj yim tiv thaiv. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom tau raug daws tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm 50s. Txog thaum pib ntawm 60s, thaum tsim cov khoom loj ntawm PM tau tsim, nws tseem ua haujlwm nrog TT.
Hauv 60s thiab 90s, V. Chuguevsky, A. G. Pasynkov, V. A. Ivanov, A. E. Subbotin, V. A. Kuchumov ua haujlwm txhim kho kev tsim khoom ntawm "Makarov". PM tau ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis. Lawv tau qhia chrome plating ntawm lub thoob tawg, milling ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev zam txim hlau tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev pov rau hauv pwm ua tom qab milling (casting tau qhia nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, fuse, txhais, txhais), tus tuav milled los ntawm textolite yog hloov nrog nias ib qho.
Qhov kawg ntawm 80s, kev tsim khoom ntawm rab yaj phom thav duab thiab ntsia liaj qhov rooj tau pib siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab-peev peev casting. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev siv zog ntawm kev tsim khoom ib PM los ntawm 90 tus qauv teev nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom lag luam poob qis rau 5 - 18 zaug. Qhov sib piv ntawm kev siv hlau (qhov sib piv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm qhov ua tiav rau qhov hnyav ntawm cov haujlwm) hauv kev tsim rab yaj phom los ntawm qhov pib 0, 12 nce yuav luag peb npaug, rov qab los ntawm cov phom ntev los ntawm kev sim ua ntej poob los ntawm 30 txog 1 feem pua.
Lub hauv paus rau lwm cov qauv
Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas, pom tseeb, tso cai riam phom tshaj tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb, suav nrog kev ntaus nqi ntawm tus kheej riam phom, suav nrog PM ntawm cov phom me me zoo tshaj plaws, sau cia ua ke ntawm qhov loj me thiab qhov hnyav nrog kev siv phom sij ntawm cov phom ntev, muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab muaj sia nyob. Txawm hais tias ob qho kev pabcuam tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm tseem nyiam rab phom me me rau cov phom loj - zoo ib yam li 9x19 "Parabellum" piv txwv.
PM yog ib rab phom nrov tshaj plaws ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Tus lej Makarovs tsim los ntawm Izhmeh ib leeg yog kwv yees li ntawm tsib lab. Thiab peb kuj yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau lawm txawv teb chaws.
"Makarov" tau ua haujlwm nyob hauv kaum ob lub xeev (ntawm no nws qis dua nws tus thawj TT), uas yog cov qub tswv cuab ntawm Warsaw Pact thiab Tuam Tshoj. PM hloov pauv tau ua hauv Bulgaria, Tuam Tshoj, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees Sab Hnub Tuaj, Yugoslavia. Cartridges 9x18 PM tau tsim lossis tsim tawm ntxiv rau cov tebchaws no hauv Libya, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania.
Nws yuav tsum tau lees paub tias kev txo qis ntawm rab phom thiab rab phom me tau tsim nyog rau qhov ua tau zoo. Nrog rau kev hloov pauv hauv cov kev txwv thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv riam phom, qhov no tau pom tseeb. Hauv 80s, nws twb tau xav tau sai los txhawm rau kom raug thiab raug ntawm rab phom sib ntaus, kev nkag mus rau ntawm lub mos txwv thaum tswj kev nqis tes ua thiab npaj siab rau thawj qhov kev txhaj tshuaj, txhawm rau nce lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm ib thiab ib nrab rau ob zaug. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev txhim kho ua haujlwm ntawm Rook ntsiab lus, ntawm lwm tus, kev txhim kho ntawm lub zog loj siab 9x18 (7N16) thiab rab yaj phom niaj hnub rau nws tau ua tiav, thaum tswj hwm cov txheej txheem PM yooj yim. Qhov kev xaiv no tau nthuav tawm (raws li txoj cai "Grach-3") Izhevsk tus tsim qauv B. M. Pletsky thiab RG Shigapov. Tom qab ntawd, rab phom no, tsim los tua nrog rab phom tsis tu ncua 9x18, nrog ob kab ntawv xov xwm rau 12 teev, tau txais lub npe PMM (niaj hnub siv Makarov rab yaj phom) thiab ntsuas 56-A-125M.
Txij li xyoo 1994, PMM tau tsim ua ntu zus los ntawm Izhmeh, muab rau Ministry of Internal Affairs, Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Ruaj Ntseg, thiab hauv qhov me me rau cov tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, PMM daim cartridge yeej tsis tau txais los siv. Ntxiv nrog rau cov teeb meem tshwm sim rau kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam, kev ntshai tias lub tshuab ua kom siab siab nrog nws qhov siab ntxiv ntawm cov hmoov av tseem yuav raug rho tawm los ntawm tus qauv PMs ua lub luag haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj xwm txheej thiab raug mob. Ua ke nrog tus neeg saib xyuas, PMM txoj haujlwm tau maj mam ploj mus. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab tau txais kev pom zoo xyoo 2004 ntawm rab phom tshiab rau rab phom loj dua, ua tau zoo dua raws li qhov xav tau rau rab phom rab phom niaj hnub no.
Thaum xyoo 2000s, Izhmekh nthuav qhia qhov kev xaiv los pab txhawb PM system-tus tsim qauv hluas DA Bogdanov, nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm RG Shigapov, tsim MP-448 "Skif" thiab MP-448S "Skif-mini" rab phom chambered rau 9x18 thiab 9x17 lub thawv ntawv, uas khaws cov txheej txheem yooj yim, tab sis nrog lub thav duab yas tshiab thiab qee qhov kev hloov pauv me me. Cov phom me tseem tab tom sim.
Tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau xyoo 90, txoj hmoo ntawm PM tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov pauv kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag. Cov phom me tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev lag luam, kev pabcuam thiab kev tsim qauv rau pej xeem. Yog li, Izhmeh tsim cov qauv xa tawm IZH-70, IZH-70-17A (IZH-70-200), IZH-70 HTs (IZH-70-100), kev pabcuam IZH-71 chambered rau 9x17 "Kurz", roj IZH-79 ob peb calibers. Qhov phom sij phom sij IZH-79-9T, paub zoo dua li "Makarych", uas tau muag rau xyoo 2004, tau txais koob meej.
Thiab lub tsho tiv thaiv mos txwv yuav tsis txuag
Ua ke nrog rab yaj phom, 9x18 PM rab phom rab phom tseem ua kev zoo siab rau rau xyoo lawm ntawm nws cov kev pabcuam. Lub sijhawm no, ntxiv rau "kev xaiv tub rog" nrog cov mos txwv zoo ib yam, ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov mos txwv tau tsim, uas tau nthuav dav nthuav dav lub peev xwm ntawm txoj haujlwm. Cov mos txwv zoo ib yam thaum xub thawj muaj cov hlau lead (mos txwv P, daim cartridge 57-N-181), tab sis xyoo 1954 pheej yig dua Pst mos txwv nrog cov tub ntxhais hlau tau tshwm sim hauv cov khoom loj (cartridge 57-N-181C). Cov ntaub ntawv cartridge hauv xyoo 1956 dhau los ua tsis yog tooj dag bimetallic, daim cartridge tau ntim nrog cov kua roj vanish. Txij li xyoo 1993, lacquered steel tes tsho tau tsim. "Nres" qhov zoo tib yam 9x18 PM cov mos txwv muaj peev xwm zais thiab qhib lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm qib 1 tiv thaiv, iav iav ntawm chav kawm II (IIA).
Tsim los ntawm V. V. Trunov thiab P. F. Sazonov lub mos txwv tracer nrog kev taug mus txog 150 meters yog qhov tsim nyog dua rau rab phom submachine thiab tsis tau nthuav dav nrog rab yaj phom. Tab sis nws cov khoom tau rov qab los hauv 90s, thaum kev txaus siab rau rab phom submachine rov pib dua.
Txij li PM tau nkag mus rau kev pabcuam tsis yog rau pab tub rog nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem rau cov koomhaum tswjfwm txoj cai lij choj, TsNIITOCHMASH tau tsim cov kab ntawv xaiv uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv cov qauv.
Rov qab rau xyoo 70s lig, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm KGB ntawm USSR, ib daim cartridge RG028 nrog lub mos txwv nrog cov tub ntxhais uas muaj riam phom tho tawm los ntawm lub plhaub raug tso tawm rau cov chav tshwj xeeb. Cov cartridge kom ntseeg tau tias yeej ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm qib thib ob tiv thaiv nrog cov ntsiab lus nruj xws li ZhZT-71M. Xyoo 1989, tshwj xeeb 9x18 daim cartridges rau Ministry of Internal Affairs tau tshwm sim.
Txawm hais tias muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuab ntaus phom tshiab, nws pom tseeb tias PM yuav nyob hauv qhov kev pabcuam ntev - "hnub nyoog so haujlwm" tej zaum yuav nce ntxiv. Ntxiv mus, ntau "Makarovs" tsis tau poob lawv qhov kev ntseeg tau.
Hauv qhov no, cov qauv tshiab ntawm daim cartridge nrog kev nkag mus zoo dua ntawm cov mos txwv rau kev tua los ntawm tus qauv PMs tau tsim. Xyoo 1996, NZNVA tau qhia txog 7N15 daim cartridge nrog rab phom-tho 9 mm BZhT mos txwv, tab sis twb muaj lawm xyoo 1997, muaj kev ua tiav zoo dua qub nrog rab phom-tho 9 hli PBM mos txwv tsim los ntawm Tula KBP. Cov mos txwv no tau siv rau xyoo 2005 thiab tau txais 7N25 qhov ntsuas. Nws cov mos txwv hnyav 3, 55 grams (piv rau 6, 1 g rau Pst mos txwv) nrog cov tub ntxhais tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab pib ua ntej nrawm txog 480 m / s muaj peev xwm txhawm rau hlau hlau 5 hli tuab ntawm qhov deb ntawm 10 metres (Pst mos txwv - 1.5 mm) lossis 1, 4mm titanium phaj thiab 30 txheej ntawm Kevlar -hom ntaub, thaum tswj kev ua kom tuag taus. Qhov no tso cai rau koj ntaus lub hom phiaj nyob hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm qib 2 tiv thaiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, daim cartridge nrog lub mos txwv ntawm kev txo qis peev txheej peev txheej nrog cov tub ntxhais ua tau tsim - nws tau txais tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tsim los 9x18 PPO (tus saib xyuas txoj cai lij choj).
Los ntawm txoj kev, xyoo 1996, rau qhov xav tau ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs hauv TsKIB SOO raws li kev coj ntawm GA Korobov, thawj lub cuab yeej OTs -15 "Lin" tau tsim rau Makarov rab yaj phom - rau ntuav txoj kab nyias nrog PM tua, piv txwv li, ntawm lub ru tsev lossis hla qhov teeb meem.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog txiav txim siab ntau txog cov hnab yas thiab cov khoom siv rau qhib thiab zais nqa ntawm PMs, tsim nyob rau kaum xyoo dhau los thiab ib nrab rau siv hauv ntau yam qauv. Thiab qhov no kuj yog ib feem ntawm rab phom phom. Qhov kev pabcuam ntawm tus hero ntawm hnub tseem txuas ntxiv.
