Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)

Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)
Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)

Video: Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)

Video: Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)
Video: Dab neeg looj mem Uab Lag Dub 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Cov piv txwv ntawm cov tsheb tiv thaiv Spanish yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo ntawd? Nov yog lub tsheb tiv thaiv "Bilbao", uas tau muaj npe tom qab lub nroog hauv Basque Lub Tebchaws, qhov chaw cog uas tau tsim nws nyob. Nws tau nkag mus rau kev pabcuam nrog Carabinieri xyoo 1932, tabsis cov neeg Spanish tswj tau tsim tsuas yog 48 lub tsheb hauv plaub xyoos. Rau tag nrho cov tub rog! Lawv tau siv los ntawm ob lub tebchaws thiab cov koom pheej ywj pheej, thiab yog li ntawd qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog tsuas yog xya lub tsheb muaj txoj sia nyob, thiab tus so tau raug tua nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab tsuas yog ib lub tsheb zoo li no tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no. Los ntawm kev tsim, nws yog lub tshuab qub heev: lub cev zoo li lub thawv, muab tso rau ntawm lub chassis ntawm Ford 8 mod. Xyoo 1930, nrog lub thooj voos kheej kheej, nrog 7-hli Hotchkiss cov tub rog siv rab phom, ntxiv rau tsib tus tua sab hauv, leej twg tuaj yeem tua hluav taws los ntawm kev npog ob sab ntawm lawv tus kheej riam phom.

Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)
Tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm Republicans thiab Nationalists hauv Tsov Rog Zaum 1936-1938 (ntu 2)

Armored tsheb "Bilbao".

Ua tsaug rau kev pab los ntawm Soviet engineers Nikolai Alimov thiab Alexander Vorobyov, Cov neeg Spanish muaj peev xwm tsim kev tsim khoom ntawm lawv tus kheej lub tsheb tiv thaiv UNL-35 lossis "Union Naval de Levante T-35", tseem muaj npe tom qab cog, qhov twg lawv pib tsim hauv Lub Ib Hlis 1937. Qee lub tsheb muaj lub chassis los ntawm Chevrolet-1937 lub tsheb thauj khoom lag luam, thiab lwm tus los ntawm Soviet ZIS-5, yog li lawv sib txawv hauv qhov loj me, ntxiv rau lub zog cia thiab ceev. Tab sis lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab cov cuab yeej ua tau zoo ib yam: txawm hais tias cov Republicans tau teeb tsa ob rab phom 7.62-mm Napo rau lawv, thiab cov neeg hauv tebchaws nyiam German Dreise MG-13. Lawv tau siv ntawm Madrid pem hauv ntej thiab hauv lwm qhov chaw, cov neeg nyiam tebchaws tau nyiam thiab dhau los ua khoom plig muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv. Thiab qhov lawv muaj nuj nqis rau lawv yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tau nyob hauv pab tub rog Spanish txog xyoo 1956.

Duab
Duab

UNL-35

Cov BAs uas tau ua rau ntawm lub chassis ntawm "Chevrolet" SD, uas muaj peb-qag puag, tau raug xaiv los ua ACC-1937-"Chevrolet tshuab-phom thiab tsheb loj", txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj nws cov cuab yeej siv tsuas yog tshuab rab phom. Yav tom ntej General Pavlov hais kom hloov lub turrets nrog rab phom tshuab nrog cov phom loj, nrog 37-mm Puteaux phom los ntawm FT-17 tso tsheb hlau luam. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau nquag siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab thaum kawg tau xaus rau hauv txhais tes ntawm cov neeg nyiam tebchaws. Lawv suav tias yog ACC-1937 tsis muaj phom, muab MG-13 Dreise tshuab phom rau nws, thiab ntawm qee lub tshuab … yees nrog BA-6, T-26 thiab BT-5, uas tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tau! Cov tshuab no zoo ib yam li BA-Z / BA-6, tab sis kaw tias nws tsis yog lawv, nws pom tau. Ob lub tsheb ACC-1937 nkag mus rau Fabkis nrog rau cov koomhaum koom pheej rov qab. Xyoo 1940 lawv tau nyob hauv txhais tes ntawm cov neeg German, thiab lawv, ua ntej, muab lawv lub npe "Jaguar" thiab "Leopard", thiab qhov thib ob, … xa lawv mus tua rog hauv tebchaws Russia! Leopard muaj rab phom loj 37 mm nyob rau hauv lub turret, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws raug tshem tawm, tso lub tshuab rab phom tom qab daim ntaub thaiv. Lawv tau siv tawm tsam cov pab pawg, thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias thaum kawg lawv raug ntes los ntawm peb tus kheej!

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Duab

UNL-35 (Kev kwv yees)

Tshooj cais hauv lus Mev epic yog cov tsheb uas ua los ntawm txhais tes ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm Spanish, thiab lawv tau ua los ntawm txhua tus thiab txhua tus. Yuav luag txhua lub nroog lossis txawm tias ib lub zos me, nws tau txiav txim siab tias yuav tsum muaj lub tsheb tiv thaiv. Muaj lub tsheb thauj khoom, muaj daim ntawv hlau thaiv, muaj "lub rhaub hlau" - uas txhais tau tias peb tab tom ua peb tus kheej lub tsheb tiv thaiv. Tsis muaj teeb meem pes tsawg tus neeg keeb kwm Spanish tau sim suav lawv txhua tus, lawv ua tsis tiav, nrog rau cais lawv. Muaj cov tsheb tiv thaiv uas zoo li "lub tsev rau ntawm lub log", thaum nyob hauv qee cov duab peb pom BA nrog lub ntsej muag zoo li lub turret thiab txawm tias muaj lub turret coj los ntawm T-26 thiab BT-5 tso tsheb hlau luam.

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Duab

Tank T-26 haiv neeg nrog rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau.

Qhov txaus siab, cov neeg nyiam teb chaws feem ntau tsis ntseeg txog kev tsim kho BAs, tab sis lawv tseem siv lawv. Yog li, ntawm lub chassis ntawm "Ford Times" 7V, lawv tau tso BA, uas tau siv los ua tus kheej-propelled cug. Lub 81-mm mortar ntawm nws tau nyob hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, ntxiv rau, nws muaj lub npog ntsej muag thiab lub cockpit. Lub tshuab rab phom kuj tseem tuaj yeem teeb tsa, thiab yog tias tshem cov tshuaj khib los ntawm nws, cov tub rog tau thauj mus los hauv tsheb. Nws ntseeg tias BAs zoo li tau ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev sib ntaus.

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Duab

Qhov feem ntau, tej zaum, monstrous "tiznaos".

Cov neeg Mev tau hu tag nrho cov BAs "tiznaos" - "grey", thiab txiav txim los ntawm daim duab, ntau tus yeej yog xim av tiag tiag, thaum lwm tus tau pleev xim nrog qhov zais tsis tau. Qhov tseeb yog tias muaj kev qhia los ntawm 1929, raws li txhua lub tsheb uas muaj phom nyob hauv pab tub rog Spanish yuav tsum tau pleev xim rau hauv "phom loj grey" lossis nruab nrab grey. Tab sis cov neeg Mev hu ua German tso tsheb hlau luam "Negrilos" (dub), uas qhia meej meej tias hauv kev sib piv nrog lub teeb Spanish xim, lawv tau tsaus dua.

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Duab

Pom "tiznaos".

"Bilbao" kuj yog "tiznaos", raws li nws tau pleev xim ib yam nkaus. Tom qab ntawd lawv tsis mob siab rau qhov no, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias ntau lub tsev tsim BAs tseem nqa ntau cov ntawv sau rau ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, thiab cov ntawv luv rau lub npe ntawm ntau lub koom haum syndicalist - UHP, UGT, CNT, FAI - uas lawv tsim yog Yog tias muaj ob peb ntawm lawv ntawm ib lub tsheb, tom qab ntawv qhov no qhia lawv "kev sib koom siab" thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov tsheb tiv thaiv no. Cov saw hlau txuas rau daim hlau daim hlau uas nyob ze lub log tau dhau los ua qhov kev daws teeb meem qub los tiv thaiv cov log tsheb los ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov phom uas lawv tsis tau npog los ntawm cov cuab yeej. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg Ixayees yuav tiv thaiv lawv lub tank "Merkava" nrog tib cov saw los ntawm RPG lub foob pob.

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Duab

"Tiznaos" raws lub tsheb laij teb.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsheb hauv Spain tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cov riam phom thaum ub xws li lub raj mis roj av, thiab lub tank Italian thiab German Pz. Is txawj ua rau cov neeg nto npe "dynamiteros" (dynamite) puas tsuaj, uas lawv siv pob thiab hnab ntim cov dynamite., uas muaj ntau ntawm Spanish cov miners. Tab sis kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog hauv Spain tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov phom loj. Nws yog hauv Spain tias 88-mm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau RAK-36 (uas tau tshwm sim muaj nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 1936) tau siv thawj zaug, thiab, ntxiv rau, ntau rab phom sib txawv los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb: 70 hli rab phom roob ntawm Schneider M. 1908, 75 -mm Krupp phom M. 1896, 65 -mm roob howitzers M.

Ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog Soviet thiab German phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm 45- thiab 37-mm caliber. Cov neeg Italians siv rab phom mos txwv 47-mm Breda M-35 ua phom tiv thaiv lub tank, thiab cov neeg Mev lawv tus kheej nrog 40-mm kuj tseem siv rab phom mos txwv "Ramirez de Arellano" mod. 1933. Bofors thiab McLean 37mm rab phom tsis siv neeg ntawm 1917 tus qauv kuj tau siv hauv Spain, yog li cov khoom siv phom tiv thaiv lub tank hauv Spanish Civil War tau dav heev.

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Duab

65-hli roob howitzer ze Guadalajara.

Tag nrho cov phom no muaj cov phom tiv thaiv phom, tab sis tsuas yog cov phom German thiab Soviet tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm 37- thiab 45-mm caliber thiab Bofors rab phom tiag tiag tiv thaiv lub tank. Lawv qhov loj me tso cai rau lawv kom yooj yim camouflaged, yog li ntawd lawv tuaj yeem tsoo cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam ntev ua ntej lawv pom lawv.

Duab
Duab

Ntxiv mus, lub zog rhuav tshem ntawm cov phom ntawm 37-mm thiab 45-mm phom ntawm lub tso tsheb hlau luam cuam tshuam tam sim ntawd, tab sis … ntxiv dag zog rau cov cuab yeej tso tsheb hlau luam! Nws tuaj yeem xav tias nws nyuaj, hais tias, muab cov cuab yeej ntxiv rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam uas tau muab los ntawm USSR, vim tias cov no yog cov tsheb tsim khoom, tab sis … dab tsi tiv thaiv koj ntawm kev saib xyuas qhov no ntawm qhov chaw? Tom qab tag nrho, Cov neeg Mev tau pom cov cuab yeej ua rog rau lawv BA ua hauv tsev! Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm Spain tuaj yeem tsim tau zoo 5, 8- thiab 12 hli cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, cov ntawv uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov cuab yeej ua rog nce mus txog 25 (13 + 12), 33 (8 + 12 + 13) thiab txawm tias 55 hli (8 + 12 + 13) + 12) yog? Tom qab ntawd, BT-5s tau ua tub rog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no thaum Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws hauv Odessa thiab txawm tias nyob hauv ib puag ncig Leningrad. Thiab dab tsi tiv thaiv koj los ntawm kev ua zoo ib yam hauv ib puag ncig Madrid, Barcelona, lossis hauv tib Valencia? Zoo, ntawm qhov phem tshaj, nws muaj peev xwm "phau ntawv" tso tsheb hlau luam nrog cov hnab xuab zeb. Cov neeg Amelikas tsis tau ua siab tawv siv cov cuab yeej zoo li no ntawm Sherman tso tsheb hlau luam. Tab sis tsis muaj daim duab ntawm cov xyoo ntawd peb pom ib lub tank nrog cov cuab yeej ntxiv. Dab tsi yog qhov no, kev ruam, kev saib tsis taus ib yam lossis lwm yam, tau kawg, tam sim no nws tsis tuaj yeem hais.

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Duab

Tsuas yog piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam hauv Spain yog kev teeb tsa ntawm qee lub German Pz. Is ntawm 20mm hluav taws kub ceev Breda, uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov tshuab phom uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub pej thuam tau ntxiv nrog daim hlau thaiv phaj nkhaus hauv nws cov duab, nce nws qhov siab thiab qhov ntev, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntxiv tau teeb tsa rau lawv ib yam.

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Duab

Tsis tau npaj siab los ntxiv dag zog rau riam phom ntawm Italian tankettes. Coaxial phom tshuab Fiat-14 lossis 35 caliber 8-mm, nrog rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob 125-litre (25% roj av thiab 75% roj roj), nrog rau kev tua hluav taws tsuas yog 50-60 m, tej zaum txiav txim siab siv riam phom txaus kom txog thaum xaus kev ua tsov ua rog!

Qee qhov kev txiav txim siab

Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob Hauv Xeev Spanish xyoo 1936-1939, uas tau xaus qhov kev yeej rau cov neeg nyiam tebchaws, tau dhau los ua tus naj npawb ib qho rau Europe nyob rau xyoo 1930s. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, kev tswj hwm Franco, uas tau tsim nyob rau ntawd, tau raug txim ntau xyoo heev, tab sis tsuas yog dhau sijhawm lawv pib pom qhov tseeb tias Franco muaj peev xwm coj nws lub tebchaws zoo li Hitler thiab Mussolini tsis tuaj yeem rub. nws mus rau hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, tab sis kuj tseem yog kev ywj pheej ntawm Sab Hnub Poob suav hais tias nws lees paub txog thaum nws tuag. Tab sis hauv kev ua tub rog, Spain tau tso tseg tsis ua lub luag haujlwm.

Duab
Duab

Cov tub rog ntawm Republican Army thiab Soviet T-26.

Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab ua los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, lawv tau nthuav heev. Yog li, cov kws tshaj lij German * ntseeg tag nrho qhov zoo tshaj ntawm lawv cov lus qhuab qhia tub rog thiab cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tshiab. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv txawm pib ua rog tawm tsam USSR nrog tib RAK-36 37-mm caliber, uas tau daws tau zoo nrog T-26 thiab BT-5 hauv Spain, tab sis tawm tsam T-34 thiab KV, nws tau hais ncaj qha tsis muaj zog. Cov neeg German tau nce qhov tuab ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub hauv ntej ntawm lawv cov tso tsheb hlau luam mus rau 30 hli, uas tau muab kev tiv thaiv rau lawv los ntawm 45-mm zoo li ntawm qhov deb ntawm lawv cov kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha, uas yog, lawv tau … meej "kiv taub hau nrog kev ua tiav." Qee qhov kev ua tsis tau zoo, hauv kev xav ntawm German tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm uas kawm paub txog kev ua tsov rog Spanish, yuav tsum tau them nyiaj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov tub rog German thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov tub rog.

Tab sis hauv USSR, kev swb ntawm Republicans tau ua rau muaj kev poob siab, vim tias cov uas tshaj tawm "nce" txog lawv cov kev soj ntsuam, ua ntej tshaj plaws, hais txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tham txog kev suav tsis raug hauv qhov hais kom ua. Qhov no yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm rau cov kws tsim qauv rau cov thom khwm tuab tau muab xa mus kom tsis muaj cov mos txwv tuaj yeem tsoo lawv, yog li txawm tias qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws hais kom ua, lawv tuaj yeem yeej ntawm lawv lub zog tshwj xeeb. Tab sis qhov no kuj tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau kev txaj muag hauv kev xaiv cov calibers ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv phom loj, yog li txawm tias tsuas yog lus xaiv txog German tso tsheb hlau luam nrog 100-mm armor tau txaus los tshem tawm "magpies" tau zoo los ntawm kev pabcuam. Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Stalinist nkag siab tias Russia qhov kev txiav txim siab kom zoo dua ib txwm yog nws cov peev txheej tsis txaus ntseeg tiag tiag. Yog li qhov lus pom tseeb pom tseeb - xa tag nrho cov tso tsheb hlau luam mus rau lub tub rog, thiab tshem tawm cov tshuab loj. Ib pawg loj ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, tshem tawm ib qho yeeb ncuab hauv nws txoj kev, cov tub rog mus tom qab lawv - qhov ntawd yog qhov yuav tsum coj los yeej hauv kev ua tsov rog. Zoo, kev muab cov neeg ua tub rog nyob ntawm ntau qhov laj thawj **.

Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog tias thaum kawg txhua yam tau tig tawm zoo li qhov no, thiab pom lub tank ua lub tsheb sib ntaus muaj peev xwm sib ntaus nrog cov neeg coob thiab nrog ib qho kev hais kom ua (nws yog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis tau ua haujlwm) tseem nyob thiab tom qab ntawd rau ntev heev. Dab tsi Soviet cov ntawv luam tawm tau sau txog txawm tias xyoo 1988 ***.

* Tom qab tau rov qab los rau Tebchaws Yelemees, von Thoma tau hais ntau zaus thiab sau tias Spain rau Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yog tib yam "European Aldershot", uas yog, nws tau hais ncaj qha rau ntawm kev sim phom ntau nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv.

** Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm lub koom haum "kev ua neej" ntawm cov kws tsav dav hlau hauv Francoists yog kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub ntawm tus kws tsav dav hlau M. Ansaldo, uas tawm tsam rau Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob, muab los ntawm Hugh Thomas: 8.30 - nws tau noj tshais puag ncig los ntawm nws tsev neeg; 9.30 - tuaj txog ntawm nws chav, tom qab ntawd lub dav hlau mus foob pob rau Republican txoj haujlwm; 11.00 - nws tau so - ntaus golf hauv Lazart; 12.30 - tom qab ntawd ua luam dej thiab sunbathing ntawm lub puam hauv Ondarreto; 1.30 pluas su - npias nrog khoom noj txom ncauj me me hauv khw noj mov; 2.00 - noj su thib ob hauv tsev; 3.00 - siesta (rau Spaniards qhov no dawb huv!): 4.00 - rov ua lub hom phiaj sib ntaus: 6.30 - xinesmas; 9.00 - tam sim no tseem muaj aperitif nrog qhov zoo scotch -whiskey hauv bar: 10.15 - hnub kawg xaus nrog kev noj hmo ntawm cov kws tsav dav hlau hauv tsev noj mov "Nicholas" nrog cov nkauj ua tub rog los ntawm kev hu nkauj, sov los ntawm cov cawv cawv ntawm "sib ntaus" kev ua kwv ua tij "thiab muaj kev txaus siab rau ntawm lub rooj zaum … koj tuaj yeem sib ntaus, puas yog?

*** V. Shlykov. ARMOR KREPKA (Tank asymmetry thiab kev nyab xeeb tiag). INTERNATIONAL LIFE, No. 11, 1988. S. 39-52.

LITERATURE

1. Huas Tomas Spanish Civil Tsov Rog. Penguin phau ntawv 1990, phab 1115.

2. Javier de Mazarrasa. Blindados en Espana. La Guerra civil 1936-1939. Quiron cov khoom siv. Xyoo 1991 S. 106.

3. Blindabos los ntawm Carros de Combate espanoles (1906-1939). Defensa. Tsis muaj. 45.1996, p. 64.

4. Artemio Mortera Perez. Los carros de combate “Trubia” (1925-1939). Quiron cov khoom siv. Xyoo 1994 S. 71.

5. Patrick Turnbull. Spanish Civil War xyoo 1936-1939. Osprey. Xyoo 1995 S. 40.

6. Ken Bradley. Cov tub rog thoob ntiaj teb hauv Spain 1936-1939. Osprey 1994, p. 63.

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