Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich. 75 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17, 1945, cov tub rog ntawm 1st Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej tau hais kom Marshal Zhukov, suav nrog 1st Pawg Tub Rog ntawm Cov Tub Rog Polish, tau tso lub nroog Poland - Warsaw. Lub nroog tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Nazis txij lub Cuaj Hlis 28, 1939. Niaj hnub no, kev ua tub rog Soviet hauv tebchaws Poland tau hais lus tsis zoo lossis tsis nco qab lawm.
Cov xwm txheej dav dav ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1939, Tebchaws Poland tau nyob hauv tebchaws German. Qee thaj tsam ntawm Poland (Poznan, Polish Pomerania, thiab lwm yam) tau muab tso ua ke thiab sib koom ua ke rau hauv Reich, nyob rau lwm qhov chaw hauv tebchaws Poland uas Tsoomfwv tau tsim los. Qee tus Poles tau tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej mus rau txoj haujlwm thiab tseem koom nrog qib ntawm Wehrmacht thiab tub ceev xwm, lwm tus tau sim tawm tsam. Txog kev tshem tebchaws Poland, kev tsim ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev kev tswjfwm kev sib ntaus: Gvardiya Ludowa (koomhaum tub rog ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam Tebchaws Poland); cov tub rog pro-Soviet ntawm Ludov (tsim thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1944 raws li Tus Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg); Army of Home (subordinate rau tsoom fwv Polish nyob rau hauv exile nyob rau hauv London); Cov neeg rog rog rog (cov tub rog rog); ntau qhov kev cais tawm ntawm tog neeg, suav nrog cov uas nyob hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Soviet cov tub ceev xwm.
Kev tiv thaiv Polish tau taw qhia rau sab hnub poob - Tsev Tub Rog (AK), lossis mus rau USSR - Tus Saib Xyuas thiab tom qab ntawd Army of Ludow. Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm AK rau Lavxias pab tub rog nkag mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Poland tau ua yeeb ncuab. Marshal Rokossovsky rov qab hais tias AKov cov tub ceev xwm, uas hnav cov khaub ncaws Polish, coj tus khav theeb, tsis lees txais qhov kev thov koom tes hauv kev tawm tsam Nazis, thov tias AK tsuas yog raug rau tsoomfwv Polish hauv London. Poles tau hais tias: "Peb yuav tsis siv riam phom tawm tsam Red Army, tab sis peb tsis xav kom muaj kev sib cuag ib yam nkaus." Hauv qhov tseeb, cov neeg ntseeg tebchaws Polish tau rov hais dua hauv kev tiv thaiv cov tub rog liab, ua phem ua phem thiab ua phem nyob rau tom qab Soviet. Akovtsy nqa cov lus qhia los ntawm tsoomfwv hauv London. Lawv tau sim tso ib feem ntawm Poland los ntawm Warsaw thiab rov kho lub xeev Polish.
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, 1944, Tsev Tub Rog, raws li nws txoj kev npaj, codenamed "The Tempest", tawm tsam hauv Warsaw txhawm rau kom dim nws yam tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab kom ntseeg tau tias tsoomfwv Polish émigré tuaj yeem rov qab los rau tebchaws. Yog tias qhov kev tawm tsam ua tiav, tsoomfwv Polish hauv London tuaj yeem tau txais kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv tawm tsam pro-Soviet Craiova Rada Narodov, ib lub koom haum ntawm Polish lub teb chaws-kev hlub rog, tsim thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1944, thiab Pawg Pab Pawg Polish rau Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws, tsim thaum Lub Xya Hli Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 21, 1944 hauv Moscow raws li kev phooj ywg Soviet tseem hwv tsoom fwv Poland tom qab nkag los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog mus rau hauv nws thaj chaw. Pawg neeg saib xyuas tebchaws Polish tau npaj los tsim Cov Tib Neeg Kev ywj pheej Poland. Ntawd yog, tau tawm tsam rau yav tom ntej ntawm Poland. Ib feem ntawm haiv neeg Polish tau tawm tswv yim txog yav dhau los: "Sab Hnub Poob yuav pab peb", Russophobia, rov kho dua qhov kev txiav txim qub nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm "cov neeg tseem ceeb" qub, cov tswv ntawm chav kawm. Ib feem ntawm tus Pole saib mus rau yav tom ntej, pom USSR ua tus qauv rau Cov Neeg Tshiab Kev ywj pheej Poland.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm tsoomfwv Polish hauv kev ntiab tawm thiab AK hais kom ua tsis tau tiav. Cov tub rog German tau ua rau muaj zog tiv taus. Nws tau txhawb nqa los ntawm SS thiab tub ceev xwm, thiab coj mus txog 50,000 ntawm pab pawg.1st Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej, cov ntshav ntws los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav hauv Belarus thiab thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland, nrog kev sib txuas lus txuas mus, poob qis, tsis tuaj yeem hla Vistula ntawm kev txav mus thiab muab kev pab tseem ceeb rau kev tawm tsam hauv Warsaw. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2, qhov kev hais kom ua ntawm AK tau ua tiav. Qhov kev tawm tsam, uas tau ua rau 63 hnub, ua tsis tiav. Sab laug-txhab nyiaj Warsaw tau yuav luag puas tag.
Warsaw-Poznan ua haujlwm tsis zoo
Lub hauv paus Soviet, hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswv yim Vistula-Oder ua haujlwm, tau npaj ua haujlwm Warsaw-Poznan. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1945, cov tub rog ntawm 1st Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej tau hais kom Marshal Zhukov nyob ib txoj kab raws tus dej Vistula (los ntawm Serotsk mus rau Yusefuv), tuav lub taub hau ntawm nws ntug dej sab hnub poob hauv thaj tsam Magnushev thiab Pulawy. 1st BF suav nrog: 47th, 61st, poob siab thib 5, tus tiv thaiv thib 8, 69th, 33rd thiab thib peb cov tub rog poob siab, thib 2 thiab thib 1 tiv thaiv cov tub rog tank, 1st Army ntawm Polish Army, 16th Air Army, 2nd thiab 7th Guards Cavalry Corps, 11th thiab 9th Tank Corps. Nyob rau hauv Warsaw kev taw qhia, pab tub rog ntawm pab tub rog German 9th Field los ntawm Pab Pawg Pab Pawg "A" tau tiv thaiv.
Cov lus txib hauv tebchaws Soviet tau npaj los cais cov yeeb ncuab ua pawg thiab kov yeej nws ib feem. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau xa los ntawm Magnushevsky tus choj nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Kutno - Poznan, los ntawm cov rog ntawm 61st, 5th Shock, 8th Guards Armies, 1st thiab 2nd Guards Tank Armies thiab 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tiav hauv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb, lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm pem hauv ntej, Pab Pawg Shock thib 3, tau nce mus. Qhov thib ob tshuab yuav tsum tau xa los ntawm Pulawski tus choj nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Radom thiab Lodz los ntawm 69th thiab 33rd armies, 7th Guard Guard Cavalry Corps. Cov tub rog 47th tau nce mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Warsaw, nws tau xav tias yuav hla dhau lub peev Polish hauv kev coj ua ntawm Blon. 1st Army ntawm Polish Army tau txais txoj haujlwm, koom tes nrog pab tub rog ntawm 47, 61st cov tub rog thiab 2nd Guards Tank Army, kom kov yeej Warsaw pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht thiab tso lub peev Polish. Thawj zaug nkag mus hauv nroog yog cov tub rog Polish.
Cov tub rog Polish thib 1 tau tsim nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1944 raws li 1st Polish Corps, uas tau hloov pauv thaum Lub Yim Hli 1943 raws li ntawm 1st Polish Infantry Division uas muaj npe tom qab Tadeusz Kosciuszko. Cov qib ntawm cov tub rog suav nrog tsis yog cov pej xeem Polish xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov pej xeem ntawm USSR (feem ntau yog neeg keeb kwm Polish). Sab Soviet tau muab tub rog nrog riam phom, khoom siv thiab khoom siv. Nws thawj tus thawj coj yog Lieutenant General Zygmunt Berling. Thaum pib ntawm Warsaw kev ua haujlwm, tub rog tau hais los ntawm General Stanislav Poplavsky thiab nws suav ntau dua 90 txhiab tus neeg.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 944, Thawj Pab Tub Rog Polish (4 tus tub rog thiab 1 lub dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv dav hlau, 1 lub tsho tiv thaiv tub rog, 1 tus tub rog, 5 lub tub rog loj, 2 lub dav hlau huab cua thiab lwm lub chaw) tau pib ua phem, nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Thawj 1 Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej. Kev sib cais hauv tebchaws Poland hla Western Kab thiab nkag mus rau tebchaws Poland. Ntawm no 1st Cov Tub Rog tau koom ua ke nrog pab tub rog ntawm Tus Txiv Neej rau hauv ib pab tub rog Polish. Thaum lub Cuaj Hli, cov tub rog Polish tau tso txoj cai-bank sab hnub poob ntawm Warsaw, Prague, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tsis tau tiav los yuam Vistula los txhawb kev tawm tsam hauv Warsaw.
Liberation ntawm Warsaw
Kev ua phem rau Warsaw-Poznan pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14, 1945. Cov tub rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Soviet cov tub rog tau tawm tsam ntawm Magnushevsky thiab Pulawsky tus choj nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntau dua 100 kilometers. Nyob rau thawj hnub, cov chav ntawm 61st, 5th Shock thiab 8th Guards armies tau sib koom ua yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, thiab cov chav ntawm 69th thiab 33rd pab tub rog, 9th thiab 11th Panzer Corps tsoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv mus rau qhov tob txog 20 km. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 15-16, tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thaum kawg tau tawg, qhov sib txawv tau nthuav dav.
Pawg tub rog 61 nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Colonel-General Belov hla dhau lub peev Polish los ntawm sab qab teb. Hnub tim 15 Lub Ib Hlis, Major General Perkhorovich's 47th Army tau pib ua phem rau sab qaum teb ntawm Warsaw. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 16, Perkhorovich cov tub rog tau thim cov yeeb ncuab rov qab hla Vistula River thiab hla tus dej sab qaum teb ntawm Warsaw thaum txav chaw. Tib hnub ntawd, hauv pab tub rog thib 5 Shock Army los ntawm tus choj ntawm sab laug ntawm ntug dej. Pilitsa tau nkag mus rau hauv kev kov yeej los ntawm Bogdanov's 2nd Guards Tank Army. Kryukov's 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps kuj tau qhia rau hauv qhov kev kov yeej. Peb cov nkoj thauj khoom tau nrawm nrawm ntawm 80 km, npog sab xis ntawm German 46th Panzer Corps. Bogdanov cov tub rog tau mus rau thaj tsam Sohachev thiab txiav txoj kev khiav tawm ntawm pab pawg Warsaw Wehrmacht. Cov lus txib German tau pib nrawm thim cov tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 16, nyob rau ntawm Warsaw txoj haujlwm ntawm sab xub ntiag, tom qab kev npaj phom loj, cov tub rog Polish kuj tau tawm tsam. Ib feem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Polish thib 1 hla Vistula, ntes tus choj nyob hauv thaj tsam Warsaw, thiab pib sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws sab nrauv. Ntawm sab xis ntawm 1st Army ntawm Cov Tub Rog Polish, Pawg Tub Rog Tub Rog thib 2, ua kom zoo dua qhov ua tiav ntawm 47th Soviet Army, pib hla Vistula hauv thaj tsam Kelpinskaya Camp thiab txeeb tau tus choj hla ntawm ntug dej sab hnub poob. Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Jan Rotkevich tau hloov pauv lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib mus rau sab hnub poob. Ntawm sab laug ntawm cov tub rog, kev ua haujlwm tau pib thaum yav tav su nrog kev tawm tsam los ntawm pab tub rog tub rog (cov tub rog caij nees sib tua ua tub rog). Kev tshem tawm qib siab ntawm tus thib 2 thiab thib 3 tus kws tshaj lij tau tuaj yeem ntes ntawm lub txhab nyiaj sab nraud thiab nias Nazis, kom txeeb tau lub taub hau. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Colonel Radzivanovich cov tub rog caij nees hla lawv qab. Cov neeg ua haujlwm Polish tau tsim lawv thawj qhov kev ua tiav thiab thaum kawg ntawm hnub tau tso lub nroog nyob deb nroog ntawm Oborki, Opach, Piaski. Qhov no tau pab txhawb kev txav mus los ntawm 4th Infantry Division. 6th Infantry Division of Colonel G. Sheipak tau nce qib hauv nruab nrab ntawm pab tub rog Polish. Ntawm no Cov Tub Rog tau khiav mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb tawv tawv tiv thaiv yeeb ncuab. lawv tawm tsam tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawv ncauj. Thawj qhov kev sim yuam Vistula ntawm cov dej khov thaum yav tav su ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 16 tau tawm tsam los ntawm Nazis nrog lub tshuab rab phom thiab rab phom loj. Kev tawm tsam tau rov pib dua tsuas yog hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.
Kev nce qib ntawm cov tub rog 61st thiab 47th los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb tseem pab txhawb kev txav chaw ntawm pab tub rog Polish. Gura Kalwaria thiab Piaseczno raug tso tawm. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm 2nd Guards Tank Army tau txav mus los sai, cov neeg German pib thim lawv cov tub rog los ntawm Warsaw. Thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17, Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Ceev Xwm thib 2 yog thawj tus neeg tawg mus rau hauv txoj kev ntawm Warsaw. Tsis pub dhau 2 teev, nws tau tsiv mus rau txoj kev loj tshaj plaws hauv nroog - Marshalkovskaya. Lwm cov tub rog tau nkag mus rau hauv nroog - thib plaub, thib 1 thiab thib plaub, pawg tub rog caij nees. Cov neeg German tau hais tawm tshwj xeeb yog cov tawv ncauj tsis kam nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub qub nroog thiab Chaw Nres Tsheb Loj. Ntau tus Hitlerites, pom qhov kev cia siab ntawm qhov xwm txheej no, khiav tawm lossis tso tawm, lwm tus tau tawm tsam kom txog thaum kawg. Thaum 3 teev tsaus ntuj Warsaw tau raug tso dim.
Yog li, hla dhau los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb los ntawm Soviet cov tub rog, lub tank tub rog, uas kaw ib puag ncig hauv Sochaczew, German Warsaw tub rog tub rog tau ua tiav tawm los ntawm tshuab los ntawm cov pawg Polish. Ua raws li cov tub rog Polish, cov tub rog 47 thiab 61 tau nkag mus hauv Warsaw.
Lub nroog tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev thaum Warsaw Uprising thiab thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua zaum kawg. Pawg tub rog ntawm sab xub ntiag tau tshaj tawm rau Tus Thawj Coj Tus Thawj Coj: "Fascist barbarians tau rhuav tshem lub peev ntawm Poland-Warsaw." Marshal Zhukov rov hais dua: "Nrog kev ua phem ntawm cov neeg siab phem, Nazis tau rhuav tshem tom qab thaiv. Cov tuam txhab lag luam loj tshaj plaws tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov tuam tsev nyob tau raug cua tshuab lossis hlawv. Kev lag luam hauv nroog tau raug puas tsuaj. Kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv tau raug rhuav tshem, cov seem raug ntiab tawm. Lub nroog tuag lawm. Mloog cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Warsaw txog kev ua phem phem phem uas tau ua los ntawm cov neeg German fascists thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua ntej tawm mus, nws txawm nyuaj rau nkag siab txog kev xav thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. " Lub nroog tau mined. Peb cov tub rog tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm kev tshem tawm German cov mines thiab mos txwv.
Thaum lub sijhawm 4-hnub tawm tsam, cov tub rog ntawm 1st BF tau kov yeej lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm 9 pawg tub rog German. Kev kov yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, uas tau pib hauv peb qhov kev qhia, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17 sib koom ua ke rau hauv ib lub tshuab tawg tag nrho 270-mais kev ua haujlwm ntawm sab xub ntiag. Thawj theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm Vistula-Oder, thaum lub sijhawm Polish peev, Warsaw, tau raug tso tawm, tau ua tiav tiav. Cov seem ntawm peb cov tub rog swb hauv qab cua tshuab tau khiav nrawm mus rau sab hnub poob. Cov lus hais hauv German tau sim kho qhov xwm txheej los ntawm kev qhia khaws cia rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua (19 thiab 25 Panzer Kev Sib Cais thiab ib feem ntawm Tshooj 10 Tsav Tsheb), tab sis lawv tau swb lawm, lawv tsis tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tseem rov qab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg German tau qhia pom chav sib ntaus sib tua siab - Zhukov cov tub rog ua tsis tau ib puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm German 46th Panzer Corps (ze Warsaw) thiab 56th Panzer Corps (nruab nrab ntawm Magnushevsky thiab Pulawski tus choj loj). Cov neeg German tau tuaj yeem zam kev puas tsuaj tag nrho.
Nco txog yeej
Txog kev tshem tawm ntawm Warsaw thaum Lub Rau Hli 9, 1945, tau tsim khoom plig - khoom plig "Rau Kev Tso Tawm ntawm Warsaw". Cov khoom plig "Rau Kev Tso Tawm ntawm Warsaw" tau muab rau cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam thiab kev tshem tawm ntawm Warsaw nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li 14 txog 17 Lub Ib Hlis 1945, nrog rau cov koom haum thiab cov thawj coj ntawm kev ua tub rog thaum lub sijhawm kev tso tawm ntawm lub peev ntawm Poland.
Qhov txaus siab, tom qab kev ua tsov rog, Stalin muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab ua kom tsis zoo "Polish ram", uas rau ntau pua xyoo sab hnub poob teeb tsa Russia-Russia. Poland tau dhau los ua phooj ywg thiab koom nrog ntawm Soviet Union. Ob haiv neeg Slavic sib koom ua ke tau zoo nyob hauv ib pab pawg neeg sib raug zoo.
Hauv kev nco txog kev kov yeej ib tus yeeb ncuab sib xws thiab yog lub cim ntawm kev ua tub rog phooj ywg ntawm ob pab tub rog nyob hauv Prague, ib puag ncig ntawm Warsaw, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1945, tau tsim ib lub pob zeb granite. Monument rau Soviet-Polish Brotherhood hauv caj npab, nrov hu ua "Plaub Sleepers". Ob lub Soviet thiab ob tus tub rog Polish tau piav qhia nyob ntawd. Ntawm cov pob zeb hauv ob hom lus, Polish thiab Lavxias, cov lus tau muab sau: "Muaj koob meej rau cov phab ej ntawm pab tub rog Soviet - cov phooj ywg hauv caj npab, uas tau muab lawv lub neej rau kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg Polish!" Hauv xyoo 2011, lub monument tau raug rhuav tshem.
Hmoov tsis zoo, tam sim no tsoomfwv Polish tau hnov qab cov lus qhia yav dhau los, ua li cas Thawj thiab Thib Ob Rzeczpospolita tau ploj mus. Poland yog ib zaug ntxiv tau dhau los ua yeeb ncuab ntawm Russia, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj tiv thaiv cov neeg Lavxias. Warsaw tab tom tsim nws lub neej tom ntej los ntawm kev nqus cov khib nyiab ntawm Lavxias ntiaj teb (qhov chaw ntawm Dawb thiab Me Me Russia). Keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj tau rov sau dua thiab dag rau. Tam sim no txoj kev dim ntawm Poland los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet yog "txoj haujlwm tshiab". Cov neeg raug tsim txom yuav luag 580,000 tus tub rog Soviet, uas nyob rau xyoo 1944-1945. muab lawv lub neej rau kev rov kho dua ntawm lub xeev Polish, tau cog lus tias yuav tsis nco qab lossis raug nto qaub ncaug. Hitler thiab Stalin, Reich thiab USSR tau muab tso rau tib qib. Kev ua phem txhaum cai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog ua ntej Polish cov neeg tseem ceeb tau cog lus tias yuav tsis nco qab, lossis tau qhuas.
