Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran

Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran
Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran

Video: Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran

Video: Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran
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Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran
Armored txiv neej ntawm medieval Iran

Hniav, saw xa ntawv, hmuv ntev

Thiab tus nees zoo - thaum nrog cov khaub ncaws zoo li no

Koj hla ciam teb, lawv hais tias:

Kev nthwv dej tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog dej tsaws tsag.

Rings ya tawm ntawm tus yeeb ncuab saw xa ntawv, Zoo li cov plaub ntawm cov noog, raug ntaus los ntawm hnyav lawg.

Tus yeeb ncuab rushes txog, plob hav zoov zoo li tsiaj nyaum, Thiab nws txoj kev poob cev qhev yog qhov khoom plig uas tsis tau xav txog.

Abu-t-Tayyib ibn al-Hussein al-Jufi (915-965) Txhais los ntawm lus Arabic los ntawm Volosatov V. A.

Cov tub rog ntawm Eurasia. Cov neeg nyeem "VO", tej zaum, twb tau pom qhov ploj lawm los ntawm nplooj ntawv nplooj ntawv ntawm kab lus ntawm kab lus ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Eurasia hauv 1050-1350, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ob-ntim monograph los ntawm Askiv keeb kwm keeb kwm Dove. Nicolas. Thiab yog vim li cas qhov no yog qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Qhov tseeb yog tias tom qab cov ntaub ntawv kawg ntawm lub voj voog "Cov tub rog ntawm North Africa 1050-1350" cov tshooj hauv qab no yuav tsum tau ua raws: "Maghreb thiab Sicily", "Andalusia", "Arabia", "Fertile Crescent", "Iraq thiab Syria "thiab Islamic Anatolia. Thiab hauv D. Nicolas cov duab muaj duab kos duab ntawm cov khoom cuav thiab tej yam me me. Tab sis qhov twg koj tuaj yeem pom lawv cov keeb kwm? Nicole nws tus kheej ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj: thawj zaug ntawm Arabica Air Force, tom qab ntawd, tau txais nws daim PhD nyob hauv University of Edinburgh, tau ntau xyoo nws nyeem keeb kwm ntawm Islamic thiab ntiaj teb kev tsim qauv ntawm Yarmouk University hauv Jordan, thiab nws tau mus ncig thoob plaws Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Nruab Nrab Sab Hnub Tuaj, cov tsev khaws puav pheej thiab kev puas tsuaj, cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj. Tej yam tau nyuaj dua niaj hnub no. Ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej tsuas yog nyiag thiab tsis ua haujlwm. Lwm tus tsis teb rau cov neeg Lavxias nug. Rau plaub, tsuas yog lawv lub npe thiab cov sijhawm qhib raug tshaj tawm hauv Is Taws Nem. Nws zoo li yog hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis nws tsuas yog ua tsis yooj yim sua kom pom nws ntawm ntau cov ncauj lus. Yog li, hmoov tsis zoo, kuv yuav tsum tso ntau yam ncauj lus. Tab sis hnub no peb tab tom rov qab los rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm kab lus ntawm lub voj voog thiab nthuav nws cov txheej txheem raws sijhawm vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kab lis kev cai sab hnub tuaj.

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Thiab peb yuav tham txog cov tub rog ntawm Iran, suav nrog Turks uas nyob hauv Azerbaijan thiab cov neeg nyob sib ze Iran xeev Adharbajan, uas tau tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam no tsis ntev los no, nrog rau cov Kurds ntawm Iran, Iraq thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj Qaib Cov Txwv.

Hwj chim ntawm no los ntawm 934 txog 1062 yog los ntawm Buyids, Shiite tub rog lub sijhawm uas tswj hwm los hloov Abbasid caliphate rau hauv Iran lub tebchaws. Nws cov neeg nrhiav yog cov kwv tij Ali, Hassan thiab Ahmed Buyids, uas tuaj ntawm thaj chaw roob ntawm Deil hauv Gilan (Sab Qaum Teb Iran), uas tau ntiav cov thawj coj tub rog uas tswj kom sawv thaum lub sijhawm Ziyarid dynasty. Cov Buyids tau paub txog kev ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Persian qub kev coj noj coj ua, thiab los ntawm 945 txog 1055 lawv tseem tau txiav txim rau Baghdad (thaum nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Amir al-Umar, tus thawj ntawm tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws thiab tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Gulyams) thiab feem ntau ntawm thaj av ntawm niaj hnub Iraq. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej yog tias lawv tsis tau lees paub txoj cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Sunni Caliph hauv Baghdad. Hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ntseeg thiab Sunni Muslim, txoj cai ntawm kev ntseeg siab tau ua raws. Cov neeg ntse. Lawv pom tias kev ua tsov rog hauv zej zog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv. Tab sis nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 11th, Buyids tseem poob, dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom ntawm kev nkag los ntawm Seljuk Turks thiab lawv cov phoojywg.

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Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias thaum xub thawj lawv lub zog tso siab rau pab tub rog nkaus xwb, suav nrog yuav luag tag nrho cov tub rog ntawm Dailemit cov neeg nce toj, nto moo rau lawv kev ua phem thiab kev nyiam qej. Thiab Sassanids txaus siab siv lawv ua cov tub rog tseem ceeb, uas lawv tau them nyiaj thaum kawg. Ntxiv mus, Deilemites tsis txawv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lawv cov riam phom.

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Cov Dailemites lawv tus kheej tau ua tub rog, tab sis qee tus neeg muaj kev coj noj coj ua rov qab, paub txog lawv qhov kev hem thiab ua tus cwj pwm hnav ntaj tsis yog ntawm txoj siv sia xwb, zoo li cov neeg Arab, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv txoj hlua, zoo li Persians lossis Turks. Tau ntev lawv tau paub tias yog tub rog zoo. Qhov twg lawv tsis ua haujlwm: los ntawm Afghanistan mus rau Syria thiab Egypt! Lawv cov cuab yeej siv phom yog qhov txwv, tab sis txawm li cas los xij muaj txiaj ntsig: txheej ntawm rab hmuv luv thiab tseem muaj daim ntaub thaiv loj loj, ci ntsa iab. Ntaj, sib ntaus sib tua axes thiab hneev nti (tom kawg yuav tau siv los ntawm cov neeg ntaus cim tom qab rab hmuv me me). Yog tias siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, tom qab ntawd nws yog cov xa ntawv feem ntau. Cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Deilemites tau yooj yim, tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig: cov tub rog yuav tsum tuav lub hauv ntej txawm tias thaum tawm tsam. Lub caij no, cov tub rog, faib ua pab pawg, tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab ob peb zaug, tawm tsam thiab rov qab los nyob rau hauv ib txwm Arab style. Cov riam phom ib txwm siv ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb yog lub tabarzin lub hli zoo li rab taus (txhais tau tias "ax-eeb"), uas tseem tau siv hauv Fatimid Egypt.

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Hauv lawv cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua, lawv zoo ib yam li cov gulams, txawm li cas los xij, lawv yog Sunnis, yog li kev sib tw ntawm ob pab pawg tau hnyav heev.

Seljuks, uas rhuav tshem Lub Xeev Buyid, yog cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov, uas nws lub zog tseem ceeb yog nees hneev taw. Txawm li cas los xij, tau raug tshem tawm Iran, Seljuks sai tau txais nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim lawv pab tub rog. Lub teb chaws tau muab faib ua nees nkaum plaub thaj tsam tub rog, txhua tus nyob hauv cheeb tsam hais kom ua. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog cov thawj coj tub rog ntawm cov xeev, uas yuav tsum tau khaws, cob qhia thiab muab qee tus tub rog ib xyoos twg, uas tau sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv qhov chaw npaj ua ntej kom siv lub caij ntuj sov los kawm lossis koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam tub rog. Raws li rau cov neeg muaj npe nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tub rog Turkmen uas tsis xav kom nyob ruaj khov, lawv yuav raug xa mus rau thaj tsam ciam teb, qhov uas lawv ua raws li ib nrab tub ceev xwm ua tub rog mus tua cov yeeb ncuab. Hauv cov phiaj xwm no, nws tau dhau los sai sai tias ghoulams ntawm Baghdad caliphs tau qhuab qhia zoo dua, zoo dua "armored", tau kawm zoo dua thiab, raws li txoj cai, muaj ntau yam zoo li cov tub rog. Cov tswv yim ntawm ghoulams suav nrog kev hneev taw, ob qho tib si ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab hla cov xwm txheej, ob qho tib si hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua qhib thiab thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw, thiab cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau xyaum tas li thiab muaj txuj ci zoo. Lawv kuj tseem npaj tau zoo dua rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas lawv ua tau zoo heev vim lawv cov cuab yeej hnyav, feem ntau suav nrog cov cuab yeej nees. Cov peev txheej sau sau cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb no: hmuv, dart, ntaj, hneev nti, mace, lasso, hauberk thiab lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub kaus mom lossis dai nrog ponytail, nrog rau qhov muaj feem thib rau hmuv. Cov tub rog tshaj lij no tau piav qhia los ntawm Byzantine ntxhais fuabtais Anne Komnina zoo li muaj kev sib cav ntau dua li txawm yog cov nyob sab Europe sab hnub poob.

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Cov neeg Kurds raws li cov tub rog tau paub tsuas yog mus txog qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm Seljuk, thaum lawv dhau los ua lub hauv paus pib ntawm Ayubid lub zog nyob rau xyoo lig 12th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 13th. Lawv tau txiav txim siab ntev ua tub rog zoo, caij cov nees loj, hnav feem ntau hnyav dua li cov tub rog, thiab lawv nyiam riam phom yog ntaj. Cov tub rog Kurdish tsis tshua hais txog, tab sis cov tub rog Kurdish tau siv los ntawm Ghaznavids, tau pab Saladin thiab nws lwm tus qub txeeg qub teg, nrog rau hauv Egypt thiab Syria. Tab sis nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm Ayyubids tias cov neeg caij nees Kurdish feem ntau tau los ua neeg nto npe thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov rog nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, vim lawv yog Saladin tus kheej tiv thaiv.

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Tom qab kev ntxeem tau ntawm Mongols thiab suav nrog thaj av no hauv Ilkhan xeev, txhua tus tub rog no hais txog qib muaj koob npe hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Mongols thiab lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv poob qis. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm rau lawv cov thawj coj tshiab, ib yam li cov tub rog tuaj ntawm thaj av uas nyob deb dua, suav nrog cov neeg Europe, feem ntau yog cov neeg hla hneev taw, txawm hais tias qee leej yuav txuas ntxiv ua tub rog hnyav. Cov neeg tsav nkoj Italian lossis cov tub rog tseem tab tom hais hauv cov chaw pabcuam hauv Hiav Txwv Dub; qee leej ntawm lawv tau raug xaiv los caij nkoj ntawm cov nkoj hauv Arabian (Persian) Gulf. Qee qhov chaw tshaj tawm hais tias cov neeg tsav nkoj Italian nyob rau xyoo XIII tau caij nkoj txawm nyob hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Indian, thaum ua haujlwm pab Mongol Ilkhans!

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Nws yog qhov nthuav, txawm li cas los xij, hauv qab no: txawm hais tias txhua yam, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg tuaj tshiab hauv thaj av ntawm Iran thiab Iraq niaj hnub no tsis zoo li nws yuav zoo li, suav nrog hauv kev ua tub rog. Sij hawm dhau los, qhov tshwj xeeb heev ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tiv thaiv thiab riam phom phem tau tsim los ntawm no. Txij li thaum tus neeg caij lub riam phom tseem ceeb yog hneev nti, lub kaus mom hlau ntawm no yeej tsis kaw thiab tsis tau dhau los. Lub xub pwg nyom yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws. Yog li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov saw xa ntawv, nrog luv, txog rau lub luj tshib, tes tsho. Lub cev tau npog nrog lub plhaub forged los ntawm sab xub ntiag, nraub qaum, thiab sab. Tab sis, tsis zoo li European anatomical carapace, ib qho yooj yim "folding" ntawm hinges ntawm plaub daim hlau tau siv ntawm no: charaina - "plaub tsom iav". Nws suav nrog daim ntaub thaiv, lub phaj rov qab thiab muaj ib lub phaj hauv qab ntawm txhua txhais tes, thiab tau hnav hla txoj hlua nyias nyias. Lub duav tau tiv thaiv nrog cov saw xa ntawv, uas nqes hauv qab lub hauv caug, thiab lub hauv caug lawv tus kheej tau tiv thaiv los ntawm forged convex hauv caug pawm. Thaum kawg, hauv Persia, kalkan cov ntaub thaiv npog, me me, ua los ntawm tooj dag, hlau thiab … reeds, tau siv dav! Thiab qhov txawv los ntawm qhov muaj plaub lub xub pwg.

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Zoo, txuas ntxiv mus hauv qhov loj ntawm Persian xeev, ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev kub ntxhov tau pib. Leej twg tsuas yog tuaj ntawm no thiab tawm tsam ntawm no!

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm thiab nquag Nadir Shah (1736-47) yog lub xeev tuaj yeem raug coj mus rau hauv kev txheeb ze, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tub rog raug qhuab qhia, suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog. Nws xub ntaus yeej Turkey, tom qab ntawd tau rov qab hla ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Caspian Hiav Txwv los ntawm Russia, uas tau muab sijhawm rau nws los tawm tsam Afghanistan, los ntawm qhov uas muaj kev hem thawj tshiab tau los ntawm pab pawg Pashtun lossis Gilja. Hauv kev teb, nws nkag mus rau Afghanistan thiab coj Kabul. Tom qab ntawd nws ntes Lahore thiab Delhi raws hav Indus mus rau Hiav Txwv Arabian, tom qab ntawd rov tig mus rau sab qaum teb, hla Kandahar thiab Turkestan, thiab ntes Bukhara thiab Khiva.

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Qhov kev sib tw loj no koom nrog pab tub rog Persian, uas suav nrog kev muaj vaj huam sib luag hauv vaj huam sib luag (piv rau cov tub rog hauv zos ntawm pre-Petrine Rus), cov tub rog lub cev muaj zog, cov tub rog thiab cov phom loj. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov tub rog thiab cov phom loj nyob hauv nws, uas muaj phom thiab tau kawm los ntawm cov kws qhia European. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tswv yim thiab cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tseem zoo ib yam, txawm hais tias qhov zoo thiab zoo nkauj ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog, cov saw xa ntawv thiab sabers tau mus txog lawv qhov apogee hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Cov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Pawxia sab saud nyob rau lub sijhawm no yog rab hmuv, rab hneev thiab rab phom sib xyaw. Lawv kuj siv mace thiab rab hmuv hlau luv nqa hauv rooj plaub.

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