Teeb meem. 1920 xyoo. 100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1920, Pawg Tub Rog Liab tau kov yeej cov tub rog Polish nyob ze Kiev. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army tau tsoo los ntawm Polish pem hauv ntej thiab swb tus yeeb ncuab nraub qaum hauv Zhitomir thiab Berdichev. Raws li kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua kom tiav ib puag ncig thiab tuag, cov tub rog Polish tau tawm hauv Kiev hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 11.
Txhawm rau tua cov lauj kaub
Kev ntxeem tau ntawm cov tub rog Polish nyob rau sab hnub poob tau ua rau muaj kev nthwv dej ntawm kev tawm tsam tshiab hauv Soviet Russia. Kev tshaj tawm Soviet tau siv riam phom nrog cov tswv yim uas txog tam sim no cov neeg hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb tau ntuav av: Russia, cov neeg Lavxias, kev hlub neeg. Yav dhau los tsarist cov thawj coj thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau koom tes nrog hauv Red Army. Yog li, yav dhau los tus thawj coj ntawm Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob thiab tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg, Alexei Brusilov, tau ua lub rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb nrog tus thawj coj ntawm txhua tus tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws Soviet, uas ua haujlwm tawm tswv yim rau kev txhawb zog liab Tub rog. Brusilov, ua ke nrog lwm tus paub zoo, tau thov rau cov tub ceev xwm: lawv tau thov kom hnov qab qhov kev sib cav thiab tiv thaiv "Niam Russia."
Ntau txhiab tus tub ceev xwm, uas yav tas los tau tuav "nruab nrab", tau khiav tawm kev ua tsov rog, tau mus nrhiav chaw haujlwm. Qee tus tau teb rau kev hu xov tooj los ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog uas paub zoo, lwm tus tawm ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm kev hlub tus kheej, thiab lwm tus - nkees ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb, thiab nrhiav qhov laj thawj: kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv yeeb ncuab ib txwm muaj, Poland. Tsis tas li, ib feem ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb dhau los ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tau nyiam rau cov tub rog Soviet. Tib lub sijhawm, Trotsky tau mob siab rau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
Nyob tom qab ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob Soviet, chav nyob ntawm VOKhR (Sab Hauv Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Cov Koomhaum) ua haujlwm raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm F. Dzerzhinsky. Tib Neeg Tus Kws Saib Xyuas Haujlwm Sab Hauv ntawm RSFSR yog lub taub hau ntawm sab nraub qaum ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob thiab coj kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab kev ua tub sab hauv tebchaws Ukraine. Ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm pab tub rog Polish thaum lub Plaub Hlis - Tsib Hlis 1920 yog qhov muaj ntau tus neeg ntxeev siab tawm tsam thiab cov tub rog tsim nyob tom qab ntawm Reds. Ntawm lawv yog Ukrainian nationalists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists, monarchists, thiab lwm yam. Dzerzhinsky tshaj tawm ntau thaj tsam raws li kev cai lij choj, thiab cov xwm txheej xwm txheej ceev tau txais txoj cai ntawm pawg tub rog tawm tsam. Cov neeg nyiag khoom thiab cov neeg uas xav tias muaj tub sab nyiag tau tso cai rau hauv kev siv yam tsis muaj ado ntxiv. Nws yog qhov tseeb uas ntau tus neeg tsis muaj txim tau raug kev txom nyem ib yam.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Hlau Felix tau pib ua haujlwm kev xav thiab kev kawm. Kev nom tswv thiab kev dag ntxias cov hlwb tau tsim nyob hauv lub hauv paus chaw tom qab. Kev kawm sib tham, kev qhuab qhia, kev sib tham, qhov thiaj li hu ua. zos lub lis piam. Cov ntawv me, ntawv tshaj tawm, ntawv xov xwm tau muab faib. Cov pejxeem hauv nroog tau raug coj los, ua haujlwm piav qhia thiab yeej rau lawv sab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Dzerzhinsky thawj zaug tau tswj kom tig cov dej ntws hauv Me Russia-Ukraine. Sab nraum qab ntawm Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob tag nrho tau "ntxuav tawm" thiab ua kom muaj zog. Lawv tawm tsam tiv thaiv tub sab rau ntau tshaj ob xyoos, tab sis tag nrho cov xwm txheej tau ruaj khov.
Kev quab yuam ntawm ob tog. Txoj kev tawm tsam
Kev ncua hauv kev ua phem ua phem tso cai rau Soviet hais kom rov kho lub hauv ntej nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob. Cov khoom tawg yav dhau los tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim thiab ntxiv. Kev sib cais los ntawm Urals, Siberia, thiab North Caucasus tau nrawm nrawm mus rau sab hnub poob. Kaum tawm txhiab tus tub rog tuaj txog rau Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob. Cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov chav ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab tau raug pov tawm tsam Povlauj. Los ntawm Caucasus yog 1st Cavalry Army ntawm Budyonny, uas tau ua tiav nrog Cossacks. Kev sib tsoo ntawm tus nees caij nees tau hloov pauv raws txoj kev Maykop - Rostov - Yekaterinoslav - Uman. Ntawm txoj kev, Budennovites swb ntau pab laib thiab tawm ntawm Makhno hauv Gulyaypole. Cov tub rog muaj plaub pab tub rog sib cais (4, 6, 11, thiab 14) thiab tshwj xeeb cov tub rog. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau dua 16, 5 txhiab sabers, 48 phom, ntau tshaj 300 phom tshuab, 22 lub tsheb tiv thaiv, thiab 12 lub dav hlau. Cov tub rog tau muab ib pab tub rog caij tsheb ciav hlau.
8th Cavalry Division, tsim los ntawm Red Cossacks, raug tshem tawm ntawm Crimean kev coj. Qhov sib faib phom 25 Chapaevskaya uas muaj zog ntawm Kutyakov (13 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, 52 rab phom thiab ntau dua 500 lub tshuab rab phom) tau pauv mus rau pab tub rog thib 12. Nws yog ib qho kev sib faib muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Red Army. Tsis tas li, 45th Infantry Division ntawm Yakir, Kotovsky Cavalry Brigade, Bashkir Cavalry Brigade ntawm Murtazin tau pauv mus rau Kiev kev coj. Cov phom loj thiab cov tub rog dav hlau tau xa mus rau sab qab teb. Pem hauv ntej tau txais ntau dua 23 txhiab rab phom, ntau dua 500 lub tshuab rab phom, ntau dua 110 txhiab teeb khaub ncaws, ntau qhov mos txwv ntau.
Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob raug txib los ntawm Alexander Yegorov. Thaum lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog nws tau hais kom ib pab tub rog thiab tub rog, yog tub ceev xwm nyob hauv pab tub rog tub rog. Pem hauv ntej suav nrog: Mezheninov tus tub rog thib 12 (tsis sib thooj Kiev), suav nrog 5 rab phom, kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog thiab pab tub rog tub rog, Uborevich tus tub rog thib 14 (ntu yav qab teb) - peb rab phom sib faib thiab 1st Army Cavalry. Cov tub rog pem hauv ntej suav ntau dua 46 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, 245 phom thiab ntau dua 1400 rab phom tshuab. Pawg Tub Rog 13, uas yog ib feem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob, tau nyob hauv Crimean txoj kev coj.
Cov lus txib ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob tau npaj kom ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj zog thiab kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab pawg Kiev (pawg thib 3 thiab thib 6). Pab pawg poob siab ntawm 12th pab tub rog Soviet yuav tsum hla Dnieper sab qaum teb ntawm Kiev thiab nyob Korosten, tiv thaiv cov tub rog Polish tsis txhob khiav mus rau sab qaum teb hnub poob. Ntawm sab laug ntawm cov tub rog, Yakir pawg (ob rab phom sib faib, Kotovsky cov tub rog tub rog) tau tsoo ntawm Belaya Tserkov thiab Fastov. Cov pab pawg Yakir yuav tsum tau khi thiab cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm kev tawm tsam loj. Qhov kev txiav txim siab yuav tsum tau xa los ntawm Budyonny cov tub rog. 1st Cavalry Army tau tsoo ntawm Kazatin, Berdichev, thiab mus rau tom qab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pawg Kiev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Uborevich's 14th Army yog txhawm rau ntes thaj tsam Vinnitsa-Zhmerynka.
Polish Ukrainian Pem Hauv Ntej tau coj los ntawm General Anthony Listovsky (tib lub sijhawm tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thib 2). Ntawm sab laug, nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Kiev, yog Pawg Tub Rog thib 3 ntawm General Rydz-Smigly; ntawm sab xis, Vinnitsa cov lus qhia, pawg tub rog thib 6 ntawm General Ivashkevich-Rudoshansky. Cov tub rog Polish suav ntau dua 48 txhiab tus neeg, 335 phom thiab kwv yees li 1,100 phom phom.
Yog li, lub zog ntawm cov neeg sib tw tau kwv yees li sib npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog Soviet tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua tub rog (1: 2, 7), kev ya dav hlau thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov rog hauv kev coj ua ntawm kev tawm tsam loj (1, 5 zaug). Ib qho ntxiv, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tsoo ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thib 3 thiab 6th cov tub rog. Ntawm no cov tub rog Polish muaj qhov tsis muaj zog, vim yog kev sib cais ntawm pab tub rog thib 2.
Kev pib tsis tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm Kiev
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 26, 1920, Red Army tau pib tawm tsam. Mezheninov's 12th Army tau sim ua tsis tiav los hla Dnieper sab qaum teb ntawm Kiev. Tom qab rau hnub sib ntaus, tau ntsib kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, Reds nres lawv qhov kev tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Soviet tuaj yeem tuav tau tsuas yog lub hauv paus me me. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pab pawg Yakir (pab pawg Fastov) thiab Uborevich pawg tub rog thib 14 tau sim txhawm rau hla tus yeeb ncuab qhov kev tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj tsis ua tiav. Tawm tsam pab pawg Fastov, Cov tub rog Polish tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab thawb Reds rov qab mus rau lawv txoj haujlwm qub.
1st Cavalry Army, pib ua phem rau lub Tsib Hlis 27, thawj zaug kuj tseem tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov chaw tsis muaj zog hauv tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv. Ua ntej, Budennovists nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Kurovsky cov neeg ntxeev siab, tom qab ntawd hnub tim 28 lawv tau nce qib zoo thiab nyob hauv Lipovets. Cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv liab tsoo rau hauv chaw nres tsheb, tua ntawm cov haujlwm Polish. Lub tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv Polish tau puas ntsoog thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg sab laug. Tab sis tom qab ntawd Cov Tub Rog tau tawm tsam, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 30 lawv tau rov Lipovets thiab pov Budennovites rov qab. Yog li, thawj qhov kev sim ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Red Army ua tsis tiav. Tom qab qhov kev sib ntaus tsis tau tiav nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis, ib tus tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam ntawm lub hauv ntej, Stalin, tau xa xov tooj mus rau Budyonny. Hauv nws, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog tau thov kom tso tseg kev tawm tsam pem hauv ntej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ruaj khov, hla lawv.
Budennovtsy tsoo los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv
Sib sau ua ke cov rog, rub tawm cov peev txheej thiab nrhiav qhov chaw tsis muaj zog hauv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, 1st Cavalry Army thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, 1920 dheev tsoo los ntawm Polish pem hauv ntej hauv Samgorodok cheeb tsam thiab nkag mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Huab cua (tuab tuab thiab nag) pab txhawb kev txav ntawm cov tub rog liab. Cov tub rog tau sim teeb tsa lub vijtsam los ntawm pab tub rog 13 th, sib sau ua ke nrog ntau lub tso tsheb hlau luam. Tab sis Budennovites tsis koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus thiab yooj yim hla tus yeeb ncuab. Lub peb hlis ntuj tau nrawm, 10 teev tom qab pib kev sib tw, Budennovites tau mus txog Kazatin, cuam tshuam txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, tseem ceeb heev rau tus Pole, uas txuas nrog Kiev pawg nrog rau tom qab. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 6, Budennovites pib rhuav tshem txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab tshem tawm cov tub ceev xwm Polish me me ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb.
Cov tub rog liab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab puas tsuaj nyob tom qab ntawm cov tub rog Polish. Thawj hnub ntawm kev tua, cov tub rog npog 40 km, tom ntej no - ntxiv 60 km. 1st Cavalry Army tau hla mus rau Zhitomir thiab Berdichev, thaum Lub Rau Hli 7, Plaub Hlis 4 thiab 11 tau faib cov nroog. Lub hauv paus chaw ntawm Polish pem hauv ntej tau nyob hauv Zhitomir. Nws tau swb lawm, cuam tshuam kev sib txuas lus thiab tswj hwm cov tub rog Polish. Hauv Berdichev, cov tub rog Polish tau tso tawm tsam tawv ncauj, tab sis swb lawm. Hauv Berdichev, lub chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau tau raug puas tsuaj, thiab cov chaw muag khoom mos txwv pem hauv ntej tau tawg tuaj. Cov phom loj Polish tau tso tseg yam tsis muaj mos txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub rog ntawm Budyonny tau tso 7 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw ntawm Red Army, yog li ua rau lawv rov ua tiav. Cov Tub Rog tau sim tawm tsam nrog lawv cov tub rog, tab sis muaj ob peb ntawm lawv. Reds yeej Savitsky's Polish equestrian pawg. Lub Rau Hli 9, Budennovites tau txav mus rau sab hnub tuaj, mus rau Fastov, qhov chaw uas Kotovsky cov tub rog tau tsoo.
Yog li, kev kov yeej Budyonny pab tub rog tau ua rau lub tebchaws Poland tawg tag. Kev sim los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Peb Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog thib 3 thiab Pawg Tub Rog 6 hauv tebchaws Ukraine kom thawb cov yeeb ncuab kom deb ntawm Zhitomir thiab rov kho lub hauv ntej tsis ua rau muaj kev vam meej. Pab pawg Kiev ntawm Tus Kheej tau raug hem los ntawm lub nraub qaum thiab ib puag ncig. Lub caij no, lwm pab tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob tau tawm tsam. Pab pawg Fastov (pawg 44 thiab 45, pawg tub rog Kotovsky, VOKH pawg tub rog), nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Dnieper flotilla, tsoo ntawm Bila Tserkva. Yakir pawg, npog Budyonny txoj cai flank, nyob Rzhishchev, Tarashcha, Belaya Tserkov, Tripoli thiab Fastov thaum Lub Rau Hli 7-10. Kotovsky pawg tub rog tau tsim kev sib cuag nrog Budennovites, ntes Skvira thiab cuam tshuam txoj kev Kiev-Zhitomir. Cov tub rog tuaj yeem nres qhov kev sib tw ntawm Fastov pab pawg tsuas yog nyob ze Vasilkov. Pab pawg Yakir tau nthuav dav thiab poob nws lub hwj chim.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pab pawg poob siab ntawm pab tub rog thib 12 hla Dnieper ze Chernobyl thiab mus los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau tom qab ntawm cov tub rog Polish hauv cheeb tsam Kiev. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 11, Soviet pab tub rog txiav txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Kiev-Korosten hauv thaj tsam Borodyanka. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 9, Pawg Tub Rog 12 tau pib sib ntaus sib tua rau Kiev. Qhov xwm txheej rau pab pawg Polish tsis muaj kev cia siab. 7th thiab 58th Kev Sib cais ntawm Tub Rog 12 tau tawm tsam lub taub hau. Lub nkoj ntawm Dnieper flotilla tau tua ntawm lub nroog. Los ntawm sab qaum teb -sab hnub poob, Cov Tub Rog tau hla dhau los ntawm pab pawg poob siab ntawm pab tub rog thib 12 - pawg thib 25 thiab pawg tub rog Bashkir. 1st Cavalry Army tau nce qib tom qab - los ntawm sab hnub poob. Pawg Fastov tau tawm tsam sab qab teb. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 8-9, Cov tub rog Polish pib tshem lawv sab laug-txhab nyiaj Dnieper tus choj. Txog thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm 10th, Tus Kawg tau tawm ntawm tus choj hla Kiev thiab rhuav tshem txoj kev hla mus tas li. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 11, Tus Kav Tebchaws tau tawm ntawm Kiev thiab pib npaj kev hla hla tus Dej Irpen. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 12, Red Army nkag mus rau Kiev. Nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tiav ib puag ncig thiab kev tuag, cov tub rog Polish tau thim rov qab sai sai los ntawm thaj av Kiev.
Cov tub rog tau rov qab mus rau Korosten, thiab tsis yog rau Zhitomir, raws li Soviet cov lus txib tau kwv yees. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm 10, kev hais kom ua ntej xa cov tub rog liab los ntawm thaj tsam Khodorkov rov qab mus rau Zhitomir. Twb tau nyob rau lub Rau Hli 10, cov tub rog liab rov los nyob Zhitomir. Tom qab ntawd Soviet cov lus txib sim kho qhov ua yuam kev thiab tsiv 1st Cavalry Army los cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab, mus rau Radomyshl thiab Korosten, tab sis nws lig dhau lawm. Cov tub rog Polish thib 3 tau dim ntawm "lub tais". Los ntawm sab qaum teb, chav nyob ntawm ob pawg neeg Polish tau tsoo lub vijtsam Liab, muab kev kov yeej rau pab tub rog thib 3. Cov tub rog tua cov ntxaij vab tshaus ntawm pab tub rog 12 ntawm Borodyanka thiab Irsha thiab tsoo hla mus rau Korosten.
Nyob rau sab qab teb, Uborevich's 14th Army yeej cov Petliurists, nyob Zhmerinka, Gaisin, Vapnyarka, Tulchin thiab Nemirov. Cov tub rog Polish 6 tau thim rov qab sab hnub poob. Txog rau Lub Rau Hli 17, txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav. Lub hauv ntej ruaj khov ntawm kab Korosten - Berdichev - Kazatin - Vinnitsa. Mus rau sab qab teb ntawm kab no, hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Yav Qab Teb Kab thiab Dniester dej, Petliurites thim rov qab rau sab hnub poob. Tsoomfwv UPR thiab Petliura tau txav lawv lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm los ntawm Vinnitsa mus rau Proskurov, tom qab ntawd mus rau Kamenets-Podolsk.
Yog li ntawd, pab tub rog Polish raug kev swb loj, cov tub rog Soviet tau tso ib thaj av tseem ceeb ntawm Mekas. Txawm li cas los xij, Pawg Tub Rog liab tau ua tsis tiav los puag ncig thiab ua kom puas pawg Polish Kiev. Cov tub rog Polish tau thim rov qab ua tiav - feem ntau yog los ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm Soviet cov lus txib.
Cov Tub Rog Liab tsis muaj peev xwm txhim kho kev ua tiav hauv Kiev kev ua haujlwm vim tsis muaj peev txheej thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm Wrangel cov tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb Tavria. Cov peev txheej ua tau raug xa mus rau Crimean pem hauv ntej. Kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov tub rog Polish tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm sab xub ntiag, tsis muaj peev txheej tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb yog cov uas siv xov tooj. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog Polish los ntawm Ukrainian pem hauv ntej tau pauv mus rau Belarus. Ib qho ntxiv, cov lus hais hauv tebchaws Poland tsis kam lees los ntawm kev mob kis thoob plaws rau hauv pab tub rog Ukrainian, uas tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Cov Tub Rog hauv cheeb tsam Kiev.
