Teeb meem. 1919 xyoo. 100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 1919, Pab Tub Rog Dawb tau tawm tsam Petrograd. Rodzianko cov tub rog sab qaum teb, nrog kev txhawb nqa Estonia thiab Great Britain, tau pib ua phem rau hauv Narva-Pskov kev coj. Muaj peb-npaug zoo tshaj hauv lub zog, Dawb tsoo los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm 7 Pawg Tub Rog Liab thiab coj Gdov thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 15, Yamburg thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 17 thiab Pskov thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 25. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis lig - Lub Rau Hli ntxov xyoo 1919, Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau mus txog Gatchina, thaum lub Rau Hli ntxov - mus rau Ropsha, Oranienbaum thiab Krasnaya Gorka fort.
Baltics ntawm hluav taws
Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1918, peb pawg tub rog-nom tswv tau kov yeej hauv Baltic States: 1) Cov tub rog German, uas, tom qab lub tebchaws Yelemes swb, tseem tsis tau raug tshem tawm kiag li. Cov neeg German feem ntau txhawb nqa cov neeg hauv tebchaws hauv nroog los ua cov koom haum hauv xeev hauv xeev rau German; 2) haiv neeg uas tso siab rau sab nrauv, lub tebchaws Yelemes, thiab tom qab ntawd Entente (feem ntau yog Askiv); 3) cov neeg tawm tsam uas tau tsim lub tebchaws Soviet thiab rov koom nrog Russia.
Yog li, hauv qab daim npog ntawm German bayonets, haiv neeg thiab kev sib cais dawb tau tsim hauv Baltic States. Cov nom tswv hauv nroog tsim lub xeev "ywj siab". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tau nrhiav los tsim cov tebchaws Soviet thiab koom nrog Soviet Russia.
Raws li cov tub rog German raug tshem tawm, Moscow muaj peev xwm rov qab Baltic xeev rau nws txoj cai. Cov tub rog Soviet hauv tebchaws tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm RSFSR kom tso kev ywj pheej thiab nyab xeeb thaj av Baltic rau lawv tus kheej. Lub zog muaj zog tshaj plaws yog Latvian Rifle Division (9 regiments), uas dhau los ua tus caj qaum ntawm Red Army ntawm Soviet Latvia. Estonia yuav tsum tau nyob los ntawm Red Estonian units nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm 7th Red Army thiab Red Baltic Fleet. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau xa hauv Narva kev coj. Latvia yuav tsum nyob hauv Latvian cov phom ntev. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1919, tau tsim cov tub rog Latvian. Nws tau coj los ntawm Vatsetis, uas nyob rau tib lub sijhawm tseem yog tus thawj coj ntawm txhua tus tub rog ntawm RSFSR. Kev ua haujlwm kom dim Libya thiab Belarus tau ua los ntawm Western Army.
Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1918, Reds tau sim coj Narva, tab sis kev ua haujlwm tsis tiav. Tseem muaj cov chav German uas, ua ke nrog Estonian pab tub rog, tiv thaiv Narva. Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Estonia tau dhau mus ntev. Tsoomfwv Estonian haiv neeg, tso siab rau cov tub rog German, Russia thiab Finnish dawb los ntawm Finland, tsim cov tub rog muaj zog uas ua tau zoo tiv thaiv. Cov koog Estonian tau ua tiav siv cov haujlwm ua haujlwm sab hauv, tso siab rau ob txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau los ntawm Reval (Tallinn), thiab tau siv dav siv cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv. Cov tub rog liab tau tso tseg lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ua tsov rog xob laim" thiab cov txheej txheem tawm tsam ntawm Revel, Yuryev thiab Pernov axes. Lub zog tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau ua kom tua tus yeeb ncuab.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tso tawm ntawm Latvia tau mus. Nov yog chav Latvian liab nce qib hauv peb qhov kev qhia: 1) Pskov - Riga; 2) Kreuzburg - Mitava; 3) Ponevezh - Shavli. Feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ua tus tswv tsev thiab cov tswv tsev loj-cov neeg xaum tsev, txhawb nqa Reds. Hauv Riga, cov chav tiv thaiv tus kheej tau tsim - Baltic Landswehr, uas suav nrog German, Latvian thiab Lavxias tuam txhab. Lawv tau coj los ntawm General von Loringofen. Ntawm no, German Hlau Division of Major Bischoff tau tsim - ib pab neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb zoo li Kornilov cov tub rog poob siab, uas tau xav tias yuav tsum tswj hwm kev ua rog hauv cov tub rog German tawg, uas, thaum lub sijhawm khiav tawm mus, tau tawg sai thiab ntau thiab ntau ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv kev xav.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau tiv thaiv Red Army los ntawm kev coj lub nroog. Nws tsis tuaj yeem nres Reds sab hnub tuaj ntawm Riga. Cov tuam txhab tsim tshiab ntawm Landswehr tsis tuaj yeem nres qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 3, 1919, Reds tau tuav Riga. Qhov no tau pab txhawb los ntawm kev tawm tsam zoo ntawm Riga cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas tau pib ob peb hnub ua ntej kev tuaj txog ntawm pab tub rog liab thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tom qab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Baltic Landswehr thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb German tau sim tuav hauv Mitava, thiab Reds coj Mitava hauv ob peb hnub. Thaum ib nrab Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1919, kev tawm tsam mus rau Courland tau pib ntawm sab xub ntiag Vindava - Libava. Cov tub rog liab tau nce mus nyob hauv Vindava, hem Libau, tab sis thaum tig ntawm tus dej. Vindavas nres lawv. German barony, hauv kev koom tes nrog Baltic haiv neeg bourgeoisie, ua rau tawv ncauj tsis kam. Tsis yog tsuas yog kev tsim hauv nroog tau tawm tsam nrog Reds, tab sis kuj tseem ua tub rog thiab ua haujlwm pab dawb los ntawm cov seem ntawm pab tub rog German thib 8.
Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army twb twb dhau lawm. Thawj qhov kev tsis txaus siab tau qhuav lawm. Cov tub rog Latvian, tau mus rau lawv lub tebchaws, tau poob lawv lub peev xwm sib ntaus sai. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov tub rog qub pib - lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm kev qhuab qhia, kev khiav tawm ntau. Lub hauv ntej tau ruaj khov. Ib qho ntxiv, kev tawm tsam tau nyuaj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Baltic States tau raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb thiab cov neeg German nyob. Thaum ua haujlwm, cov neeg German tau ua phem rau thaj tsam, thiab thaum lub sijhawm khiav tawm lawv tau sim coj txhua yam uas tuaj yeem ua tau (mov ci, nyuj, nees, ntau yam khoom, thiab lwm yam), txhob txwm ua kom txoj kev thiab choj puas tsuaj ua ntej Tub Rog Liab. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau coj mus rau kev zoo siab ntawm ntau pawg neeg phem. Kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kab mob sib kis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov khoom siv ntawm Red Army tau hnyav zuj zus, uas tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo tshaj plaws rau kev coj ntawm Red Army.
Soviet Russia, uas tawm tsam rau Sab Qaum Teb, Yav Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj, tsis tuaj yeem muab kev pab cuam hnyav. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tsim cov tub rog Soviet Latvian tshiab mus nyuaj. Kev tawm tsam rau Lithuania tau pib ua rau ntau yam tsis txaus siab. Tsoomfwv Soviet ntawm Lithuania, vim tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm txaus, tsis tuaj yeem tsim nws tus kheej pab tub rog. Kev xav me ntsis-bourgeois tau muaj zog hauv cov pej xeem hauv zej zog, kev txhawb nqa ntawm Bolsheviks tau tsawg heev. Yog li, 2nd Pskov Division yuav tsum raug xa mus pab cov pawg sab laj hauv nroog. Kev sib ntaus yog tawv, ib yam li hauv Estonia. Ib qho ntxiv, cov neeg German tau los pab cov neeg ntseeg tebchaws Lithuanian.
Tsis ntev, Tebchaws Askiv tuaj hloov lub tebchaws Yelemes, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab tau nyob nrog cov teeb meem sab hauv loj. Cov tub rog Askiv tau tswj hwm Baltic. Cov tub rog Entente tsaws hauv nroog tau nqaum: Revel, Ust-Dvinsk thiab Libava.
Ulmanis tsoomfwv tau tsim nws tus kheej hauv Libau, raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm Askiv. Kev tsim cov tub rog Latvian txuas ntxiv ntawm no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tseem ceeb kev pabcuam tseem tau muab los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, uas xav tsim kom tsis txhob nyob ze ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Prussia kom Reds tsis tawm los rau nws. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau pab tsoomfwv Latvian nrog nyiaj txiag, mos txwv thiab riam phom. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm pab dawb Iron Division kuj tau mus ua haujlwm hauv Latvia. Cov tub rog German tau cog lus tias yog neeg xam xaj Latvian thiab muaj peev xwm tau txais av hauv Courland. Qhov dawb Lavxias Lavxias Libavsky tau tsim los ntawm no.
German ntes Landswehr lub tsheb tiv thaiv "Titanic" ntawm Riga txoj kev, 1919
Feature ntawm Baltics
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm Baltic yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Germans thiab Russians hauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam ntawm thaj av. Estonians thiab Latvians tau rov qab los thiab cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig qub, tsaus dua li feem ntau ntawm Central Russia cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Lawv nyob deb heev ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv. Cov neeg txawj ntse hauv zej zog tsis muaj zog, nyuam qhuav pib tsim. Yuav luag tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Estonia thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Latvia yog Lavxias-German. Baltic (Baltic, Ostsee) Cov neeg German tau suav nrog feem pua tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zej zog. Cov tub rog German tau kov yeej Baltics hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab tau ntau pua xyoo yog pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov pejxeem, muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev coj noj coj ua thiab lus ntawm cov neeg hauv zos.
Yog li ntawd, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov neeg Baltic Germans tau tsim cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam - cov neeg muaj koob npe, cov txiv plig, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab - cov neeg nyob hauv nroog (burghers). Lawv tsis suav nrog Estonians thiab Latvians, tswj hwm txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv zej zog. Kev ua yeeb ncuab muaj hnub nyoog nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg German thiab Latvian-Estonian cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov chav kawm hauv nroog qis. Nws tau nce ntxiv los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntau dhau. Yog li, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov neeg German tseem muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov hav zoov Baltic thiab 20% ntawm thaj av ua liaj ua teb. Thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm, cov neeg tsis muaj av, tau loj hlob tas li (uas ua rau muaj kev rov qab los loj ntawm Baltic cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau cov xeev Lavxias). Tsis xav tsis thoob, cov xeev Baltic cov tub ntxhais hluas tau ua tiav kev hloov pauv kev cog qoob loo uas tau tsom mus rau kev tshem tawm ntawm thaj av German.
Yog li, hauv Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob hauv Xeev Baltic, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Germans thiab Lavxias dawb tau muaj kev nyiam sib txawv kiag li. Cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Bolsheviks tsis yog kev sib koom ua ke thiab lawv muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib, thaum muaj kev hem thawj ntawm "liab blitzkrieg", cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Bolsheviks tseem tuaj yeem koom ua ke.
Cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv liab nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm 7th Red Army. Yamburg. 1919g ua.
Qhov xwm txheej dav hauv lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1919. Sab qaum teb lub tsev
Qhov kawg ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 1919, tag nrho ntawm Latvia tau nyob hauv Reds txhais tes, tshwj tsis yog rau thaj tsam Libava, qhov chaw uas cov neeg ntxeev siab kav. Tab sis txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Red Army yog qhov nyuaj, vim tias qhov xwm txheej hauv Estonia thiab Lithuania tau txaus ntshai. Liab liab liab xub yuav tsum tau faib cov tub rog mus rau lub flanks, tiv thaiv Estonia thiab Lithuania. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog uas tsis muaj zog tam sim no ntawm pab tub rog Latvian tau tawg nyob rau sab xub ntiag. Qhov chaw, Courland kev taw qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis muaj zog. Tsis muaj qhov tshwj tseg, kev tsim ntawm pawg thib 2 tau ua tsis zoo, vim muaj teeb meem hauv cov khoom siv.
Estonia tau yooj yim rau kev tiv thaiv. Nws tau npog los ntawm Peipsi thiab Pskov pas dej, dej ntws thiab swamps. Ib qho ntxiv, lub tshuab tseem ceeb ntawm Red Army poob rau Riga, ntawm no cov chav liab zoo tshaj plaws tau mloog zoo. Kev taw qhia rau Reval yog pab. Estonia tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov chaw tsis muaj zog, feem ntau yog los ntawm Petrograd koog tsev kawm ntawv, uas khaws cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo ntawm cov peev txheej qub uas tau tawg.
Estonian pab tub rog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no tau ua kom muaj zog ntxiv los ntawm kev tsim cov neeg dawb hauv tebchaws Russia. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1918, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm German kev pabcuam, kev tsim "Lavxias pab dawb pab tub rog sab qaum teb" tau pib. Kev tsim ntawm thawj qhov kev faib tawm tau pib hauv Pskov, Ostrov thiab Rezhitsa (Pskov, Ostrovsky thiab Rezhitsky cov tub rog, tag nrho ntawm kwv yees li 2 txhiab tus pas nrig thiab sabers). Cov Tub Rog Sab Qab Teb tseem suav nrog ntau qhov kev tawm tsam, xws li ataman Bulak-Balakhovich, uas xub tawm tsam Bolsheviks, thiab tom qab ntawd khiav mus rau cov neeg dawb (Reds npaj yuav ntes nws rau kev ua ntshav hauv lub zos thiab tub sab tub nyiag).
Lub cev yuav tsum yog Tus Thawj KA Keller (tus thawj coj muaj peev xwm ntawm pab pawg tub rog, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub rog tub rog, "thawj saber ntawm Russia"), tab sis tsis mus txog nws lub hom phiaj thiab raug tua hauv Kiev los ntawm Petliurists. Kev tsim dawb tau raug txib ib ntus los ntawm Colonel Nef. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, tus caj qaum ntawm Pskov White Corps tau ncaim Pskov thiab pib thim rov qab tom qab cov neeg German, yog li nws tsis muaj peev xwm tawm tsam tus kheej ntawm pab tub rog liab. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1918, cov neeg hloov pauv mus rau Estonian cov kev pabcuam thiab tau hloov npe los ntawm Pskov mus rau Severny. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis, cov tub rog, suav nrog cov tub rog Estonian, tawm tsam Reds raws li Yuryev.
Kev tsim lub xeev Baltic tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Askiv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, Estonia, qhov uas tsoomfwv hauv cheeb tsam tau ua raws txoj cai tswjfwm hauv tebchaws rau cov neeg German thiab Lavxias. Cov av ntawm German nom tswv tau ua tebchaws, German cov thawj coj raug rho tawm haujlwm, cov neeg German raug tshem tawm. London tau txaus siab rau kev sib cais thiab ua rau Russia tsis muaj zog, yog li nws tau pab kev tswj hwm haiv neeg. Cov tub rog Askiv tau fettered cov kev ua ntawm Red Baltic Fleet. Cov neeg Askiv tau muab kev pab rau cov kev tswj hwm hauv cheeb tsam nrog riam phom, mos txwv, khoom siv, thiab qee zaum ncaj qha rau kev ua tub rog, feem ntau yog nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Askiv tsis pab Lavxias dawb kom txog thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1919, txij li Cov Neeg Qaum Teb Qaum Teb tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg German, thiab Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau tawm tswv yim "koom nrog Russia thiab cais tsis tau Russia." Cov Neeg Dawb tsis paub txog kev ywj pheej ntawm Estonia, uas dhau los ua lawv lub hauv paus. Ntawd yog, cov neeg dawb yog cov muaj peev xwm sib tw ntawm cov neeg hauv tebchaws.
Cov tswv av German thiab Latvian, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm bourgeoisie, uas tau khiav tawm ntawm Latvia, qhov uas Reds yeej, tseem tau muab kev pab tseem ceeb rau Estonian formations. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev sim ntawm cov neeg sib tw ntawm Reds mus tawm tsam los ntawm Narva mus rau Yamburg thiab txuas ntxiv ua tiav. Lawv qhov kev nce qib ntawm Valk thiab Verro tau nrog ua tiav. Qhov no yuam tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Latvian (Slaven tau raug xaiv los ua txoj haujlwm no thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1919) txhawm rau faib peb rab phom ntxiv rau tiv thaiv White Estonians. Kev ua tiav ntawm Pab Pawg Liab nyob hauv Lithuanian cov lus qhia tseem tau nres, raws li cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb German tau tshwm sim hauv thaj av ntawm Kovno xeev, uas ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv hauv cheeb tsam Lithuanian. Tsis tas li hauv Lithuania, Cov tub rog Polish tau tawm tsam Reds.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1919 yog rau Soviet Russia lub sijhawm muaj zog heev ntawm txhua lub zog nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Zej Tsoom tau tawm tsam sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, yog li Lub Hauv Paus Liab tsis tuaj yeem xa cov rog thiab peev nyiaj txaus mus rau Sab Hnub Poob. Tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau sab tom qab ntawm Reds, thoob plaws sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia, qhov "kulak" kev kub ntxhov tau tshwm sim, feem ntau yog coj los ntawm cov neeg khiav tawm uas muaj kev qhia ua tub rog thiab khiav nrog riam phom. Kev Tsov Rog Zov Me Nyuam txuas ntxiv hauv lub tebchaws, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau tawm tsam, tsis txaus siab rau txoj cai ntawm "kev ua rog sib ntaus sib tua", kev npaj zaub mov noj thiab kev npaj ua tub rog. Piv txwv li, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1919, ntau dua 7 txhiab tus neeg khiav tawm raug suav hauv peb lub xeev ntawm Petrograd Military District. Lub xeev Pskov tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev tawm tsam uas tsis tu ncua.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Petrograd. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov koomhaum ua lag luam thiab Economic Council
Ib pawg ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov tub rog liab. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Petrograd
