100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 1920, Tukhachevsky cov tub rog tau sim rhuav tshem cov tub rog Polish hauv Belarus. Lub Tsib Hlis qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army ua tsis tiav, tab sis tau tswj kom txav cov yeeb ncuab rog los ntawm Ukraine.
Cov tub rog Polish hauv Kiev
Qhov kawg ntawm lub Plaub Hlis - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 1920, cov tub rog Polish tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm Kiev tau ua tiav. Cov tub rog Polish tua yeej Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob liab, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 6 Cov Tub Rog tau nkag mus rau Kiev. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, ntawm lub xub pwg nyom ntawm Reds rov qab, Cov tub rog Polish hla mus rau sab laug ntawm Dniep er thiab nyob ntawm tus choj 15-20 km sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kiev. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 9, nrog rau kev hais lus tseem ceeb, nrog kev koom tes ntawm Pilsudski, Polish "yeej kev ua yeeb yam" tau muaj nyob hauv Kiev. Txog thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 16, pem hauv ntej sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kiev tau ruaj khov. Nyob rau sab qab teb, cov neeg tawm tsam tau koom tes nrog Poles tau hem Odessa thiab Nikolaev.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Polish tau txhawb los ntawm Petliurites. Raws li Warsaw Pact ntawm Lub Plaub Hlis 22, 1920, Poland rov qab los txog xyoo 1772 ciam teb nyob rau hauv Ukraine. Galicia thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Volhynia, nrog cov pej xeem ntawm 11 lab, tseem nyob hauv tebchaws Poland. Daim ntawv cog lus tau muab rau kev ua tsis tau ntawm Polish tus tswv av hauv thaj chaw ntawm yav tom ntej Ukrainian Cov Neeg Koom Tes (UPR). Poland tau muab kev pabcuam tub rog rau Petliura hauv kev rov kho dua ntawm lub xeev Ukrainian. Qhov tseeb, Pilsudski tau tsim "ywj pheej" Ukraine ua qhov tsis tiv thaiv Russia. Ukraine tau raug saib raws li kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom lag luam Polish, cov khoom siv raw thiab kev nyob ua ke hauv tebchaws Poland. Raws li tus tub ceev xwm Polish, ciam teb ntawm UPR yuav tsum hla mus raws Dnieper nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Moscow, raws li Warsaw, tuaj yeem mus rau qhov poob ntawm thaj av Kiev thiab Podolia, tab sis yuav tsis tso tseg Left-Bank Ukraine thiab Novorossia. Petliura tsis pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim no thiab hais kom ntes Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Odessa thiab Donbass. Cov cheeb tsam no yog lub peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm Me Russia, tsis muaj nws kev ywj pheej ua tsis tau.
Kev swb ntawm Red Army hauv Ukraine yog vim muaj ntau yam. Cov lus hais hauv Polish tau tsim qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm cov rog nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob. Cov tub rog Polish muaj ntau dua 140 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers (ntau dua 65 txhiab tus ncaj qha rau ntawm kab hauv ntej), ntxiv rau ntau txhiab tus Petliurists, cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov tub sab nyob tom qab ntawm Red Army. Tsis tas li ntawd, pab tub rog Polish muaj qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev siv riam phom: phom, phom tshuab, tsheb npog npog thiab dav hlau. Cov Reds muaj txog 55 txhiab tus neeg tua rog hauv tebchaws Ukrainian (15, 5 txhiab ncaj qha rau ntawm xub ntiag). Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tau txav mus rau kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Galician cov tub rog, cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab cov neeg ua phem. Cov tub rog Soviet tau npog cov ciam teb nrog cov teeb meem tsis muaj zog, tsis muaj qhov txuas ntxiv mus. Lub sijhawm rau kev ua haujlwm Polish tau xaiv zoo.
Lub ntsiab lus yuam kev ntawm Soviet siab hais kom ua yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tus ncej, hauv kev koom tes nrog cov neeg Latvians, tau tos nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Belarus. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Red Army tau nyob ntawm no, kev tsim tshiab los ntawm North Caucasus thiab Siberia, txhawb ntxiv thiab khaws cia tau xa tuaj ntawm no. Cov lus txib hauv tebchaws Soviet tau npaj muaj kev tawm tsam muaj zog hauv Belarus. Txawm li cas los xij, Tus Kws Lij Choj hauv Belarus tsis mus rau qhov tsis txaus siab nyob rau lub sijhawm qhia los ntawm kev txawj ntse. Cov lus txib hauv tebchaws Soviet tau so. Cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam hauv Ukraine tau tshwm sim sai.
Ua yuam kev ntawm Polish hais kom ua
Txawm hais tias "Kiev blitzkrieg", Cov lus txib Polish tsis muaj peev xwm paub tag nrho lawv cov phiaj xwm. Yog li, Cov Tub Rog tau ua tsis tau ib puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem feem ntau ntawm Kiev pab pawg ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab. Cov tub rog Polish tag nrho ua ntej dhau los, qhov no tau tso cai rau Red Army, txawm hais tias muaj kev poob, tab sis ua tiav qhov kev tawm tsam dhau Dnieper.
Nws kuj tseem suav tias yog Pilsudski ua yuam kev kom nres qhov kev ua phem tsis zoo hauv Kiev cov lus qhia thaum lub sijhawm ya dav hlau ntawm Soviet pab tub rog los ntawm Kiev, poob siab thiab ntog hauv ib feem ntawm pab tub rog 12. Petliura xav txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam Chernigov thiab Poltava, tab sis Pilsudski tawm tsam nws. Ib qho ntxiv, Polish tus thawj coj tau ntshai tsam Red Army yuav pib tawm tsam hauv Belarus thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab yeej hauv tebchaws Ukraine pib xa cov tub rog mus rau sab qaum teb. Qhov tseeb, muaj Western Sab Hnub Poob raws li cov lus txib ntawm Tukhachevsky pib lub Tsib Hlis kev tawm tsam.
Tom qab kev ntes Kiev, cov tub rog Polish pom cov haujlwm tsuas yog nyob rau sab qab teb. Cov tub rog Polish 6 thiab 2 tau ntes Vinnitsa, Tulchin, Nemyriv, Kazatin, Skvira, Vasilkov, Tripoli thiab Belaya Tserkov. Qhov kawg ntawm lub Tsib Hlis, cov tub rog Polish tau ua haujlwm nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm sab xub ntiag thiab nyob hauv Rzhishchev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum Soviet cov lus txib tau rov kho lub hauv ntej thiab hloov pauv cov chav zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm yav dhau los Caucasian pem hauv ntej, Cov Tub Rog poob txoj kev pib thiab mus rau qhov tiv thaiv.
Lwm qhov ua yuam kev ntawm Polish cov lus txib siab yog kev tshuaj xyuas qhov kev xav ntawm cov neeg Lavxias sab hnub poob hauv "thaj tsam uas tau tso tawm". Cov "Liberators" tau txais tos nrog ceev faj thiab tsis muaj kev xyiv fab. Kev koom tes ntawm Poland thiab UPR kuj tsis txaus siab rau leej twg. Yog tias thaum pib Tus Tub thiab Petliurites tau txais tos txias, tom qab ob lub lis piam tom qab lawv twb tau ntxub. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias Cov Tub Rog thiab cov tub rog txhawb nqa lawv ua tus neeg nyob hauv. Qhov xav tau ntawm cov tub rog Polish tau ceeb toom rau Cov Neeg Lavxias Me Me ntawm lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm Hetmanate, Austro-German txoj haujlwm. Cov neeg hais lus Polish tau tshem cov mov ci, qab zib, tsiaj txhu, tsiaj txhu, thiab ua phem rau txhua qhov kev sim ntawm kev tsis mloog lus hauv cov ntshav. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Ukrainian "dim" los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Bolsheviks tau txais kev ua phem ntau dua rau tub rog Polish.
Tau kawg, Petliura thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm UPR tau tawm tsam, sim ncav tes mus rau Pilsudski, tsoomfwv Polish, Seim, cov tub rog hais kom ua, tabsis tsis muaj kev nkag siab. Cov tswv tebchaws Polish tsuas yog tsis quav ntsej txhua qhov kev tawm tsam. Pilsudski kuj tau dag nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm cov tub rog loj hauv Ukraine. Kev tshem tawm tau tso cai tsuas yog hauv ob peb lub nroog, txawm hais tias lawv tau cog lus thoob plaws Volhynia, Podolia thiab Kiev cheeb tsam. Txog thaum nruab nrab Lub Tsib Hlis 1920, Ukrainian tub rog tsuas muaj 20 txhiab tus tub rog nrog 37 rab phom. Kev sib cais tau ze dua nyob rau hauv cov lej rau cov tub rog. Cov tub rog UPR tau nyob hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Polish 6th Army, rau ib hlis nws tau poob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ze Yampol thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam ntawm Odessa. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj tus thawj coj tshiab hauv nroog Ukrainian tau tsim. Petliura tau xaiv tus thawj coj ntawm UPR, tus sawv cev ntawm Kiev, tus sawv cev ntawm cov nroog, tab sis lawv tsis txiav txim siab dab tsi. Txhua lub zog tau nrog cov tub rog Polish. Tsuas yog hauv Kamenets-Podolsk, Mogilev-Podolsk, Vinnitsa thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig muaj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm tsoomfwv Ukrainian. Vinnitsa dhau los ua lub peev ntawm UPR, Pilsudski tsis tso cai txav nws mus rau Kiev.
Pib ua tsov rog, Polish-Ukrainian kev coj noj coj ua suav suav nrog kev txhawb nqa dav, cov neeg pluag loj thiab cov neeg tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog nyob tom qab ntawm Red Army. Cov laij lej no tsuas yog ib nrab ua pov thawj. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm thaj av Kiev, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cheeb tsam Kherson, hauv Polesie thiab Zaporozhye, muaj qhov tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam muaj zog tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tau coj kev pab ntau rau Poles thiab Petliurites. Lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv chaotic, disorganized yam, zam kev sib tsoo thiab cov chav ib txwm ntawm Reds.
Hauv Belarusian kev coj
Lub caij no, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau sim kov yeej cov Pole ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Tus thawj coj tshiab hauv ntej, Tukhachevsky (hloov Gittis), lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Trotsky, tab tom yuav swb cov tub rog ntawm Polish North-Eastern Front ntawm General Sheptytsky thiab muab kev pabcuam rau Soviet pab tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob. Cov lus txib hauv tebchaws Soviet tau npaj kom kov yeej Cov Tub Rog hauv Warsaw kev taw qhia, thawb lawv los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau Pinsk swamps thiab rhuav tshem lawv.
Sab Hnub Poob suav nrog: Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb Qaum Teb (ob rab phom sib faib thiab ib pab tub rog) raws li kev txib ntawm E. Sergeev; 15th Army ntawm A. Cork (7 rab phom thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua rog); 16th Army of N. Sollogub (4 phom sib faib). Twb tau thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, ob qhov kev sib faib ntxiv tau koom ua ntej. Txhua tus thawj coj tau ntsib cov thawj coj ua tub rog, lawv tau ua haujlwm ua tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Russia. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog Soviet suav txog 80 txhiab tus phom thiab saber, ntau dua 450 phom, ntau dua 1900 phom tshuab, 15 lub tsheb ciav hlau thiab 67 lub dav hlau.
Cov tub rog Soviet tau zoo tshaj tus yeeb ncuab. Polish Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob thaum pib ua haujlwm suav nrog 1st Army (3 pawg tub rog tawg rog thiab pab tub rog tub rog) thiab pab tub rog thib 4 (4 pab tub rog tuag thiab ib pab tub rog tub rog). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj ntau dua 57.5 txhiab rab phom thiab saber, kwv yees li 340 rab phom, ntau dua 1400 rab phom tshuab, 10 lub tsheb hlau phom thiab 46 lub dav hlau.
Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau xa los ntawm pab tub rog 15th ntawm Cork nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm Vilna, nws yuav tsum ua kom yeej cov tub rog Polish thib 1 thiab pov nws rov qab rau hauv Pinsk swamps. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Cork pab tub rog tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Sergeev Sab Qaum Teb pab pawg, uas tau tsoo ntawm lub flank thiab tom qab ntawm cov tub rog Polish. Sollogub's 16th Soviet Army tau pib ua haujlwm pabcuam rau Minsk kom hloov kev saib xyuas thiab ua haujlwm ntawm Polish 4th Army. Qhov kev tawm tsam xav tau kev sib sau ua ke ntawm pab tub rog los ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau sab xis ntawm sab xub ntiag, uas lawv tsis tau tswj kom ua tiav thaum pib ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis muaj sijhawm hloov pauv cov peev txheej hauv lub sijhawm thiab kev tawm tsam pib yam tsis muaj lawv.
Cov lus txib Polish paub txog kev npaj ua tub rog liab rau kev tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Polish thib 4 tau npaj rov tawm tsam Zhlobin thiab Mogilev. 1st Army yog los txhawb kev ua phem rau sab qaum teb. Lawv tau npaj yuav hloov pauv kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Poland thiab Ukraine.
Sib ntaus
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, 1920, Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb tau npaj txhij rau cov yeeb ncuab hloov nws pawg neeg tawm tsam (phom loj) mus rau sab laug ntawm ntug dej ntawm Western Dvina. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov ua ntej tau nres los ntawm cov peev txheej Polish. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm ntxiv dag zog rau pab pawg, txij li ib pawg tau npog ciam teb nrog Latvia, thiab lwm qhov tsis muaj sijhawm los nthuav tawm. Tab sis cov tub rog tsis ua tiav hauv kev thim rov qab cov tub rog Soviet dhau ntawm Western Dvina. Cov Reds rov ua phem rau txhua tus yeeb ncuab tawm tsam thiab tos rau 15th Army txoj cai flank los ze.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, Cork cov tub rog tau ua tiav los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm ob txoj haujlwm Polish. Tsuas yog sab laug ntawm cov tub rog (pawg 29th) tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv tam sim ntawd, ntawm no Cov Tub Rog txawm tawm tsam. Ib qho ntxiv, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm pab tub rog, thaj av nyuaj rau txav mus los. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 15, Pab Pawg Sab Qab Teb (5th, 29th thiab 56th Infantry Division) tau tsim nyob rau sab laug ntawm pab tub rog. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 17, cov lus hais ua ntej tau hloov pauv qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Kork los ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob mus rau sab qab teb-sab hnub poob, raws li Molodechno. Cov pab pawg sab qaum teb tam sim no yuav tsum tau nce mus rau sab qaum teb hnub poob. Hauv tsib hnub ntawm kev tawm tsam, pab tub rog 15 tau nce mus txog 40-80 km tob thiab 110 km dav. Txawm li cas los xij, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws tau tswj kom tsis txhob nyob ib puag ncig thiab teeb tsa kev tshem tawm kom raug.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 19, Cork pab tub rog txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev tawm tsam. Cov pab pawg neeg sab qab teb hla Berezina. Cov tub rog tshwj tseg (ntu 6) tau pib txav mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam loj. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb thiab cov pab pawg ntawm pawg tub rog 15 tau pib ua ntej hauv kev qhia sib txawv. Cov pab pawg sab qaum teb tau nce mus rau Braslav, pawg tub rog txoj cai thib 15 ntawm Postavy, qhov chaw ntawm Molodechno, thiab pab pawg South ntawm Zembin. Qhov khoob loj tsim los ntawm pab pawg, thiab tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntxiv thiab cov peev txheej los ua kom tiav. Sab nraub qaum ntawm Cork cov tub rog nyob tom qab, cov chav siab tau tsis muaj khoom siv, thiab lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog pib poob kev tswj hwm. Kev txav ntawm cov tub rog tau qeeb.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 19, ob qhov kev sib faib ntawm Tub Rog 16 tau hla hla Berezina thiab ntes tus choj hla ntawm ntug dej sab hnub poob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam los ntawm Sollogub cov tub rog tau xa 80 km sab qab teb ntawm 15th Army sab laug sab, uas ua rau lub zog tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua haujlwm tag nrho. Ib qho ntxiv, Pawg Tub Rog 16 tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev koom tes nrog Pab Pawg 15. Tshooj 8 ntawm Sollogub pab tub rog tau txais kev sib hais haum ntawm Igumen thiab txog lub Tsib Hlis 24 tau nce mus txog 60 km qhov tob. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd Poles tau tawm tsam thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 27 cov tub rog ntawm Tub Rog 16 tau thim dhau ntawm Berezina. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog Polish tau tshem tawm ib feem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 16 dhau ntawm Berezina, uas tau nce mus rau thaj tsam Borisov.
Cov lus txib Polish ua tiav rub cov tub rog rov qab thiab zam kev swb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog tau pauv los ntawm lwm cov lus qhia, los ntawm Poland thiab Ukraine, thiab tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. 1, 5 kev sib faib tau pauv los ntawm Tebchaws Poland, 2, 5 kev faib los ntawm Little Russia, thiab Cov Tub Rog Tshwj Xeeb tau tsim los ntawm lawv. Cov tub rog tau tsim cov pab pawg poob siab hauv Sventsiansk, Molodechno, Zembinsk cov lus qhia tawm tsam 15th pab tub rog Soviet. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 23-24, Cov tub rog Polish pib txav mus, pib ua lawv tus kheej mus rau qhov chaw ntawm pab tub rog Soviet, uas, thaum lub Tsib Hlis tawm tsam, tau nce mus txog 110-130 km. Txog thaum kawg ntawm Lub Tsib Hlis 1920, Cov Tub Rog tau tso tseg cov neeg Lavxias thiab pib nias rau Pawg Tub Rog 15. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 2, Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tuaj yeem tsoo lub nraub qaum ntawm Cork pab tub rog thiab yuav luag tsav nws mus rau hauv "cauldron". Cov tub rog Soviet, qhia txog kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, tau pib thim rov qab, muab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw uas tau nyob ua ntej. Cov tub rog liab tau thim 60-100 km sab hnub tuaj. Txog rau Lub Rau Hli 8, 1920, qhov xwm txheej tau ruaj khov, ob tog mus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv.
Yog li, Tukhachevsky cov tub rog tsis tuaj yeem tsim kho lawv txoj kev pib ua tiav, thaiv thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab pawg Belarusian. Cov tub rog tau ua tiav thim rov qab thiab koom nrog pab tub rog, hloov pauv kev txhawb nqa, khaws tseg thiab ua tiav kev tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Soviet tau thim rov qab mus rau lawv txoj haujlwm qub. Cov laj thawj rau kev ua tsis tiav yog kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev hais kom ua siab thiab ua ntej, kev npaj tsis zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm - lub sijhawm thib ob thiab khaws cia rau kev txhim kho thawj qhov kev vam meej tsis tuaj lossis tsis muaj sijhawm los txog thaum pib sib ntaus sib tua, kev sib txuas lus thiab kev txhawb nqa logistic. Txawm li cas los xij, Sab Hnub Poob muaj peev xwm thim rov qab qhov kev sib cais ntawm Polish thiab tshem tawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Soviet pab tub rog hauv tebchaws Ukraine, uas ua tiav kev ua haujlwm Kiev zoo.
