Teeb meem. 1919 xyoo. Hauv qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm Red Southern Front, lub tshuab tseem ceeb los ntawm ob sab tau ua rau Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, uas nce mus rau Orel. Pawg neeg tawm tsam ntawm Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky tau txav mus rau tom ntej, cov flanks tau qhib. Cov lus txib liab tau npaj kom kov yeej cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky, cais cov Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Don, los tuav lawv cais.
Qhov xwm txheej dav dav ntawm xub ntiag
Tag nrho cov tub rog dawb nyob hauv Moscow txoj kev qhia yog kwv yees li 100 txhiab rab phom thiab sabers, kwv yees li 300 rab phom, tshaj li 800 rab phom tshuab, 22 lub tsheb ciav hlau thiab 12 lub tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov tub rog ntawm thaj av Kiev, nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm General Dragomirov, tau nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Kiev thiab raws Desna ze Chernigov. Cov tub rog tuaj yeem pab dawb ntawm General May-Mayevsky (ntau dua 22 txhiab tus neeg) tuav txoj haujlwm los ntawm Chernigov mus rau Orel thiab mus rau Don (ze Zadonsk). Thaum lub sijhawm Moscow phiaj xwm, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky ua tiav qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab mus txog kab Khutor-Mikhailovsky, Sevsk, Dmitrovsk, st. Eropkino, Livny, Borki, r. Ikorets. Los ntawm 13 txog 20 Lub Kaum Hli 1919, cov neeg dawb nyob hauv Oryol. General Sidorin's Don pab tub rog (50,000 tus txiv neej) tau nyob ntawm Zadonsk mus rau Ilovli lub qhov ncauj; General Wrangel's Caucasian pab tub rog (kwv yees li 15 txhiab tus neeg) - hauv Tsaritsyn cheeb tsam, nrog rau ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tawm tsam Astrakhan, ntawm ob sab ntug dej ntawm Volga; Kev tshem tawm ntawm General Dratsenko los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm North Caucasus - tawm tsam Astrakhan los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb -sab hnub poob.
Cov tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb ntawm Russia tau tso ntshav tawm thiab tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev tawm tsam lub tswv yim hauv Moscow kev coj. Tsis zoo li Reds, Cov lus txib Dawb tsis tuaj yeem muab kev txhawb nqa loj rau cov neeg. Lub hauv paus kev sib raug zoo tsis muaj zog thiab twb tau ploj mus los ntawm kev mobilizations yav dhau los. Ntau qhov kev tawm tsam Bolshevik cov tub rog thiab pab pawg ntawm cov pejxeem, tom qab tshem tawm qhov kev hem thawj ncaj qha, tau tibneeg hu tauj coob nrog kev sib cav sab hauv thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tawm tsam Dawb lub zog. Cov peev txheej tam sim no, cov chav tsim tshiab thiab txawm tias ib feem ntawm cov rog los ntawm lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tau hloov mus rau sab hauv thiab cov lus qhia. Tshwj xeeb, kom pacify kev tawm tsam ntawm Makhno thiab lwm tus thawj coj, uas tau tua hluav taws rau thaj chaw loj hauv Novorossiya thiab Me Russia. Ib feem ntawm cov rog hauv cheeb tsam Kiev tau tawm tsam Petliurists thiab cov neeg ntxeev siab. Cov tub rog ntawm North Caucasus tau tibneeg hu tauj coob sib ntaus sib tua cov neeg siab, cov rog ntawm North Caucasian Emirate, thiab lwm yam.
Thaum lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1919, Soviet cov tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau teeb tsa thiab ua kom tiav. Sab qab teb pem hauv ntej ntawm Yegorov hais kom muaj txog 115 txhiab rab phom thiab sabers, 500 phom, tshaj li 1, 9 txhiab rab phom tshuab. Ntawm sab xis yog pab tub rog Liab thib 12 - ntawm ob sab ntawm Dnieper los ntawm Mozyr, hla Zhitomir, thiab raws Desna mus rau Chernigov mus rau Sosnitsa. Ntxiv mus, txoj haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog 14th tau nyob - los ntawm Sosnitsa mus rau Krom (hauv thaj av Orel). Pawg Tub Rog 13 tau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Krom mus rau tus dej. Don (ze Zadonsk, ze Voronezh). Pawg tub rog thib 8 tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm Zadonsk thiab Bobrov. 1st Cavalry Corps ntawm Budyonny kuj tseem nyob hauv Voronezh cov lus qhia (thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis nws tau xa mus rau 1st Cavalry Army). Ntxiv los ntawm Voronezh mus rau Astrakhan, cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob tau nyob hauv qab Shorin hais kom ua. Tag nrho ntawm 50 txhiab tus neeg. Cov tub rog thib 9 tau tso los ntawm Bobrov mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm Xyooj; Qhov thib 10 ua haujlwm hauv Tsaritsyn kev taw qhia; Qhov 11 tau nyob hauv cheeb tsam Astrakhan, nrog cov lus qhia ua haujlwm nce Volga tawm tsam Tsaritsyn, mus rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj raws Caspian tawm tsam North Caucasus thiab Guryev (Ural White Cossacks).
Txoj Kev Tawm Tsam Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob
Cov tub rog ntawm Reds nyob rau yav Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob tau loj hlob tas li. Hauv kev txuas nrog kev txhim kho cov xwm txheej ntawm lwm qhov chaw, thaum Lub Kaum Hli - Kaum Ib Hlis 1919, ntau qhov kev sib cais tau hloov pauv ntawm no. Cov lus txib hauv Soviet tau tsim ob pab pawg tawm tsam muaj zog hauv Oryol thiab Voronezh cov lus qhia. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm Oryol-Kursk cov lus qhia, Reds tswj kom ua tiav 2.5 zaug zoo dua nyob rau hauv bayonets, thiab ntawm Voronezh-Castornensky cov lus qhia-10 zaug.
Tom qab qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam lub Yim Hli (), Soviet cov lus txib tau hloov pauv kev coj ua ntawm kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb. Hauv Oryol cov lus qhia, pab tub rog ntawm 13 thiab 14 cov tub rog yuav tsum tau nce qib: tag nrho ntawm 10 kev sib cais, 2 pawg tub rog sib cais, 4 pab tub rog tub rog thiab 2 pab pawg sib cais (62 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, tshaj 170 phom thiab tshaj 1110 phom tshuab). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam yog ua los ntawm Pab Pawg Tawm Tsam raws li cov lus txib ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Latvian Division A. A. Martusevich, nws yog thawj feem ntawm Pab Pawg Liab 13, tom qab ntawd yog pab tub rog 14th. Cov pab pawg muaj xws li: kev faib phom Latvian (10 tus tub rog thiab 40 phom), ib pab tub rog sib cais ntawm Red Cossacks (sai tau xa mus rau hauv ib pawg), ib pab tub rog sib cais. Cov pab pawg muaj li ntawm 20 txhiab tus tub rog, ntau dua 50 rab phom thiab ntau dua 100 rab phom tshuab. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov lus txib liab yog siv lub zog ntawm pab pawg Martusevich los tawm tsam sab nraub qaum thiab nraub qaum ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 1st Army Corps ntawm Kutepov (lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb) nce mus rau Moscow, yuam cov neeg dawb nres qhov kev tawm tsam, thiab tom qab ntawd puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab. tawm tsam los ntawm thaj chaw Krom nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm Kursk-Oryol txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Qhov 55th Infantry Division ntawm 13th Army tau ua haujlwm los tsoo cov yeeb ncuab nce mus rau Orel.
Pawg neeg tawm tsam thib ob tau tsim los ntawm cov lus txib liab rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Voronezh. Cov pab pawg poob siab muaj ntawm 42nd Kab laug sab Phim Nyuj Vais, Pawg Tub Rog Tub Rog Tsov Rog 13, Budyonny's Corps, 12 Reva Rifle Division of the 8th Army. Cov pab pawg yuav tsum tawm tsam ntawm sab xis ntawm Moscow pawg Denikin pab tub rog, kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab hauv Voronezh kev coj ua (4th Don thiab 3rd Kuban corps ntawm Mamontov thiab Shkuro ua haujlwm ntawm no), tso Voronezh thiab tawm tsam tom qab ntawm yeeb ncuab Oryol pab pawg hauv Kastornaya. Tsis tas li, kev swb ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb nyob ze Voronezh tau tsim cov xwm txheej rau pawg tub rog liab thib 8 kom nkag mus rau Don.
Yog li, hauv qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, lub tshuab tseem ceeb los ntawm ob sab tau ua rau Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb, uas nce mus rau Orel. Pawg neeg tawm tsam ntawm Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky tau txav mus rau tom ntej, cov flanks tau qhib. Cov lus txib dawb tsis muaj lub zog los tawm tsam ib txhij thiab khov kho ua ke ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, Reds tau npaj kom yeej cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Tsib Hlis-Mayevsky, cais cov Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb thiab Don, thiab tuav lawv cais.
Cov phiaj xwm dawb hais kom ua
Cov lus txib Dawb muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev mob siab rau ntawm cov tub rog yeeb ncuab rau kev tawm tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj cov peev txheej los txwv cov tshuab no. Nws tsuas yog ua tau kom rov sau dua cov muaj zog. Kev tawm tsam ntawm pab pawg Oryol txij thaum pib tsis ua rau muaj kev ntshai. Muaj zog Drozdovskaya thiab Kornilovskaya kev faib ua haujlwm ntawm no. Kutepov tau txais kev xaj los ntawm General May-Mayevsky kom tawm tsam Oryol yam tsis tau nres thiab tsis ua tib zoo saib rau ntawm cov nplaim taws. Raws li tus thawj coj ntawm 1st Army Corps nws tus kheej tau sau tseg: "Kuv yuav nqa Eagle, tab sis kuv lub hauv ntej yuav nce mus zoo li qab zib. Thaum cov yeeb ncuab Pab Pawg Tawm Tsam mus rau qhov ua phem thiab tawm tsam kuv lub ntsej muag, Kuv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm txav tau. Thiab txawm li cas los xij kuv tau xaj kom nqa Eagle!"
Qhov kev hem thawj rau sab laug ntawm Don pab tub rog hauv Voronezh kev coj ua tau txiav txim siab hnyav dua. Yog li ntawd, Denikin, yam tsis tau nres qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Bryansk - Oryol - Yelets kab, hais kom Don pab tub rog kaw nws tus kheej rau kev tiv thaiv hauv nruab nrab thiab ntawm sab xis, thiab tsom mus rau nws sab laug, tiv thaiv Liska thiab Voronezh. Cov tub rog ntawm General Shkuro, nyob hauv thaj tsam Voronezh, tau pauv mus rau Don pab tub rog.
Yog li, kev ua tiav ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov lus liab thiab dawb tau coj mus rau kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, uas ua rau muaj kev koom tes dav. Kev sib ntaus sib tua pib, uas txiav txim siab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tag nrho cov phiaj xwm.
Yav tom ntej, cov lus txib ntawm ARSUR tau sim tsim pab pawg tawm tsam muaj zog hauv Voronezh cov lus qhia txhawm rau txhawm rau kov yeej pab pawg poob siab ntawm pawg tub rog liab thib 8 thiab Budenny lub cev, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov cuam tshuam cov phiaj xwm tshiab thiab rov pib ua phem. Nws muaj peev xwm sau tau lub zog nrig nrig tsuas yog ua rau cov tub rog Don thiab Caucasian tsis muaj zog. Ntawm no dua, lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo tau ua los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev sib koom ntawm cov lus txib dawb thiab tiv thaiv Bolshevik rog. Denikin thov kom ntxiv dag zog rau sab laug ntawm Don pab tub rog los ntawm kev ua rau lub hauv paus qis thiab sab xis. Cov kev thov no tsoo tawm tsam kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus ntawm Don hais kom ua, uas nrhiav kom npog thaj tsam Don ntau li ntau tau. Raws li Denikin rov hais dua, cov lus txib ntawm Don Army "tau raug kev nyuaj siab los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm Don Cossack pawg neeg, uas cuam tshuam rau lawv lub tsev pheeb suab." Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Don cov lus txib tau faib rau pawg neeg tawm tsam tsuas yog pawg thib 4 ntawm General Mamontov, uas tau tawg thiab tsis muaj zog tom qab raug tua nyob rau tom qab liab, uas 3,500 sabers tseem nyob. Qhov kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis, tom qab qhov kev xav tau ntawm Denikin Lub Hauv Paus, lub hauv paus thib 4 tau txais kev txhawb nqa, pawg tawm tsam suav nrog Plastun cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tsis muaj zog. Tus thawj coj ntawm Don Army, General Sidorin, tsis xav ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv ntawm cheeb tsam Don.
Qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws yog hais kom cov tub rog Caucasian hais kom ua. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1919, Wrangel tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov yeeb ncuab sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb hauv Tsaritsyn. Tom qab ntawd, tus thawj coj tau ceeb toom rau Lub Hauv Paus tias qhov kev ua tiav no tau ua tiav "ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab kev ua haujlwm kawg ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm cov thawj coj uas tseem tsis tau tawm mus." Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, Denikin lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm tau hais kom cov tub rog Caucasian hais kom faib cov rog rau pab pawg tawm tsam hauv nruab nrab, lossis pib lawv tus kheej kev tawm tsam kev ua haujlwm nyob rau sab qaum teb kom thim cov tub rog Liab thiab txo qis ua ntej. ntawm Don pab tub rog, tso cai rau nws tsom mus rau nws sab laug. General Wrangel teb tias kev txhim kho kev khiav haujlwm ntawm Caucasian Army mus rau sab qaum teb yog qhov ua tsis tau "thaum tsis muaj kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab tsis muaj dej sib txuas lus." Thiab kev hloov pauv cov tub rog mus rau sab hnub poob yuav tsis hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej dav dav vim yog cov tub rog caij tsheb tsawg thiab yuav ua rau Tsaritsyn poob. Denikin thim los ntawm Caucasian pab tub rog tsuas yog thib 2 Kuban corps.
Kev ua haujlwm Voronezh-Kastorno
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 13, 1919, kev tawm tsam ntawm pab pawg Voronezh ntawm Reds tau pib. Cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Budyonny, txhawb nqa los ntawm kev faib tub rog ntawm pab tub rog thib 8, tsoo ntawm 4th Don corps ntawm Mamontov hauv thaj tsam ntawm Moskovskoye lub zos. Txog thaum Lub Kaum Hli 19, kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj tau mus, kev sib pauv hloov ob peb zaug. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 19, Kuban thiab Don cov neeg ntawm Shkuro thiab Mamantov tau tsoo ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm plaub thiab thib 6 kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev coj ntawm lub zos Khrenovoe. Ib feem ntawm Budenny cov tub rog tau mus rau kev tiv thaiv thiab tib lub sijhawm ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam zoo rau cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Cov Cossacks Dawb tau rov qab mus rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, mus rau Voronezh.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 23, Budenovites, nrog kev txhawb nqa cov phom sib faib ntawm pab tub rog thib 8, tau pib ua phem rau Voronezh. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 24, Reds tau tso lub nroog los ntawm Shkuro cov tub rog, uas thim rov qab mus rau sab xis ntawm Don. Thaum hla hla Don, Budyonny tau tawm tsam rau Nizhnedevitsk, hem Kastornaya thiab tom qab ntawm 1st Army Corps ntawm Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog ntawm 8th tau tsim kev tawm tsam mus rau sab qab teb, nyob hauv Liski chaw nres tsheb, thiab thim rov qab thib 3 Don corps dhau ntawm Don.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 31, Budyonny cov tub rog tau txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov tshwj tseg 11 Cavalry Division. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2, Donets of Mamontov tau pib tawm tsam hauv cheeb tsam Klevna-Shumeyka, tab sis tom qab raug kev txom nyem hnyav lawv tau thim rov qab. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 3, Pawg Tub Rog 42nd ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 13 tau nyob hauv Livny thiab pib nce mus rau Kastorny. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 5, Budyonny cov tub rog, pab tub rog ntawm 8th thiab 13th tau mus txog qhov chaw nres tsheb Kastornaya. Ntawm no Reds ntsib kev tiv thaiv zoo los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Shkuro thiab Markov cov tub rog. Txij li 5 txog 15 Lub Kaum Ib Hlis, kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Kastornaya tau tawm tsam. 42nd Infantry thiab 11th Cavalry Divisions tau nce los ntawm sab qaum teb, 12th Infantry thiab 6th Cavalry Faib los ntawm sab qab teb, thiab 4th Cavalry Division los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Reds coj Kastornaya. Txog thaum kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 16, Dawb tau swb lawm. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 19, Budyonny cov tub rog tau xa mus rau 1st Cavalry Army.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam nrog kev ua tiav sib txawv ntawm sab xub ntiag ntawm Don Army. Cossacks swb rau sab laug ntawm pab tub rog liab thib 8 ntawm Bobrov thiab Talovaya thiab cov tub rog ntawm 9th Soviet Army ntawm ntug dej Khopra. Donets tseem nyob Liski, Talovaya, Novokhopyorsk thiab Bobrov. Muaj kev hem thawj tias Dawb yuav nyob Voronezh dua. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg, Don pab tub rog tau thim nws txoj cai sab dhau ntawm Don thiab nruab nrab dhau ntawm Khoper, ua raws qab cov dej no thiab ntawm Kab Liski-Uryupino.
Yog li, pab pawg Voronezh tau nce mus txog 250 km, tso Voronezh, ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog dawb, sab laug ntawm Don pab tub rog thiab tsim kev hem thawj rau sab nraub qaum thiab tom qab ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb, pab txhawb kom yeej ntawm Red Army hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua Orel-Kromskoye.
