Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich. 75 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 15, 1945, Upper Silesian kev tawm tsam pib. Cov tub rog ntawm 1st Ukrainian Pem Hauv Paus raws li cov lus txib ntawm I. S. Konev tshem tawm qhov kev hem thawj ntawm German flank counterattack thiab ua tiav qhov kev tso tawm ntawm thaj tsam Silesian kev lag luam, uas cuam tshuam loj rau kev ua tub rog kev lag luam muaj peev xwm ntawm Reich.
Kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam German hauv kev coj ntawm Breslau
Raws li kev ua haujlwm qis Silesian thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1945, cov tub rog ntawm 1st Ukrainian Pem Hauv Ntej (1st UV), kov yeej kev tsim ntawm lub tank thib 4 thiab 17th German cov tub rog, mus txog qib nrog pab tub rog ntawm 1st Ntawm Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej, uas thaum kawg Lub Ib Hlis 1945 tau mus txog ntawm Oder River. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog ntawm Zhukov thiab Konev tau ua txoj kab zoo rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Berlin. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub rog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm 1st UV tau dhau los ntawm sab qaum teb hla Upper Silesian pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht. Yog li, Konev cov tub rog tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam hauv Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig thiab nruab nrab ntawm Czechoslovakia.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ua haujlwm qis Silesian, sab qab teb tis ntawm lub hauv ntej tseem ceeb (txog 200 km) poob qab cov pab pawg tseem ceeb. Muaj kev hem thawj ntawm tus yeeb ncuab flank tawm tsam los ntawm Oppeln - Ratibor cheeb tsam mus rau Breslau nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thaiv lub peev ntawm Silesia thiab rov qab thaj chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm nws.
Kev npaj ua haujlwm
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1945, Pawg Tub Rog Hauv Pej Xeem tau nthuav qhia rau Lub Hauv Paus lub hauv paus txoj haujlwm rau kev ua phem rau cov tub rog ntawm sab laug ntawm 1st UV hauv Upper Silesia. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm tau pom zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam ntawm 4th Ukrainian Pem Hauv Ntej tau npaj nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsoo Moravian-Ostrava cov yeeb ncuab ua pawg thiab txeeb tau thaj chaw lag luam ntawm Moravska-Ostrava. Qhov tawg ntawm 4th UV tau xav tias yuav pab txhawb kev tawm tsam ntawm Konev cov tub rog. Cov neeg German tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los tswj lawv lub zog.
Cov tub rog Soviet tau kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab hauv thaj tsam sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Oppeln, mus txog Strehlen - Opava kab. Peb tsim ob pawg kev poob siab: sab qaum teb, nce mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam, thiab sab qab teb ib leeg, nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia. Cov pab pawg sab qaum teb suav nrog Gusev's 21st Army, Lelyushenko's 4th Tank Army (tsis ntev dhau los hloov mus rau 4th Guards Tank Army), 34th Guards Rifle Corps ntawm 5th Guards Army thiab 4th Guards Tank Corps. Cov pab pawg sab qab teb suav nrog: Korovnikov's 59th Army, Kurochkin's 60th Army, 7th Mechanized Guards thiab 31st Tank Corps. Kev tawm tsam ntawm sab tis sab qab teb ntawm 1st UV tau txhawb los ntawm Krasovsky's 2nd Air Army.
Cov pab pawg sab qaum teb ntawm pem hauv ntej tau ua rau cov lus qhia dav dav ntawm Neisse, Neustadt (Neustadt), qhov uas nws yuav tsum koom nrog pab tub rog ntawm pab pawg sab qab teb. Vim li ntawd, cov tub rog Soviet yuav tsum nyob ib puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab rog hauv Opplensky ledge. Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv 34th ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Thib 5 thiab Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Thib 4 tau tsim kev tawm tsam sab hnub poob. Cov pab pawg neeg sab qab teb nrog ib feem ntawm nws cov tub rog (59th Army, 7th Guards Mechanized Corps) tau tawm tsam hauv Neustadt qhov kev taw qhia, nyob rau hnub thib peb ntawm kev ua haujlwm nws tau npaj koom nrog cov tub rog ntawm pab pawg sab qaum teb. Lwm pab tub rog ntawm pab pawg sab qab teb (60th Army, 31st Panzer Corps) tau coj Ratibor thiab Opava.
Soviet cov lus txib txiav txim siab tawm tsam ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm 17th Army thiab pab pawg Heinrici. Feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov cuab tam tau mob siab rau hauv pab pawg tawm tsam: txog li 57% ntawm cov tub rog, 60% ntawm cov phom loj, 90% ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab kev siv phom loj rau tus kheej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, muaj qhov nruab nrab, ib rab phom sib faib, kwv yees li 200 rab phom thiab phom, thiab 43 tso tsheb hlau luam nyob rau 1 km ntawm pem hauv ntej ntawm txoj kev ua kom tawg. Yog li, cov lus txib ntawm 1st UV tau siv yuav luag txhua lub zog thiab txhais tau tias yog thawj zaug muaj zog tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog vim qhov kev tiv thaiv ntiav ntiav ntawm Nazis. Yog li ntawd, txhua qhov kev tsim mobile ntawm kev poob siab pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev faib phom. Tom qab tsoo los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab qhov kev tiv thaiv, cov cuab yeej ua rog tau nrawm nrawm mus rau tom qab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Kev quab yuam ntawm ob tog
Cov pab pawg tawm tsam sab laug ntawm 1st UV suav nrog 31 rab phom sib cais (tsuas yog 3-5 txhiab tus neeg tseem nyob hauv kev faib, muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov mos txwv), ntau dua 5600 phom thiab phom, txog 1 txhiab lub tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej. Cov tub rog huab cua muaj ntau dua 1,700 lub dav hlau.
Peb cov tub rog tau tawm tsam los ntawm kev tsim ntawm German 17th Army thiab Heinrici Army Group (txij li Lub Peb Hlis 22, 1st Panzer Army), mloog zoo sab qab teb hnub poob ntawm Oppeln. Hauv tag nrho, txog 15 qhov kev sib cais, ntau dua 1,400 phom thiab phom, txog 100 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej. Tsis tas li hauv qhov kev taw qhia no yog cov peev txheej ua haujlwm ntawm pab pawg Heinrici pab pawg thiab Pab Pawg Hauv Chaw - 5 kev sib faib thiab 60 pawg tub rog sib cais. Los ntawm huab cua, pab tub rog German tau txhawb nqa los ntawm 4th Air Fleet.
Ua yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 14, 1945, Cov tub rog Soviet tau ua tiav kev npaj rau kev ua haujlwm. Lub sijhawm pib rau kev tshem tawm Upper Silesia tau zoo. Kev saib xyuas ntawm German cov lus txib thiab txhua qhov tshwj tseg tau txuas los ntawm kev sib ntaus hauv East Prussia thiab Sab Hnub Pomerania, hauv Hungary (Kev ua haujlwm Balaton) thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm 4th Ukrainian Pem Hauv Ntej hauv Moravian-Ostrava kev taw qhia.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 15, cov tub rog yav tom ntej ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Tub Rog tiam 21 thiab 5 tau pib ua lawv txoj haujlwm nyob rau sab qaum teb, ua tus yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm rau tom ntej. Tom qab 40 feeb ntawm kev npaj phom loj, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog tub rog tiam 21 thiab 4th tau tawm tsam. Kev kov yeej kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj thiab tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab lub tswv yim khaws tseg, thaum kawg ntawm hnub ntawd, peb cov tub rog tau hla ob txoj haujlwm German hauv thaj tsam 8-kilometer thiab nce mus txog 8 kilometers tob. Tom qab 80 feeb ntawm kev npaj phom loj, cov tub rog ntawm 59th thiab 60th tau tawm tsam. Lawv tau kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab txoj kab tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv thaj tsam 12-kilometer thiab nce mus txog 6-8 kis lus mev.
Kev qeeb ua ntej ntawm peb cov tub rog yog vim muaj ntau qhov laj thawj. Thaum lub sij hawm npaj cov phom loj, nws tsis muaj peev xwm tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tua txoj haujlwm. Cov Nazis tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv lub tank, npaj npaj tua hluav taws. Soviet mechanized formations txom nyem hnyav poob. Yog li, Kuznetsov's 31st Panzer Corps poob txog ib feem peb ntawm nws cov tsheb sib ntaus hauv hnub sib ntaus. Ib qho ntxiv, Soviet kev ya dav hlau hauv thawj ib nrab hnub tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau vim huab cua tsis zoo. Kev dav hlau tsis muaj zog thaum lub sijhawm npaj phom loj thiab tawm tsam ntxiv los ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam. Tsuas yog tom qab 12 teev sawv ntxov cov neeg foob pob thiab tua lub dav hlau pib tawm tsam German txoj haujlwm, cov ntsiab lus muaj zog, lub hauv paus chaw, cov chaw sib txuas lus thiab kev sib txuas lus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nyob rau thawj hnub ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nws tau npaj los ua txog 3 txhiab qhov kev xaiv, tab sis tsuas yog 1283 tau ua tiav.
Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav yaj kuj cuam tshuam. Nws maj mam txav cov riam phom hnyav. Cov neeg German tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua, sib sib zog nqus tiv thaiv, kev sib ntaus sib tua tsuas yog mus rau txoj kev thiab kev sib hais haum, uas Nazis tau dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus muaj zog. Cov Nazis, thim rov qab los ntawm peb cov tub rog, tsis tau sim tshem tawm thiab tawm tsam hnyav rau txhua txoj haujlwm, qhov siab, kev sib hais haum thiab txoj kev, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muab sijhawm rau tus yeeb ncuab kom so thiab teeb tsa kev tiv thaiv hauv txoj haujlwm tshiab, Soviet cov lus txib tau muab cov lus qhia txuas ntxiv kev ua phem thaum hmo ntuj. Txog rau kev ua phem rau hmo ntuj, txhua qhov kev faib phom tau faib ib pab tub rog, uas tau muab tso rau zaum thib ob rau so thaum nruab hnub.
Hauv cov hnub tom ntej, qhov kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav zoo dua. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 17, pab tub rog ntawm pab pawg sab qaum teb tau kov yeej tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thiab tsim kev tawm tsam ntawm Neustadt, npog pawg German los ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob. Cov lus txib German tsis tau tswj kom thim cov tub rog tawm ntawm "cauldron" raws sijhawm. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev ua tiav no tau ua los ntawm Soviet kev ya dav hlau, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm kev sib txuas lus hauv Opplena cov lus qhia thiab tiv thaiv kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog German los ntawm lub taub hau. Cov pab pawg sab qab teb kuj tau tsoo rau hauv Nazi kev tiv thaiv thiab los ntawm 18th coj mus nrhiav cov seem ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas swb.
Kev swb ntawm pawg neeg tawm tsam
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 18, 1945, cov tub rog ntawm pem hauv ntej ob pab pawg poob siab koom ua ke hauv thaj chaw Neustadt. Hauv cheeb tsam sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Oppeln, ntau dua 5 tus yeeb ncuab sib cais tau nkag mus rau hauv "cauldron". Chav nyob ntawm 21st, 4th Guards Tank thiab 59th Armies, tau ua tiav txoj kev ncig ntawm Opplnian pab pawg, ib feem ntawm lawv cov tub rog tau tsim kev tawm tsam rau sab hnub poob thiab tsim lub nplhaib ib puag ncig. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm pib tam sim tshem tawm cov kev sib cais ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas nyob ib puag ncig. Twb tau nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 19-20, cov tub rog German raug thaiv tau raug puas tsuaj. Kev nrawm ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog Nazi nyob ib puag ncig yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov yeeb ncuab tsis raug tso cai los npaj kev tawm tsam, tsim kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev ua tiav ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ncig, peb cov tub rog ib txhij tawm tsam los ntawm ntau cov lus qhia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog ntawm 21st thiab 59th cov tub rog tau sib cais sai sai ntawm cov pab pawg nyob ib puag ncig rau hauv kev sib cais, cais pawg thiab rhuav tshem lawv.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm pab tub rog ntawm 21st thiab 59th thiab feem ntau ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Thib 4 ntawm lub nplhaib sab nraud ntawm kev ncig ib puag ncig tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam sab nraud. Cov Nazis tau sim tso cov kev faib ua puag ncig los ntawm thaj chaw sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Neisse. Nov yog German cov lus txib cuam rau kev sib ntaus sib tua cov neeg tseem ceeb "Hermann Goering", tom qab ntawd lwm yam kev tsim, suav nrog 20th Panzer Division. Kev tawm tsam German tau tawm tsam. Tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm pawg neeg tawm tsam ib puag ncig, Konev cov tub rog tau txuas ntxiv lawv qhov kev tawm tsam nrog lub hom phiaj kom mus txog rau toj roob hauv pes ntawm Sudetenland. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 24, chav nyob ntawm 21st thiab 4th Guards Tank Armies coj Neisse. Kev kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab tsis kam, peb cov tub rog mus txog Strehlen - Neisse - Dolen kab pib thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1945. Txij ntawm no mus, Soviet pab tub rog nres thiab pib npaj rau Berlin kev ua haujlwm.
Nyob rau tib theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov tub rog ntawm 4th Guards Tank Army tau pauv los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom swb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab hauv qhov kev qhia. Nov yog cov neeg German sim tawm tsam, xa ob lub tank sib cais (8 thiab 17) rau thaj tsam no. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 24, 38th Army ntawm 4th UF ntawm Moravska Ostrava rov pib ua phem, uas txhim kho qhov xwm txheej hauv Ratibor kev taw qhia, raws li kev hem thawj tau tsim los puag ncig cov tub rog German hauv thaj tsam Rybnik thiab Ratibor. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 27, chav nyob ntawm Kurochkin's 60th pab tub rog nyob hauv Rybnik thiab sai sai no mus txog Ratibor. Tau ob peb hnub, cov tub rog ntawm 60th tub rog tau ua tsis tau zoo rau lub nroog no, uas cov neeg German tau dhau los ua lub chaw tiv thaiv muaj zog. Tom qab ntawd cov lus txib ua ntej tau tsom mus rau ntu no 17 thiab 25 kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm rab phom loj, feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog rab phom loj. Aviation kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev ua phem rau Ratibor. Kev tua phom loj thiab foob pob tawg ua rau tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 31, peb cov tub rog coj Ratibor.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Yog li, cov tub rog ntawm 1st UV ntes tau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Upper Silesia, ua tiav kev tso tawm ntawm thaj tsam Silesian kev lag luam. Peb cov tub rog tshem tawm qhov kev hem thawj ntawm tus yeeb ncuab flank tawm tsam hauv kev coj ntawm Breslau txhawm rau kom dim ntawm Breslau garrison. Kev ntes Neisse tsis pub cov neeg German muaj sijhawm los siv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau rokad txuas Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw nrog Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qab Teb. Konev cov tub rog tau mus txog ntawm lub roob Sudetenland thiab tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Dresden thiab Prague. Kev tawm tsam pab pawg ntawm cov yeeb ncuab (ntau dua 5 kev sib cais) raug rhuav tshem, cov Nazis raug pov rov qab mus rau Sudetenland. Cov neeg German poob txog 60 txhiab tus neeg, suav nrog ntau dua 18 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw.
Cov lus txib Hitlerite tsis tuaj yeem siv pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Silesian cov lus qhia txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau lawv pab pawg nyob rau sab qaum teb (nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Pomerania) thiab hauv Hungary. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Silesia, Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw tau raug kev swb hnyav. Cov neeg German yuav tsum ua rau lawv txoj hauv kev tsis muaj zog txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj loj hauv txoj haujlwm no ntawm sab xub ntiag. Tsis tas li, Thib Peb Reich tau txais kev lag luam muaj zog. Nrog kev poob ntawm Silesia Sab Qab Teb, Reich, raws li Reich Minister of Armaments Speer, poob txog li ib feem peb ntawm nws cov tub rog tsim khoom.
