Lub tswv yim tsis muaj zog ntawm Yugoslavia
Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Yugoslavia txuas nrog kev nkag los ntawm cov tub rog German mus rau Bulgaria dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj (Austria, Hungary, Romania thiab Bulgaria) muaj cov tub rog German thiab pab tub rog koom nrog rau Reich (Hungary). Tim Nkij teb chaws, uas nyob ib puag ncig Yugoslavia nyob rau sab qab teb, tau ua tsov rog nrog Ltalis. Los ntawm sab hnub poob, cov tub rog Italian tuaj yeem hem.
Churchill qhia tias Belgrade tam sim ntawd thiab npaj ua ntej rau Albania. Yog li, Yugoslavs tuaj yeem tshem tawm Italian kev hem thawj nyob tom qab, koom nrog cov neeg Greek, txeeb cov khoom plig nplua nuj thiab txhim kho qee qhov haujlwm ua haujlwm kom tawm tsam Yelemes. Txawm li cas los xij, Simovich lub txee tsis tau paub tias kev ua tsov rog nyob ze, thiab tsis xav ua kom muaj kev sib cav nrog Hitler.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, Serbs tau qhia lawv tus kheej tias yog cov tub rog zoo tshaj. Txawm li cas los xij, pab tub rog Yugoslav tsis tau npaj ua rog. Nws tus lej tau mus txog 1 lab tus tib neeg, tab sis kev sib koom ua ke tau pib ua thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog thiab tsis tau ua tiav. Kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm cov neeg sau npe tsis muaj sijhawm los tshwm ntawm cov chaw nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm, lossis tsis tuaj (hauv Croatia). Feem ntau ntawm kev sib cais thiab cov tub rog tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm puv ntoob thiab tsis muaj peev xwm tswj hwm thaj chaw kom raug raws li txoj cai tiv thaiv.
Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm tau npaj kom ua rog los ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab xa peb pab pawg tub rog: 1st Pawg Pab Pawg (4th thiab 7th Armies) - kev tiv thaiv ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, Croatia; Pawg tub rog thib 2 (1st, 2nd thiab 6th Armies) - sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, ciam teb nrog Hungary thiab Romania, tiv thaiv cheeb tsam peev; Pawg Tub Rog thib 3 (Tub Rog thib 3 thiab 5) - Sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws, tiv thaiv ciam teb nrog Albania thiab Bulgaria. Txhua pab tub rog muaj ntau pawg sib faib, uas yog, nws yog, yog pab tub rog. Hauv qhov kev pabcuam muaj ntau dua 400 lub dav hlau (ib nrab dhau los), ntau dua 100 lub tso tsheb hlau luam (feem ntau dhau los thiab lub teeb). Kev tiv thaiv lub tank thiab tiv thaiv huab cua tsis muaj zog txaus.
Tom qab Belgrade coup, Hitler tau tuav lub rooj sib tham tub rog tam sim ntawd. Nws hais tias kev tawm tsam rau Russia yuav tsum tau ncua. Tam sim no Yugoslavia tau saib ua yeeb ncuab thiab yuav tsum swb kom sai li sai tau. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam hnyav los ntawm Fiume, thaj tsam Graz thiab los ntawm thaj chaw Sofia hauv kev coj ntawm Belgrade thiab mus rau sab qab teb, rhuav tshem Yugoslav cov tub rog. Txiav tawm sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws thiab siv nws los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tawm tsam rau tim Nkij teb chaws. Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog tau rhuav tshem Yugoslav lub tshav dav hlau thiab lub peev nrog kev sib tsoo nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Cov tub rog hauv av, thaum twg los xij, tau pib ua haujlwm tawm tsam tim Nkij teb chaws nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntes thaj tsam ntawm Thessaloniki thiab nce mus rau Olympus.
Kev tawm tsam los ntawm Bulgaria, sab qaum teb ntawm Sofia, tau ua los ntawm pab pawg loj mus rau sab qaum teb -sab hnub poob, mus rau Nis - Belgrade, cov tub rog seem - los ntawm thaj tsam sab qab teb ntawm Sofia (Kyustendil) mus rau Skopje. Txog qhov haujlwm no, txhua tus tub rog hauv Romania thiab Bulgaria tau siv. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov roj av ntawm Romania, tsuas yog ib qho kev faib thiab cov tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua tau tshuav lawm. Tus ciam teb Turkish tau npog los ntawm pab tub rog Bulgarian; yog tias tsim nyog, ib lub tank German faib tuaj yeem txhawb nqa lawv. Txog kev txhim kho kev tawm tsam los ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Yugoslavia, cov tub rog yuav tsum tau rov qab los thiab txhawb nqa ntxiv, thiab qee qhov kev sib cais yuav tsum raug xa los ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau. Yog li ntawd, kev pib ua haujlwm tau ncua rau ob peb hnub.
Tom qab cov phiaj xwm German tau pom zoo, Fuehrer, hauv tsab ntawv mus rau Mussolini thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 27, 1941, tshaj tawm tias nws xav tau kev pab los ntawm Ltalis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws "thov kom sov" tsis txhob ua haujlwm los ntawm Albania thiab nrog txhua lub zog uas muaj los npog cov kab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Yugoslav-Albanian ciam teb txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv teeb meem tuaj yeem ua tau. Nws kuj tau hais kom ntxiv dag zog rau pab pawg ua rog ntawm Yugoslav-Italian ciam teb sai li sai tau. Tus Italian Duce tau teb tias nws tau xaj kom txwv kev ua phem hauv Albania, thiab 7 qhov kev sib faib yuav raug xa mus rau ciam teb sab hnub tuaj, qhov uas twb muaj 6 qhov kev sib faib lawm.
Qhov pib ntawm kev puas tsuaj
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 6, 1941, Berlin tshaj tawm tias cov tub rog German tau nkag mus rau tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Yugoslavia kom tsav cov neeg Askiv tawm hauv Europe.
Cov neeg German liam Athens thiab Belgrade tias tau ua ntau qhov kev ua phem rau lub tebchaws Yelemes. Kev ua phem txhaum cai tau raug liam tias ua haujlwm hauv Yugoslavia, thiab Tim Nkij teb chaws tau tso cai rau Askiv los tsim lub hauv ntej tshiab hauv Europe. Tam sim no kev ua siab ntev ntawm Reich tau dhau mus, thiab cov neeg Askiv yuav raug ntiab tawm. Ltalis, uas twb tau ua tsov rog nrog tim Nkij teb chaws, tau koom nrog kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm cov neeg German thiab Yugoslavia.
Qhov kev hais kom Yugoslav npaj los tiv thaiv nws tus kheej nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj thiab, koom tes nrog cov neeg Greek, kov yeej cov neeg Italians hauv Albania. Qhov no yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis raug. Los ntawm kev xav txog kev ua tub rog, Yugoslavs tuaj yeem rub tawm kev ua tsov rog thiab tsim kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov neeg Greek thiab Askiv nyob rau tib txoj kev. Tawm hauv feem ntau ntawm lub tebchaws, suav nrog lub nroog thiab cov nroog loj, thiab thim cov tub rog mus rau sab qab teb, sab qab teb hnub poob. Sib sau ua ke nrog pab tub rog Greek, sib ntaus sib tua hauv cov roob uas nyob deb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txiav txim siab nyuaj tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tuaj yeem lees paub rau Yugoslav cov neeg tseem ceeb. Hauv Belgrade, kev txiav txim siab sib txawv tau ua, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tam sim ntawm cov tub rog thiab lub tebchaws poob. Thiab qhov poob ntawm Wehrmacht thaum lub sijhawm sib tw yog qhov tsawg (tsawg dua 600 tus neeg).
Hmo ntuj ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 5-6, 1941, Pab Pawg Saib Xyuas Neeg German thiab cov neeg ua phem tau hla ciam teb Yugoslav, tawm tsam cov neeg tiv thaiv ciam teb, ntes cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab txuas hniav. Thaum sawv ntxov ntxov, dav hlau los ntawm 4th Luftwaffe Air Fleet tau pib tawm tsam lawv. 150 tus neeg foob pob, hauv qab npog ntawm cov neeg tua rog, tau tawm tsam Yugoslav peev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg German tau foob pob lub dav hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam Skopje, Kumanov, Niš, Zagreb thiab Ljubljana. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg German tau foob pob rau cov chaw sib txuas lus, kev sib txuas lus, cuam tshuam kev xa tawm ntawm Yugoslav pab tub rog.
Yugoslavs muaj peev xwm tua ntau lub dav hlau German, tab sis poob ntau lub tsheb nyob saum huab cua thiab hauv av. Feem ntau, Yugoslav Air Force tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab poob nws txoj kev tawm tsam. German Air Force rampaged hla lub peev Serbian tau ob peb hnub. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv Belgrade, Cov neeg foob pob German tau ya ntawm qhov siab. Lawv tau tso tseg tom qab cov tsev puas tsuaj thiab 17 txhiab tus neeg tuag, txawm tias raug mob ntau dua, tsis taus.
Kaum ob ntawm cov dav hlau Italian kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam. Lub nkoj Italian tau thaiv lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Yugoslavia. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 7, Ltalis 2nd Army tau tawm tsam tawm tsam Ljubljana thiab raws ntug dej hiav txwv. 9th Italian Army nyob rau Albania tau mob siab rau ntawm Yugoslav ciam teb, tsim kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam, thiab tsis tso cai rau Yugoslav hais kom tshem qee cov tub rog los ntawm qhov kev qhia no thiab xa lawv tawm tsam cov neeg German.
Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 5, Sau npe 12 pab tub rog ua tiav kev sib sau ua ke thiab nyob rau lub 6 pib ua kev tawm tsam ib txhij tawm tsam tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Yugoslavia. Nws kev sib cais hauv peb qhov chaw hla ciam teb Bulgaria thiab pib txav mus rau Vardar River. Nyob rau sab qab teb, cov koog txawb, nce mus txog ntawm hav Strumitsa River, mus txog Lake Doiran thiab tig mus rau Thessaloniki txhawm rau tawm tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Greek Sab Hnub Tuaj Macedonian pab tub rog. Ib qho kev faib tub rog tau nce mus rau tus dej. Vardar, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 7, chav nyob hauv xov tooj tau nyob hauv qhov chaw sib txuas lus tseem ceeb ntawm Skopje. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsis pub dhau ob hnub, cov tub rog ntawm Yugoslav Cov Tub Rog Tshwj Xeeb thib 3 tau tawg thiab kev ywj pheej ua haujlwm tau ua kom muaj kev sib cais uas ua haujlwm tawm tsam tim Nkij teb chaws. Thiab Yugoslavia poob peev xwm thim cov tub rog mus rau sab qab teb kom koom ua ke nrog cov neeg Greek.
Kev sib tsoo thiab kev tuag ntawm cov tub rog
Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm hauv ib cheeb tsam tau ua tiav ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub hauv ntej, txij li cov tub rog German thib ob tseem tsis tau ua tiav nws txoj kev xa tawm.
Lub Plaub Hlis 8, 1941, theem thib ob ntawm kev tawm tsam pib. Qhov kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus tau nthuav tawm ua ntej hauv peb thaj chaw: nyob rau sab qab teb - hauv cheeb tsam Skopje, nyob rau ciam teb sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb hnub poob. Nyob rau sab qab teb, cov chaw txawb tau tig sab hnub poob ntawm Lake Doiran mus rau Thessaloniki. Cov tub rog nce qib hauv hav hav dej. Bregalnica thiab Skopje, lawv xa ib lub panzer faib rau sab qab teb mus rau Prilep. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 10, Cov Neeg German tau tsim kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg Italians ntawm Lake Ohrid. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob sab qaum teb ntawm Lake Ohrid txhawm rau txhawm rau txo txoj haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog Italian, uas, raws li kev ua phem ntawm cov tub rog Yugoslav, maj mam thim rov qab hla dej Drin. Lwm pab tub rog, uas tig mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Skopje, tau ntsib kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsoo nws kom txog thaum kawg ntawm kev sib tw.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tawm tsam ntawm 1st Panzer Group of Kleist, nce qib los ntawm thaj chaw sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Sofia tawm tsam sab qab teb ntawm 5 Yugoslav Army, tau ua tiav nrog kev ua tiav. Cov Nazis tau tawm tsam ob tog ntawm Sofia-Niš txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau, nrog kev txhawb nqa zoo ntawm cov phom loj thiab cov tub rog. Qhov kev tawm tsam tau nthuav tawm sai, nyob rau thawj hnub uas cov neeg German tsoo los ntawm kev tiv thaiv Yugoslav. Yugoslav hais kom pib thim cov tub rog hla tus dej. Morava, tab sis txoj kev npaj no tsis tau ua tiav. Lub Plaub Hlis 9, Nazis tsoo rau Nis thiab tsim txoj kev hla mus rau sab qaum teb raws Morava Valley, mus rau Belgrade. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tig mus rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob, mus rau Pristina.
1st Panzer Group tau ua sai thiab ua siab loj, Cov neeg German tau taug kev hla hav hav dej tsis pub dhau peb hnub. Morava dhau los ntawm tuab ntawm Yugoslav pab tub rog, uas ib nrab tau thim rov qab dhau Morava, thiab ib nrab tseem nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm tus dej. Thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 11, Cov tso tsheb hlau luam German tau mus txog Belgrade los ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Ntawm no cov Nazis tau khiav mus rau sab qab teb ntawm kev thim rov qab 6th Yugoslav Army thiab tsoo nws. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 12, German lub xov tooj txawb tau nyob ntawm qhov siab sab qab teb ntawm Belgrade. Cov tub rog Yugoslav 5 thiab 6, pem hauv ntej uas tau tawg dhau los, tau ua rau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab tsis ncaj ncees uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem teeb tsa kev tawm tsam ntawm cov kab tshiab, kaw German lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas tau sib cais los ntawm cov tub rog sib faib, thiab cuam tshuam lawv cov kev sib txuas lus hauv Nis-Belgorod sector.
Kev tawg ntawm cov tub rog Yugoslav sai, cov Serbs tseem tawm tsam, thiab Croats, Macedonians thiab Slovenes tso lawv txhais caj npab. Hauv tebchaws Croatia thiab Slovenia, cov neeg hauv tebchaws tau koom nrog German. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 11, Cov tub rog Hungarian tau pib tawm tsam, thiab cov neeg Italians nyob hauv Ljubljana. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 13, Cov Neeg Hungarians nyob Novi Sad.
Kev poob ntawm Belgrade
Weichs '2nd Army, xa mus rau Austria thiab Hungary, nyob hauv thaj av uas nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Drava River. Tom qab ntawv sab hnub poob ntawm 2nd Army nce mus rau sab qab teb. 46th Motorized Corps, nyob hauv Hungary, nrog kev tawm tsam hnyav tau ntes tus choj hla Drava hauv thaj av Barch thiab tsim lub hauv paus rau kev kov yeej ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd, ib lub panzer faib mus rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob mus rau Zagreb, thiab ob qho kev sib faib ntxiv (panzer thiab tsheb) mus rau Belgrade.
Cov kev tawm tsam no txaus los ua rau muaj kev ceeb ntshai thiab sib tsoo hauv ib feem ntawm 4th thiab 7th Yugoslav cov tub rog, tsim los ntawm Croats. Hauv qee qhov chaw, kev tawm tsam ntawm haiv neeg Croatian tau pib. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 10, lawv tau tawm tsam hauv Zagreb thiab pab 46th Corps coj lub nroog. Croats tshaj tawm kev tsim lub xeev ywj pheej. Qhov no tau pab txhawb rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib tsoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Yugoslav pab tub rog hauv Croatia thiab Slovakia.
Thaum Kleist cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau tso rau sab qab teb ntawm Belgrade, kev tshem tawm ua ntej ntawm lub chaw txawb ntawm pab tub rog thib ob thaum yav tsaus ntuj lub Plaub Hlis 12 tau mus txog Serbian peev los ntawm sab qaum teb hnub poob. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 13, Nazis tau tuav lub peev Serbian tsis muaj kev sib ntaus. Los ntawm Zagreb thiab Belgrade, cov neeg German tau tawm tsam rau sab qab teb.
Lub teb chaws pogrom
Tom qab kev poob ntawm Croatia, Skopje thiab Nis cheeb tsam, Yugoslav hais kom vam tias yuav tuav tsawg kawg ib thaj chaw tseem ceeb, uas nyob rau sab qab teb tau npog thaj tsam Kosovo thiab Metohija, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj nws tau hla los ntawm Morava thiab Belgrade cov dej, sab qaum teb los ntawm tus dej Sava. Hauv thaj chaw no, pab tub rog Yugoslav yog tus txiav txim siab sib ntaus. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev npaj no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. Hauv kev txuas nrog kev tawm tsam sai sai ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, kev sib tsoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv tag nrho, kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tub rog, qee qhov pib hla mus rau sab ntawm cov neeg German.
Cov lus hais hauv German tsis tau muab sijhawm rau cov yeeb ncuab los ua rau nws nkag siab, los tsim kab tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv, lossis yam tsawg kawg kom thim txoj hauv kev kom raug. Cov seem ntawm 4th thiab 7th Yugoslav cov tub rog tau thim rov mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj hla tus dej Una. Txhawm rau ua raws lawv hauv kev coj ntawm Sarajevo los ntawm Zagreb, lub tank faib tau nce mus. Cov tub rog ntawm kev sib tw thib ob ntawm pab tub rog German thib ob tau nias qhov seem ntawm 2nd Yugoslav pab tub rog hla tus dej Sava. Nyob rau thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Belgrade, thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 13, cov tub rog 46th tau tig mus rau Sarajevo thiab tsoo lub tshuab hnyav ntawm sab nraub qaum thiab sab nraub qaum ntawm 6 Yugoslav pab tub rog, uas tau thim rov qab los ntawm ciam teb sab hnub tuaj thiab tau tiv thaiv sab qab teb ntawm Belgrade nrog pem hauv ntej rau sab hnub tuaj. Kev sib ntaus sib tua sab hnub tuaj ntawm Morava River kuj tau xaus. Tsiv los ntawm kab Nis-Belgrade mus rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob, Nazis tau ua tiav cov tub rog rov qab los ntawm 5th Yugoslav Army.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 15, German kev sib cais nyob hauv Yayce, Kraljevo thiab Sarajevo. Nws yog kev puas tsuaj tag.
Tus thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv, General Simovic, tau tawm haujlwm thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, thiab hnub tim 15 tau ya nrog nws tsev neeg mus rau Athens, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau London. Tseem hwv thiab vaj ntxwv tseem tawm hauv lub tebchaws mus. Simovich hloov lub hwj chim ntawm tus thawj coj-tus thawj coj mus rau lub taub hau ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm Kalafatovich. Tus thawj coj tau muaj peev xwm los tham txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Kalafatovich tam sim pib sib tham nrog Weichs thiab tau txais cov lus teb tias nws tsuas yog ua tiav qhov kev swb.
Plaub Hlis 17, 9:30 teev tsaus ntuj Kalafatovich tau hais kom tso cov tub rog. Qhov kev txiav txim no, nrog qee lub sijhawm sib txawv, tau ua tiav txhua qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, kev pom zoo rau kev ua tub rog tau kos npe hauv Belgrade, uas tau muab rau qhov tsis lees paub qhov kev lees paub thiab nkag mus siv tau thaum lub Plaub Hlis 18.
Lub caij no, cov neeg German thiab Italians txuas ntxiv txav mus los, nyob thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 17, cov tub rog Italian nyob Dubrovnik.
Thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw, pab tub rog Yugoslav poob txog 5 txhiab tus neeg raug tua, ntau dua 340 txhiab tus tub rog tau swb. Lwm 30 txhiab tso rau Italians. Cov nuj nqis no qhia tias lub tebchaws thiab tib neeg tsis tau npaj ua rog. Qib tsis kam kuj tsawg. Cov Serbs tau pib tawm tsam tiag tiag tom qab kev ua haujlwm.
Yog li, Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Yugoslavia tsis muaj nyob.
Nws thaj tsam tau muab faib. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau txais Northern Slovenia; Ltalis - South Slovenia thiab Dalmatia; Italian Albania - Kosovo thiab Metohija, West Macedonia thiab ib feem ntawm Montenegro; Bulgaria - North Macedonia, thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Serbia; Hungary - Vojvodina, sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Slovenia. Lub xeev ywj pheej ntawm Croatia (Croatia, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina, ib feem ntawm Slovenia) tau tsim, txiav txim los ntawm Nazis-Ustashi, tsom mus rau Hitler; Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Montenegro - Tus tiv thaiv Italian; thiab koom pheej ntawm Serbia nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tub rog German (nws suav nrog hauv nruab nrab ntawm Serbia thiab sab hnub tuaj Banat). Serbia dhau los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv ntawm Peb Reich.
