Don Cossacks thiab Cossacks

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Don Cossacks thiab Cossacks
Don Cossacks thiab Cossacks

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Hauv kab lus hais txog Stepan Razin thiab Kondraty Bulavin, tau hais me ntsis txog Don Cossacks. Hauv qee qhov ntawm cov kab lus no, Zaporozhye Cossacks kuj tau hais txog. Tab sis thaum twg thiab ua li cas cov neeg no tshwm sim nyob rau sab qab teb steppes nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub xeev Lavxias?

Qee leej ntseeg tias Cossacks tau nqis los ntawm Brodniks, uas nws lub suab, Ploskinya, tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka, sawv cev ntawm Mongols, sib tham nrog Kiev tus tub huabtais Mstislav thiab hnia tus ntoo khaub lig, cog lus: cov neeg yeej "yuav tsis tso koj cov ntshav."

Lwm tus tham txog qhov muaj peev xwm tshwm sim ntawm Cossacks los ntawm vassal ntawm Kiev tus thawj coj ntawm nomads ntawm pab pawg neeg ntawm lub kaus mom dub.

Tseem lwm tus yog los ntawm pawg neeg Kasog.

Grigory Grabyanka, uas thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau sim sau keeb kwm ntawm Zaporozhye Cossacks, ntseeg tias lawv tau nqis los ntawm Khazars.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho saum toj no muaj sijhawm me ntsis nyob hauv thaj chaw no txog thaum lub sijhawm keeb kwm keeb kwm sau tseg qhov tshwm sim ntawm "tiag tiag" Cossacks paub rau peb.

Qhov chaw dav ntawm Great Steppe los ntawm Volga mus rau Dnieper yog txoj hauv kev ntawm Cov Neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj, los ntawm ntau pawg neeg dhau los uas ua rau tshee hnyo lub tebchaws thiab tebchaws sab hnub poob: Huns, Avars, Magyars, Mongols. Cov kev cuam tshuam no tau ploj mus lossis nqa cov pab pawg uas tau dhau los ua neeg nyob ntawm no. Tab sis txawm tias tsis muaj Huns lossis Magyars mus rau sab hnub poob, nyob ntawm cov av no tsis yooj yim. Thiab rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm, Great Steppe of Europe yog qhov tsis muaj kev tswj hwm "hav zoov". Tias yog vim li cas koom nrog pab pawg ntawm cov neeg pub dawb tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov thawj coj ntawm Jochi ulus, paub zoo dua li Golden Horde, tau tswj hwm qee lub sijhawm los kho qhov kev txiav txim hauv thaj chaw no, tshem tawm txhua pawg neeg mob thiab cov zej zog ywj pheej ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Tsuas yog tom qab kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm lub xeev Tokhtamysh los ntawm pab tub rog Timur hauv 1391 thiab 1395. cov cheeb tsam no tau dhau los ua neeg tsis muaj av, thiab nyob ntawm no ib qho xwm txheej tshwm sim rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pejxeem uas tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Cossacks.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lo lus "Cossack" thiab thawj Cossacks

Lo lus "Cossack" tej zaum tseem muaj keeb kwm Turkic. Nws tau txhais los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv xws li "tus txiv neej dawb", "raug ntiab tawm", thiab txawm tias "tub sab". Nws tau tshaj tawm tias Cossacks (lossis ntau dua, cov ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg) tau pib hu ua tub rog nkag mus rau kev pabcuam ib ntus - piv rau cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog ruaj khov ntawm Khan ("oglans") thiab nws cov neeg, hu rau thaum muaj kev ua tsov ua rog ("sarbazy").

Tom qab ntawd Cossacks pib hu rau cov tswv cuab ntawm cov tub sab nyiag khoom uas tsis yog ib tus neeg hauv qab. A. Storozhenko, piv txwv li, sib cav:

"Cossack khoom siv tes ua tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm cov Tatars uas tau nyob hauv Crimea. Yog tias Horde … tso tseg txoj kev nyob nyab xeeb ntawm tus tswv yug yaj, nyob ib leeg lossis hauv ib lub tuam txhab zoo li no … nkag mus tob rau hauv cov steppes, nyiag cov tub lag luam caravans, ua nws txoj kev mus rau Russia thiab Poland kom ntes cov neeg raug kaw, uas nws tom qab ntawd muag ntawm qhov tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv cov khw muag khoom, tom qab ntawd cov neeg dag thiab nyiag tau raug hu hauv Tatar "Cossack" ".

Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj cov lus hais txog North Caucasian keeb kwm ntawm Cossacks. Qee tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias lawv nqis los ntawm pawg neeg Kasogs, uas nws cov neeg sawv cev hu ua Kasakh los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Ossetians, thiab Mingrelians - kachak. Nws cov neeg txhawb nqa xav txog kev xaiv tus kheej ntawm Cossacks - Cherkasy - raws li kev sib cav hauv qhov pom zoo ntawm qhov kev xav no. Txawm hais tias, koj yuav tsum lees tias nws yuav yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua yog tias Don Cossacks hu lawv tus kheej tias, vim tias lawv nyob ze rau Caucasus.

Tom qab ntawd lub npe "Cossacks" tau pauv mus rau cov zej zog ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg uas, rau ntau yam laj thawj, tau khiav mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Wild Steppe.

Cov tsos ntawm Cossacks tsis txawv hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Cov zej zog zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim tas li ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev ua phem rau pej xeem. Yog li, ntawm thaj tsam ntawm ob lub tebchaws, Ottoman thiab Holy Roman Germanic lub tebchaws, ib tus tuaj yeem ntsib Yunaks, uas ntau tus xav tias zoo ib yam li "Cossacks dawb". Thiab ntawm qhov hu ua Tub Ceev Xwm Ciam Tebchaws - nrog Sava, Tissa thiab Danube tus dej, nyob ntawm tus tiv thaiv ciam teb, uas zoo li Cossacks ntawm kab Caucasian.

Don Cossacks thiab Cossacks
Don Cossacks thiab Cossacks

Lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thawj Cossacks tau txawv txawv thiab txawv. Cov no tuaj yeem yog kev tshem me me ntawm cov neeg khiav tawm hauv pab tub rog ntawm qee lub khan, tab sis kuj tseem muaj pab pawg ntawm cov neeg khiav dim los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias. Thaum xub thawj, tag nrho cov zej zog me no yog mono-national, thiab, tej zaum, tau ua yeeb ncuab rau ib leeg, tab sis maj mam txheej txheem ntawm lawv kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev koom ua ke tau pib. Lawv tau ua tiav ntau dua los ntawm cov neeg yuam rau qee qhov laj thawj kom khiav tawm ntawm lawv lub tsev. Lub teb chaws thiab kev ntseeg tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb txiav txim siab ntxiv - cov tswv cuab ntawm cov zej zog proto -Cossack tau tawm tsam uas ua raws li lawv txoj cai. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev ua neej nyob dawb yog ua tsis tiav txoj cai - cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Cossacks tau tawm mus uas tsis suav nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm qee tus tub huabtais lossis khan. Tab sis rau ntau tus neeg khiav dim, lub neej zoo li ntxim nyiam. Ntawm lawv muaj cov neeg uas lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm monotonous thiab monotonous. Ib txhia tsuas yog tub sab uas khiav tawm ntawm kev ncaj ncees. Tab sis feem ntau tau ua rau kev poob siab los ntawm kev quab yuam thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam, thiab ua npau suav ntawm "mus rau Cossacks" txhawm rau ua neej nyob ywj pheej, yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses, thiab nyiag qee lub tsheb ciav hlau thauj khoom kuj yog qhov kev cia siab zoo.

Lub neej zoo li no nyiam txawm tias cov neeg nyob hauv thaj tsam deb dua - lawv tau mus rau Cossacks los ntawm Lithuania thiab Poland. Thiab tsis yog "npuaj teg", tab sis kuj tseem yog neeg pluag pluag, uas raug hu ua "txwv". Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tau muaj, piv txwv li, hauv "Keeb Kwm ntawm Khotyn phiaj xwm xyoo 1621" los ntawm Yakov Sobessky, uas tshaj tawm:

"Lawv tau tso tseg lawv lub npe qub thiab tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus, txawm hais tias qee leej ntawm lawv yog cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe ua ntej."

Nws kuj hais tias muaj cov neeg ntawm lwm haiv neeg ntawm Cossacks:

"Muaj ntau tus neeg German, Fab Kis, Italians, Spaniards thiab lwm tus uas raug yuam kom tawm hauv lawv lub tebchaws vim yog kev ua phem thiab kev ua phem txhaum cai nyob ntawd."

Thiab nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, ntawm Zaporozhye Cossacks, ib tus tuaj yeem ntsib Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Bulgarians thiab cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Wallachia. Kev nkag mus tas li ntawm txhua tus neeg no coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias yav dhau los feem ntau yog Turkic-hais lus Cossack laib, Slavs pib muaj yeej, hauv qhov uas nws hais lus muaj ntau lo lus qiv los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze. Raws li qhov piv txwv ntawm cov qiv no, peb tuaj yeem hais cov lus ataman, esaul, kuren, kosh, bunchuk, maidan, uas tam sim no paub thiab paub rau txhua tus. Thiab nws tsis yog Slavic beshmet thiab chekmen uas dhau los ua khaub ncaws nrov. Alexander Rigelman tau sau nyob rau xyoo 18th uas Cossacks "hnav yuav luag Tatar tiab".

Cov chaw keeb kwm ntawm Cossacks

Keeb kwm, pib muaj ob lub chaw ntawm Cossacks. Don Cossacks tau nyob ze ntawm Don thiab nws cov peev txheej, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm tam sim no Rostov, Volgograd thiab Voronezh cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation, ntxiv rau Luhansk thiab Donetsk cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lawv koom ua ib pab tub rog Don.

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Don Army Daim Ntawv Qhia

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Zaporozhye niaj hnub no, Dnepropetrovsk thiab Kherson cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine, Zaporozhye Cossacks tau tshwm sim.

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Hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, Don tau hais ua ntej me ntsis. Xyoo 1471 - hauv Moscow "Grebenskaya Chronicle". Nws qhia txog lub cim nto moo ntawm Donskoy Niam ntawm Vajtswv, uas nws yog Cossacks uas tau liam tias coj Dmitry Donskoy mus rau tom teb Kulikovo.

Cossacks tau hais thawj zaug hauv 1489. Xyoo 1492, tus kws kho mob Polish tus kws kho mob Marcin Belsky tau tshaj tawm txog lub zog tiv thaiv ntawm Cossacks dhau ntawm Dnieper rapids.

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias ntxov dua, Ryazan Cossacks tshwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, leej twg nyob rau xyoo 1444 "tuaj caij skis, nrog sulitsy, nrog cudgel, thiab ua ke nrog Mordovians koom nrog Vasily pawg." Xyoo 1494, Horde Cossacks "uas tau plundered ntawm Aleksin" tau hais txog, hauv 1497 - "Yaponcha Saltan, Crimean Tsar tus tub nrog nws Cossacks", thiab hauv 1499 Horde Azov Cossacks tau tsav tawm ntawm Kozelsk.

Don thiab Zaporozhye Cossacks tsis yog pawg neeg nyob ib leeg, feem ntau lawv tau sib koom tes ua haujlwm, npaj phiaj xwm sib koom tes. Nyob rau hauv 1707-1708. hauv Sich Kondraty Bulavin tau txais kev nkaum, thiab, txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm koshevoy ataman, qee qhov Zaporozhians zoo ib yam ces mus nrog nws mus rau Don. Tab sis nws tsis yooj yim sua kom Donets thiab Cossacks sib koom ua ke. Lawv sib txawv hauv lawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej thiab txawm tias sab nrauv.

Don thiab Zaporozhye Cossacks

Cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov pom tshwm sim los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm sib tham tso cai rau peb hais tias cov neeg Zaporozhian, pom tseeb, muaj cov ntshav Turkic ntau dua: lawv, raws li txoj cai, tau tawv-tawv thiab muaj plaub-hau. Cov neeg Donetsk feem ntau piav raws li Slavs ib txwm muaj, sau cia lawv lub ntsej muag ncaj ncees thiab plaub hau daj.

Zaporozhians tseem saib txawv dua: lawv tau txiav taub hau, tsis muaj npe nrov Oseledtsy, ntev heev mustaches, "ris ntaug npaum li dej Hiav Txwv Dub."

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Folk painting "Crimean Zaporozhets" ("Cossack Mamai"). Lig 18 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua puv 19

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias harem ris los ntawm Cossacks tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, thiab lawv tau qiv lawv los ntawm Turks.

Nws tsis paub tsawg dua los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, hnab tshos saib tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam ntawm Cossacks, uas tau suav tias yog lub cim ntawm kev muaj nyiaj thiab ua tiav.

Don Cossacks hnav khaub ncaws tsis zoo thiab hnav cov plaub hau, uas yog qhov tsis zoo rau Cossacks. Tam sim no, qhov pom ntawm Donets zoo li ntau yam ua rau Cossack thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob, thaum pom Cossacks feem ntau pom tau tias yog cov dab neeg dhau los, txhob txwm ua thiab txawm tias ua yeeb yam. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias Kuban (qub Hiav Txwv Dub) Cossacks, ncaj qha thiab raug cai raws cai ntawm Cossacks, tau ntev saib zoo li ib txwm muaj.

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E. Korneev. "Dub Hiav Txwv Cossack", 1809

Dangling mustaches thiab nees luav tam sim no tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog ntawm cov mummers ntawm Cossacks ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine.

Don Cossacks tau muab faib ua cov hauv paus thiab cov neeg caij nees. Qee zaum cov tswv cuab nruab nrab kuj tseem raug xaiv tawm. Cov hauv paus nyob hauv cov chaw uas tom qab dhau los ua Cherkassky thiab First Don cov cheeb tsam, nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua - ob qho tib si hauv khaub ncaws thiab hauv cov lus qiv, brunettes muaj ntau dua. Nws yog lawv uas tau tsim thawj lub nroog Cossack ntawm Don thiab tau mus ncig hiav txwv. Cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov tau nplua nuj dua li Verkhovtsy. Los ntawm cov lus ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Trans-Volga Nogai Murza Izmail Turgenev, nws tau paub tias xyoo 1551 Nizovites tau ua khoom plig rau Azov.

Nees Cossacks nyob hauv thaj av hauv Khopersky thiab Ust-Medveditsky koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws nrog cov pejxeem ntawm cheeb tsam Lavxias nyob sib ze. Ntawm cov phiaj xwm "rau zipuns" lawv tau mus rau Volga thiab Hiav Txwv Caspian.

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A. Rigelman. Cossacks caij (sab laug) thiab cov hauv paus (txoj cai) cov zos

Hauv ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, tub sab hauv lub nroog Ryga (Riga) tau tshwm sim nyob ze Volga-Don perevoloka, Cossacks uas nyob rau xyoo 1659 "txog rau lub caij ntuj no ntawm cov tub lag luam los ntawm Don Rus 'tsis tau tso tseg ib zaug dhau. " Nws tau swb los ntawm cov hauv paus hauv paus Cossacks, uas xav tso cov thawj coj tawv ncauj rau hauv lawv txoj kev tswj hwm.

Cov hauv paus thiab cov nees Cossacks tsis nyiam ib leeg: cov hauv paus tau tso lawv tus kheej ua ntej thiab Verkhovtsy tau hu ua muzhiks thiab chiga (lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus tsis meej). Muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev saib xyuas lub ntiaj teb thiab kev xav, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv ob qho lus ntawm tib lo lus paj lug: cov hauv paus hauv paus Cossacks tau hais tias "txawm tias lub neej ntawm tus dev, tab sis lub yeeb koob ntawm Cossack", thiab cov neeg caij nees - "txawm tias lub yeeb koob ntawm Cossack, tab sis lub neej ntawm tus dev ".

Kev ua tub rog, Donets tau dhau los ua ntau dua li Cossacks, vim lawv tau tswj hwm los npaj lawv tus kheej cov phom loj.

Kev ntseeg ntawm Don Cossacks yog Orthodoxy, ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Cov Neeg Ntseeg Qub tau muaj zog, ntau leej uas raug yuam kom khiav mus rau Don.

Tab sis ntawm Cossacks muaj Catholics, Muslims, thiab txawm (tsis tau xav txog) cov neeg Yudais.

Cov Donets tsim nyog hnav lub cev hla, thaum ntawm Cossacks lawv tau tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab lub sijhawm - nyob hauv Lavxias kev cuam tshuam. Thiab thawj lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Zaporizhzhya Sich (Bazavlukskaya) tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, ua ntej uas lawv tsis muaj cov tuam tsev. Yog li Gogol qee qhov hais lus ntau dhau ntawm kev mob siab rau ntawm Cossacks hauv zaj dab neeg "Taras Bulba". Tab sis tseem A. Toynbee tom qab hu Cossacks "ciam teb tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias Orthodoxy."

Muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev npaj zaub mov: cov zaub mov ib txwm muaj ntawm Zaporozhians yog kulesh, kua zaub ua los ntawm hmoov (grouse), dumplings thiab dumplings, cov neeg Don nyiam ntses kua zaub, zaub kua zaub thiab kua zaub.

Mob siab rau borscht

Hauv qhov chaw no, tej zaum nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob nco txog lub npe nrov borscht. Cov neeg Ukrainian tau ntseeg lawv tus kheej tias qhov no yog lawv cov zaub mov hauv tebchaws, thiab txhua lwm borscht yog "cuav." Tam sim no lawv tau sim ua kom lub ntiaj teb tag nrho ntawm qhov no.

Qhov tseeb, kua zaub nrog zaub qhwv thiab beets tau paub ntev heev, hauv Crimea, piv txwv li, thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab nws tau hu ua "Thracian kua zaub". Nws ntseeg tias qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm borscht thiab nws cov kua zaub ua ntej yog thawj zaug ci ntawm beets. Muaj ob qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsos ntawm borscht ib txwm muaj. Raws li thawj, uas tau hais hauv Ukraine, xyoo 1683, thaum ua tsov rog nrog Turks, Cossacks, koom nrog Austrians, tau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Vienna, qhov uas lawv pom cov teb loj cog nrog beets. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws zoo li tsis qab rau lawv, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau noj qee yam - lawv yuav tsum tau sim. Ua ntej, lawv tau sim kib nws rau hauv lard, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib ua cov kib beets nrog lwm cov zaub.

Raws li lwm qhov hloov pauv, borscht tau tsim ua ntej dhau los - los ntawm Don Cossacks thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv ntawm Turkish fortress Azak (Azov).

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais ua ntej rau borscht - hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tshwj xeeb, hauv Novgorod Yamsk phau ntawv thiab hauv Domostroy. Cov kws sau keeb kwm tseem paub txog "Txoj Cai ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntawm Troitskov Sergiev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj Tikhvin", hnub tim 1590, qhov uas nws tau pom zoo kom ua "rau tag nrho lub sijhawm sib tw thiab lopsha nrog kua txob" rau "Forefeast of Christ's Nativity".

Muaj tseeb, qee tus neeg ntseeg tias hauv cov borscht lawv siv tsis yog beets, tab sis yog cov nroj tsuag herbaceous hogweed.

Tab sis txawm hais tias nws yog Ukrainian version ntawm kev tsim cov borscht uas tau lees paub tias raug, nws hloov tawm tias cov zaub mov no tau npaj ua ntej sab nrauv Ukraine - hauv Austria. Thiab nws tsis yog cov neeg Ukrainian uas tau npaj nws, tab sis Cossacks - cov neeg hais txog leej twg Johann -Gotgilf Fokkerodt tau sau: "Khiav tawm ntawm txhua qhov chaw, tub sab nyiag" ("Russia nyob hauv Peter Great)".

Christoph Hermann Manstein, uas tau ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog Lavxias hauv qab Anna Ioannovna, hauv nws Cov Lus Cim rau Russia hu ua Cossacks "sib xyaw ntawm txhua tus neeg."

Voltaire hauv nws "Keeb Kwm ntawm Charles XII" piav txog Cossacks raws li "pab pawg neeg Lavxias, Ncej thiab Tatars, qhia qee yam xws li kev ntseeg Vajtswv thiab koom nrog tub sab."

V. Klyuchevsky kuj hu tsis raug lawv tias "rabble thiab taug kev coob".

Xyoo 1775, tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm Sich kawg (Pidpilnyanskaya), Cossacks tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine tag nrho. Ib txhia ntawm lawv mus rau Turkish khoom. Lwm tus hauv xyoo 1787 tau tsim cov Tub Rog Dub Cossack, uas thaum Lub Rau Hli 30, 1792 tau txais thaj av los ntawm sab xis ntawm Kuban mus rau lub nroog Yeisk. Kev them nyiaj rau qhov khoom plig muaj txiaj ntsig yog kev pabcuam ntawm Russia thiab tsis lees paub txoj kev qub ntawm lub neej. Yog li Cossacks tig mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Kuban Cossacks. Xyoo 1860, lwm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Sich Cossacks kawg kuj tau rov mus nyob Kuban. Cov no yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Trans-Danube Zaporozhians uas tau hla mus rau sab Russia xyoo 1828, uas xub tsim Azov Cossack pab tub rog, nyob nruab nrab ntawm Mariupol thiab Berdyansk. Ntawd yog, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv thiab cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Zaporozhye Cossacks nyob hauv Russia. Thiab, ua raws qhov kev xav ntawm Ukrainian version ntawm kev tsim cov borscht los ntawm Cossacks, nws yuav tsum tau lees tias Kuban yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm tias yog borscht classic tiag. Qhov teeb meem tsuas yog nyob hauv Kuban, ntxiv rau hauv Ukraine, tsis muaj ib daim ntawv qhia canonical rau borscht, tab sis muaj cov lus hais tias "hauv txhua lub tsev muaj nws tus kheej borscht". Yog li ntawd, borscht yuav tsum raug lees paub tias yog cov zaub mov sib xws ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, cov neeg Ukrainian thiab Belarusians thiab tsis txhob sim muab cov zaub mov txawv rau nws kev npaj ua xim. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev tsim ntawm Cossack pab tub rog nyob ze Vienna kuj tseem muaj qee tus tshwj xeeb uas tau caw tshwj xeeb Don Cossacks. Thiab nws tsis yooj yim sua kom paub tseeb tias leej twg xub tuaj nrog lub tswv yim muab beets kib hauv lard hauv lub lauj kaub nrog stew - donut lossis Zaporozhets.

Cia peb hais ob peb lo lus nyob rau tib lub sijhawm hais txog lub npe naval borscht. Raws li daim ntawv canonical, nws daim ntawv qhia tau tsim los ntawm kev xaj ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Kronstadt chaw nres nkoj tub rog S. O. Makarov.

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Admiral Makarov TSO

Txhawm rau sib pauv kev paub, Dr. Novikov tau mus xyuas Sevastopol (lub nroog uas yog keeb kwm thiab ib txwm yog neeg Lavxias, tsis yog neeg Ukrainian), tom qab ntawd nws tau tsim cov lus pom zoo rau tso nqaij, nplej thiab zaub. Nws hais tias tso cov nqaij twb tau txiav (thiab tsis txiav nws ua ntu ntu tom qab ua noj), txhawm rau txhim kho qhov saj, nws pom zoo ntxiv txiv lws suav. Lub peculiarities ntawm daim ntawv qhia naval borscht yog txoj hauv kev txiav cov zaub qhwv "checkered" (tsis yog txiab) thiab ntxiv cov nqaij haus luam yeeb. Thiab thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1901, Makarov tau tshaj tawm txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev ua noj "hais kom zaub kua zaub".

Txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm Don thiab Zaporozhye Cossacks

Tab sis rov qab los sib piv Don Cossacks nrog Zaporozhye Cossacks.

Qhov tseeb, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb dua. Don Cossacks nyob hauv cov zos, tau sib yuav thiab pib ua liaj ua teb. Xyoo 1690, Tsoomfwv Lavxias tau sim txwv lawv los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, tabsis qhov kev txiav txim no tau ua phem rau lawv. Thiab tom qab ntawd tsoomfwv cov thawj coj tau ntse txaus tsis xav kom nws ua raws nruj. Tab sis Cossacks nyob hauv kurens, lub hom phiaj ntawm uas yog Sich.

Cov lus Ukrainian "sich" cuam tshuam nrog Lavxias "zaseka" thiab txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ua los ntawm kev siv cov ntoo ntog rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Tab sis tom qab ntawv lo lus "Sich" tau pib txhais tias yog peev ntawm Zaporozhye Cossack cheeb tsam thiab txawm tias tag nrho cheeb tsam dhau ntawm Dnieper rapids. Tsoomfwv ntawm cov koomhaum tshwj xeeb no (Cossack tus thawj coj) suav nrog plaub tus neeg, raug xaiv rau ib xyoos: kosh tus thawj tswj hwm, tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug tub rog, tus thawj tub rog, thiab tus tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm.

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Zoo siab hauv Zaporizhzhya Sich. Hauv keeb kwm yav dhau yog cov tsev haus luam yeeb loj. Los ntawm kev kos duab ntawm xyoo pua 18th

Rau Don Cossacks, kev sib piv ntawm Rada yog lub voj voos tub rog, uas yog tub rog ataman, ob tus neeg ua haujlwm, tus tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm (tus tuav ntaub ntawv), tus txhais lus ua tub rog thiab podolmach tau xaiv. Thaum mus ua rog, cov thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov thawj coj tau raug xaiv. Tom qab tawm haujlwm, cov neeg no tau pauv mus rau qeb "tus thawj coj ua tub rog".

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Cossack tub rog lub voj voos ntawm Don. Xyoo pua 17th engraving

Tsis zoo li Don Cossacks, qhov kev nyab xeeb tsis muaj poj niam thiab lawv txiav txim siab nws qis dua lawv lub meej mom los koom nrog txhua yam haujlwm: los ntawm lawv qhov kev xav, cov nyiaj yuav tsum tau txais tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tub rog - txhawm rau taug kev thiab haus dej tam sim ntawd. booty thiab sai sai no tawm ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm tshiab. Ntxiv mus, cov phiaj xwm no tuaj yeem coj mus rau txhua qhov kev coj: haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom tau txaus siab rau Cossacks hauv qhov chaw kawg. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov "tsis raug cai".

Tus pov thawj Belarusian Fyodor Filippovich hauv "Barkulabovskaya Chronicle" (lig lig 16th - thaum ntxov 17th caug xyoo), piv txwv li, ceeb toom:

"Zaporozhians tau kho qhov zoo Skoda, thiab qhov chaw muaj yeeb koob ntawm Vitebsk tau kov yeej, lawv coj ntau kub thiab nyiaj, lawv txov cov neeg hauv nroog uas muaj siab mos siab muag … Nyuaj siab dua cov yeeb ncuab phem, Albo phem Tatars."

Tus kws sau ntawv zoo tib yam sau txog kev ua phem rau tus ntxhais muaj 6 xyoos los ntawm Cossacks.

Xyoo 1595, Cossacks ntawm Severin Nalivaiko plundered Mogilev thiab hlawv 500 lub tsev nyob hauv lub nroog no.

Ob lub Vitebsk thiab Mogilev yog cov nroog ntawm Cov Neeg Khab.

Krishtof Kosinsky, nws tus kheej yog neeg muaj koob muaj npe, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Cossacks kuj tau hlawv thiab plundered thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev no.

Xyoo 1575, Zaporozhye cais raws li cov lus txib ntawm Bogdan Ruzhinsky ("Bogdanko") thiab tus thawj tub rog Nechai, siv lub fortress ntawm Or-Kapy, txeeb Crimea, plundered ntau lub nroog, gouging tawm qhov muag ntawm cov txiv neej thiab txiav tawm lub mis ntawm poj niam.

Kafa, raug kaw los ntawm Ruzhinsky los ntawm thaj av, Nechai - los ntawm hiav txwv, "raug cua daj cua dub nyob rau lub sijhawm luv, plundered lub nroog thiab tua cov neeg nyob hauv, tshwj tsis yog 500 tus neeg raug kaw ntawm ob tus poj niam txiv neej."

Xyoo 1606 Cossacks plundered thiab hlawv cov ntseeg (Bulgarian) lub nroog Varna - qhov no yog thaj chaw ntawm teb chaws Ottoman. Peb tseem tsis tau tham txog ntau lub nroog Muslim tau hlawv thiab plundered los ntawm Cossacks (feem ntau hauv kev koom tes nrog cov neeg Don).

Cossacks ntawm Hetman Peter Sagaidachny nyob rau xyoo 1618 plundered Russia lub nroog Putivl, Livny, Yelets, Lebyadin, Dankov, Skopin, thiab Ryazhsk. Lawv tau rov qab los ntawm Moscow los ntawm pab tub rog D. Pozharsky.

Feem ntau, Cossacks tsis hnov qab tuav thiab plunder ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyob ze ntawm lub sijhawm.

Qee lub sij hawm lawv, raws li Tus Pole L. Piaseczyński, "yog qhov ua tsis raug cai" (tus qauv ntawm kev hlub tshua): hauv 1602, tau txeeb lub nkoj lag luam, Cossacks tua cov Turks, thiab cov neeg Greek tau tsuas yog "nyiag liab qab thiab muab lub neej."

Cov Donets, raws li Dortelli, tua cov Turks yam tsis muaj kev hlub tshua, tab sis cov ntseeg uas raug ntes ntawm tebchaws Ottoman tau raug txhiv, "tshwj tsis yog lawv tus kheej yuav qhev; qhov no, lawv raug tua tsis muaj kev hlub, zoo li yog rooj plaub xyoo tas los (1633) nrog ntau tus neeg Armenians."

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tib cov neeg Greek nyob hauv tebchaws Ottoman tsis tsim nyog muaj kev khuv leej ntau, vim lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev lag luam hauv Slavic qhev, thiab lawv tus kheej tsis quav ntsej kom muaj kev ntseeg sib ntseeg. Pavel Aleppsky nyob rau xyoo 1650 qhia txog cov neeg Greek ntawm Sinop:

"Ntau dua ib txhiab tsev neeg ntseeg nyob hauv qhov chaw no, thiab hauv txhua tsev neeg muaj tsib lossis rau tus txiv neej thiab poj niam raug kaw, lossis ntau dua."

Yu. Krizhanich hauv 60s. XVI caug xyoo sau hais tias:

"Cov neeg Greek, xav hais txog tus qhev, qhev, qhev lossis seafarer, hu nws lub npe ntawm peb cov neeg" sklavos ", Slav:" qhov no yog kuv Slav, "uas yog," qhov no yog kuv qhev”. Es tsis txhob "qhev" lawv hais "slavonit", uas yog, "slavish".

Txhawm rau zam kev liam ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees, qhia rau peb paub tias Don Cossacks tseem tau ua ntau yam kev ua phem nyob rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Piv txwv li, tau coj lub fortress ntawm Azov, lawv "tsis tseg … tsis muaj txiv neej hnub nyoog hauv nws, tsis laus lossis hluas … lawv nplawm txhua tus ntawm lawv."

Cov neeg sawv cev Lavxias mus rau Crimean Khan Zhukov thiab Pashin xyoo 1657 qhia txog kev ua ntawm cov neeg Don, uas thaum lawv lub luag haujlwm tau tawm tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Kafa thiab Kerch: "Tatars, thiab lawv cov pob zeb, thiab txhua tus menyuam raug txiav tawm".

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Don feem ntau pom kev txhawj xeeb txog "lub hauv paus fodder", pom zoo ua ntej: kom hlawv Crimean lub zos mus rau hauv av, lossis tsis txhob ntaus "txhua tus neeg Crimean yam tsis muaj kab laum"? Yog tias lawv tau npaj yuav rov qab mus rau tib qhov chaw hauv ob peb xyoos, lawv tsis tau tawg mus rau hauv av.

Cov cai no tsis siv thaum lawv tau ua pauj rau kev tua lossis swb, thiab thaum ua tsov rog ntawm Krymchaks thiab Turks nrog Russia.

Kev lim hiam nyob rau hnub ntawd tsis ua rau leej twg xav tsis thoob, nws yooj yim dua rau kev xav tsis thoob nrog kev hlub tshua. Yog li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Cossacks tsis yog qhov txwv tsis pub muaj kev lim hiam, tab sis qhov tau hais los saum toj no "kev dag ntxias" thiab kev npaj yuav nyiag txhua tus neeg ua ke, uas lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag thiab qhov uas lawv tsis xav tias yuav ntsib tus yeeb ncuab muaj zog heev.

Zaporozhians lawv tus kheej nkag siab tias lawv tsis yog cov tim tswv, tsis yog txhua qhov nyuaj txog qhov no thiab ua siab ntev hu xov tooj los ntawm lawv cov npe tsim nyog. Thaum cov tub ceev xwm Lavxias tau thov kom xa tawm Kondraty Bulavin, uas tau khiav mus rau Sich, Cossacks teb tias:

"Qhov no tsis tau tshwm sim, yog li ntawd cov neeg, cov neeg ntxeev siab lossis tub sab, tau muab tawm."

Lo lus "tub sab" tsis ua phem rau Sich. Cov lus dab neeg nthuav tawm ntawm lawv piav qhia qhov xav tau rau ib txwm ua ntej ncua ntev (nyob ntsiag to): Cossack tawv ua ntau yam kev txhaum hauv nws lub neej tias nws yuav mus rau ntuj txiag teb tsaus, tab sis Vajtswv yuav tuaj yeem rub nws tawm ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm.. Vim li cas thiab ntawm lub hauv paus twg uas Vajtswv yuav tsum tau cawm Cossacks los ntawm lub ntiajteb sab hauv tsis tau piav qhia: muaj kev ua txhaum Cossack tawv, muaj lub hauv ntej - txhua qhov xwm txheej tau ntsib, tuaj, Tswv, rub nws tawm.

Feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov neeg uas muaj tus cwj pwm txawv thiab tus cwj pwm tau maj mus rau Don thiab Dnieper. Yog tias tus neeg pluag uas tau khiav tawm ntawm Tula, Kaluga lossis Smolensk tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm dawb nyob hauv qhov chaw tshiab, txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua tsov ua rog, phiaj xwm rau zipuns thiab nyiag khoom, nws ua nws txoj hauv kev mus rau Don. Thiab yog tias nws xav ua neej nyob ywj pheej thiab zoo siab tau ntau xyoo (lossis ntau lub hlis, zoo li nws muaj hmoo), nws yuav tsum tau mus rau Sich, uas xav tau cov khoom siv phom sij tas mus li. Nws yog qhov ua tau, tau kawg, ntiav tus neeg ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb rau mov ci thiab chaw nyob rau qee lub caij ntuj no Zaporozhye Cossack - cov no tuaj yeem sib yuav thiab pib ua liaj ua teb, qee zaum koom nrog kev nyab xeeb thaum lawv cov phiaj xwm (peb yuav tham txog lawv tom qab, hauv kab lus tom ntej). Tab sis nws puas tsim nyog khiav mus rau Zaporozhye los ua qhov tsis muaj zog, tsis yog thov "golutva"?

Nws tsis zoo li tsuas yog txoj hmoo tau ua npau suav ntawm ob tus neeg ua haujlwm khiav dim thiab "cov neeg vwm" raug tsim txom los ntawm txoj cai.

Tau kawg, ntawm Don, ib yam, ib tus yuav tsum tau pib los ntawm kos, tab sis nyob rau thawj theem ntawm kev ua colonization nws tseem muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau thaj av pub dawb raws cov ceg av qab teb ntawm tus dej Cossack. Nws tsuas yog tsim nyog kom muaj peev xwm ua tus tswv thiab tiv thaiv nws. Thiab nws nyuaj heev. Nws tau paub tias nyob rau xyoo 1646 tsarist cov tub ceev xwm tau xa 3037 tus neeg ntawm "cov neeg mob siab rau" los daws qhov Don, tom qab ib xyoos tsuas yog 600 leej ntawm lawv nyob, cov seem tau khiav tawm - tsis yog rau Don, tab sis los ntawm Don! Nws yog qhov ua tau los txiav txim siab txog seb cov neeg nyob ntawd nyob qhov twg yeem yeem.

Tab sis tsis ntev thaj av dawb ntawm Don tau xaus, thiab cov neeg khiav tawm tshiab ntawm no tsuas tuaj yeem suav rau ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Ntawm lawv muaj ntau tus neeg khiav dim los ntawm thaj av Polish-tswj ntawm Ukraine, rau leej twg txawm tias lub neej zoo li zoo dua li yav dhau los. Cov ntawm lawv uas ua haujlwm rau cov txwj laus, uas dhau los ua neeg muaj koob muaj npe, tau ua tub rog xyoo 1796. Thiab cov uas ua haujlwm hauv cov zos ntawm cov khoom pub dawb ib txwm muaj npe nyob hauv Cossacks xyoo 1811.

Qhov yuam kev hauv qhov kev xaiv tuaj yeem kho: nws tshwm sim tias Don Cossacks tau mus rau Sich, thiab, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, Seches tau tsiv mus rau Don. Xyoo 1626, tsarist cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tshaj tawm rau Moscow:

"Txhua tus ntawm lawv (Cherkas) nyob ntawm Don nrog 1000 tus neeg. Thiab tseem muaj ntau qhov Don Cossacks hauv Zaporozhi."

Ib zaug, "1000 Cherkasians, nrog poj niam thiab menyuam, thiab nrog lawv 80 lub tsheb thauj khoom ntawm txhua yam khoom siv tsis zoo" tuaj rau Don ib zaug "kom nyob" (cov no yog Cossacks lub caij ntuj no, uas peb tham txog hauv ntu tom ntej, thiab cov neeg uas txiav txim siab los sib hais). Thiab qee lub npe qhia meej meej tias leej twg yog tus thawj nyob hauv cov chaw no. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub nroog Cherkassky, nrhiav tau hauv 1570.

Kev sib txuas ntawm nom tswv ntawm Don Cossacks thiab Zaporozhians

Don Cossacks pom lawv tus kheej sai sai ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntawm Tsar Moscow. Thawj qhov kev pom zoo nrog lawv tau xaus nyob rau hauv Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, Cov neeg Don tau koom nrog hauv nws cov phiaj xwm mus rau Kazan thiab Astrakhan. Los ntawm 1570 Donets pib tau txais nyiaj hli los ntawm Moscow - hauv cov nyiaj, rab phom, daim ntaub, mov ci thiab cawv txiv hmab. Xyoo 1584 Don Army tau cog lus rau Fyodor Ioannovich.

Txij li lub sijhawm Peter Great, kev sib raug zoo nrog Don Cossacks tsis tau ua tus saib xyuas Ambassadorial Order ntxiv lawm, tab sis Cov Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Tub Rog.

Txij li xyoo 1709, cov neeg Don raug txwv tsis pub xaiv tus ataman ntawm lub voj voos lawv tus kheej - qhov no yog qhov kev txiav txim atamans tshwm sim ntawm Don. Xyoo 1754, cov thawj coj tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ib yam. Thaum kawg, xyoo 1768 Don cov txwj laus tau tso cai ua nom tswv Lavxias.

Thiab Cossacks poob hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Tab sis xyoo 1569, tom qab qhov xaus ntawm Kev Koom Tes Hauv Lublin thiab kev tsim Lub Tebchaws, Sich tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub xeev tshiab. Qhov phem tshaj ntawm txhua qhov ntawd yog rau cov neeg Yudais Orthodox Ukrainian, uas cov tais diav tshiab Catholics tsis tau txiav txim siab ua neeg. Thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg khiav tawm hauv Sich tau nce ntau.

Kev ua raws cai ntawm Cossacks rau cov tub ceev xwm tshiab tsis tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev thov kev ywj pheej: lawv feem ntau tau ua lawv cov phiaj xwm yam tsis tau sab laj nrog Warsaw thiab tsis tau qhia rau huab tais thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Feem ntau, Cossacks nkag tau yooj yim rau hauv kev sib koom tes ntau yam - yog tias qhov kev cog lus no tau txais txiaj ntsig.

Qhov twb tau hais los ntawm Johann-Gotgilf Fokkerodt tshaj tawm: "Txog tam sim no, lawv (Zaporozhian Cossacks) tau ntiav ua haujlwm tsis cais leej twg rau tus ncej thiab Turks" ("Russia nyob rau hauv Peter the Great").

Qhov tseeb, xyoo 1624Cossacks tau tawm tsam txawm tias yog ib feem ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Crimean Khan Mehmed III Geray tawm tsam cov tub rog Turkish thiab, ua ke nrog Crimeans, yeej yeej ntawm Karasubazar (tam sim no Belogorsk).

Xyoo 1628, Cossacks tau rov ua tub rog ntawm Mirza ntawm Budjak Horde, Kan Temir, los ntawm lub fortress ntawm Chufut-Kale, uas tiv thaiv cov neeg ntxeev siab Mehmed III thiab Shahin Geraev nyob ntawd. Muaj tseeb, txhua yam tau ua tsis zoo: kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, thiab Gerays, ua ke nrog Cossacks, yuav tsum khiav mus rau Zaporozhye.

Tib Sahaidachny, tsuas yog ib xyoos thiab ib nrab tom qab kev tawm tsam rau Russia, thaum Tus Tub Poob ib zaug ntxiv nws ntawm hetman tus mace, xa ib lub tsev lis haujlwm mus rau Moscow nrog qhov qis tshaj thov kom lees txais Zaporozhian Army rau hauv Lavxias kev pabcuam thiab txais tos nag hmo tub sab " zoo li lawv cov tub qhe. " Tsoomfwv Lavxias tsis kam lees cov ncauj lus no. Kev saib xyuas los ntawm Peter I, Mazepa ntxeev siab rau nws tus neeg muaj txiaj ntsig, sai li sai tau thaum cov tub rog ntawm Charles XII nkag mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Me Russia. Thiab, nrhiav pom tias cov neeg Swedes tsis tau zoo li qhov nws xav tau, nws tau nkag mus rau kev sib tham nrog Peter, cog lus tias nws yuav txeeb thiab coj Karl thiab nrog rau tus Poles cog lus tias yuav xa thaj chaw uas nws tau ua rau Tebchaws Meskas.

Cov tub ceev xwm Moscow ib txwm tsis ntseeg Cossacks (Cherkasy) thiab nrhiav kev txwv lawv kev sib cuag nrog Don Cossacks. Lawv kuj tsis txhawb kom muaj kev hloov chaw ntawm Cossacks mus rau Don. Hauv tsab cai no, qhov txwv txiav yog txhawb los ntawm kev xav kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nrog Crimea thiab Qaib Cov Txwv:

"Koj tsis raug xaj kom lees txais Zaporozhye Cherkas, vim tias lawv tuaj rau koj raws li kev qhia ntawm tus vaj ntxwv Polish kom ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntawm peb thiab Turks sultan thiab tus huab tais Crimean."

Qhov no coj los nco txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Lub Sijhawm Teeb Meem:

"Cherkasy tuaj rau lub xeev Lavxias mus rau lub tebchaws muaj hwjchim kav tebchaws Ukrainian thiab cov chaw uas lawv tawm tsam, thiab cov neeg pluag (cov ntseeg) cov ntshav tau los, thiab cov ntseeg ntawm Vajtswv tau raug foom tsis zoo."

Thaum kawg, Cov neeg Don tau ceeb toom tias Cossacks koom nrog ib lub chaw pw txawv:

"Koj tus kheej paub tias Zaporozhye Cherkasy ua haujlwm rau huab tais Polish, thiab tus huab tais Polish yog peb tus yeeb ncuab, thiab nws tab tom npaj ib qho kev phem tawm tsam peb lub xeev."

Tab sis kev sib raug zoo ntawm Donets thiab Cossacks tag nrho tseem yog phooj ywg, zoo li peb yuav pom hauv kab lus tom ntej. Thiab txij li lub sijhawm Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, raws li koj paub, Cossacks tuaj hauv tebchaws Russia txoj cai.

Tsis ntev peb yuav txuas ntxiv peb zaj dab neeg txog Zaporozhye thiab Don Cossacks.

Pom zoo: