Tseeb tiag, dab ntxwg nyoog zaum hauv cov khoom tawg, npaj rau ib pliag los pib rhuav tshem thiab rhuav txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig. Khaws qhov tsiaj txhu ntawm ntuj raug txim hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas thiab tso nws tsuas yog thaum xav tau yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas cov kws siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kws tshuaj tua kab yuav tsum daws thaum tsim thiab siv cov khoom tawg. Hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab txhim kho cov khoom tawg (cov khoom tawg), zoo li nyob hauv cov dej poob, keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim, kev txhim kho thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov xeev thiab cov tebchaws.
Npaj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus qhia, tus neeg sau tau rov pom dua tias cov tebchaws uas cov thawj coj tau mob siab rau rau kev txhim kho kev kawm txuj ci, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau lub ntiaj teb trinity ntawm lej - physics - chemistry - mus txog qhov siab hauv lawv txoj kev txhim kho. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tuaj yeem yog kev nce nrawm hauv ntiaj teb theem ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, uas nyob rau ib nrab xyoo tau dhau los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov xeev sib txawv, qee qhov txawm tias nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia ntxaws ntawm Europe tsis yooj yim pom yam tsis muaj "qhov me me", rau lub tebchaws uas yuav tsum tau suav nrog rau ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab. Tsis muaj qhov ua kom poob qis ntawm qhov zoo ntawm Bismarck hauv cov txheej txheem no, Kuv yuav hais nws cov lus, uas nws tau hais tom qab kev kov yeej qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog Franco-Prussian: "Tsov rog no yeej los ntawm tus kws qhia German yooj yim." Tus kws sau ntawv xav mob siab rau nws qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev ua kom muaj peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm cov tub rog thiab lub xeev, zoo li ib txwm, yam tsis tau lees tias yuav tshwj xeeb ntawm nws lub tswv yim.
Thaum tshaj tawm tsab xov xwm, tus sau, zoo li Jules Verne, txhob txwm ua kom zam qhov tshwj xeeb cov ntsiab lus thev naus laus zis thiab tsom mus rau nws mloog zoo rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom kom tau txais cov khoom tawg. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog nkag siab txog kev nkag siab ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws cov haujlwm (ua nws siv tau lossis sau xov xwm), tab sis kuj rau qhov tseeb tias qhov kev kawm ntawm lo lus nug yog "Vim li cas txhua yam zoo li no thiab tsis yog lwm yam? "Thiab tsis yog" Leej twg yog thawj tus tau txais nws? khoom ".
Ib qho ntxiv, tus neeg sau ntawv thov zam txim rau qhov yuam kev siv cov ntsiab lus tshuaj - tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev tshawb fawb (raws li qhia los ntawm nws tus kheej kev kawm, tsis yog cov menyuam nyiam tshaj plaws). Paub txog tias nws tsis yooj yim sua sau txog tshuaj yam tsis tau hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tshuaj, tus kws sau ntawv yuav sim txo cov lus tshwj xeeb.
Thiab qhov kawg. Cov nuj nqis muab los ntawm tus sau yuav tsum tsis txhais tau tias yog qhov tseeb qhov kawg. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov foob pob tawg hauv qhov chaw sib txawv sib txawv thiab qee zaum muaj zog heev. Qhov no nkag siab: cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov mos txwv tseem ceeb heev nyob ntawm lawv hom "kev lag luam", muaj / tsis muaj cov tshuaj txawv teb chaws, qhia txog kev ruaj ntseg, ua ke cov qauv thiab ntau yam ntxiv. Cov txheej txheem los txiav txim siab tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tawg kuj tseem tsis sib txawv los ntawm kev sib txig sib luag (txawm hais tias yuav muaj tus qauv ntau dua ntawm no) thiab lawv kuj tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tsim tshwj xeeb.
Kev faib tawm BB
Nyob ntawm seb hom kev tawg thiab rhiab heev rau lwm yam kev cuam tshuam, txhua qhov tawg tau muab faib ua peb pawg loj:
1. Pib BB.
2. Tua cov foob pob tawg.
3. Muab cov khoom tawg pov tseg.
Pib BB. Lawv rhiab heev rau lwm yam kev cuam tshuam. Tus so ntawm lawv tus yam ntxwv feem ntau qis. Tab sis lawv muaj cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig - lawv tawg (foob pob) muaj qhov ua rau lub foob pob tawg thiab ua rau lub foob pob tawg, uas feem ntau tsis nkag siab rau lwm hom kev cuam tshuam sab nraud txhua lub sijhawm lossis muaj qhov nkag siab tsawg. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj pib siv tsuas yog ua rau muaj kev tawg ntawm kev tawg lossis ua rau cov khoom tawg. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev siv cov foob pob tawg, lawv tau ntim rau hauv cov khoom tiv thaiv (tshuaj ntsiav, lub tes tsho, lub taub ntim tshuaj tua hluav taws, lub tshuab ua kom tawg, fuse). Cov neeg sawv cev raug ntawm qhov pib ua kom tawg: mercury fulminate, lead azide, tenres (TNPC).
Tua cov khoom tawg. Qhov no, qhov tseeb, yog qhov lawv hais thiab sau txog. Lawv muab cov foob pob, cov mines, foob pob, foob pob hluav taws, cov av pov tseg; lawv tshuab choj, tsheb, lag luam …
Cov khoom tawg tau muab faib ua peb pawg raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv tawg:
- nce lub zog (cov sawv cev: RDX, HMX, PETN, Tetril);
- lub zog qub (cov neeg sawv cev: TNT, melinite, yas);
- txo hwj chim (cov neeg sawv cev: ammonium nitrate thiab nws cov sib tov).
Kev tawg ntawm lub zog muaj zog me ntsis ntau dua rau kev cuam tshuam sab nraud thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau siv ntau zaus hauv kev sib xyaw nrog phlegmatizers (cov tshuaj uas txo qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov khoom tawg) lossis hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov khoom tawg ntawm lub zog ib txwm los ua kom lub zog tom kawg. Qee zaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog loj yog siv lub tshuab ua kom tawg nruab nrab.
Muab cov khoom tawg pov tseg. Cov no yog ntau yam phom sij - cov pa luam yeeb dub, tsis haus luam yeeb pyroxylin thiab nitroglycerin. Lawv kuj suav nrog ntau yam sib xyaw ua hluav taws xob rau foob pob hluav taws, teeb liab thiab teeb pom kev zoo, teeb pom kev zoo, cov pob zeb tawg, thiab cov foob pob saum nruab ntug.
Txog cov hmoov dub thiab Dub Berthold
Tau ntau pua xyoo, tib hom kev siv tib neeg siv xwb yog hmoov dub. Nrog nws txoj kev pab, cov phom loj tau muab pov rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, thiab cov foob pob tawg tau ntim nrog nws. Phom phom tau siv hauv cov pob zeb hauv av los rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv, rau kev tsoo pob zeb.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe, nws tau paub los ntawm xyoo pua 13th, thiab txawm tias ntxov dua hauv Suav Teb, Is Nrias teb thiab Byzantium. Thawj qhov kev piav qhia ntawm rab phom rau foob pob hluav taws tau piav qhia los ntawm Suav tus kws tshawb fawb Sun-Simyao hauv 682. Maximilian Greek (XIII-XIV centuries) hauv tsab ntawv "Phau Ntawv Teeb" piav qhia sib xyaw raws cov poov tshuaj nitrate, siv hauv Byzantium raws li nto moo "Greek hluav taws" thiab suav nrog 60% nitrate, 20% sulfur thiab 20% thee.
Tebchaws Europe keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom cov phom tua pib nrog tus neeg Askiv, Franciscan tus hauj sam Roger Bacon, uas nyob rau xyoo 1242 hauv nws phau ntawv "Liber de Nullitate Magiae" muab cov ntawv qhia rau cov hmoov dub rau foob pob hluav taws thiab foob pob hluav taws (40% ntsev, 30% thee thiab 30 % leej faj) thiab ib nrab dab neeg dab qhuas Berthold Schwartz (1351). Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm tias qhov no yog ib tus neeg: kev siv cov npe tsis tseeb nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog tau muaj ntau heev, zoo li yog qhov tsis meej pem tom ntej nrog kev sib tham ntawm cov peev txheej.
Qhov yooj yim ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, muaj ob ntawm peb qhov khoom siv (ib txwm muaj leej faj tseem tsis tau muaj dua nyob rau thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Ltalis thiab Sicily), kev yooj yim ntawm kev npaj - txhua qhov no tau lees tias rab phom yog kev mus los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia. Qhov teeb meem tsuas yog kom tau txais cov poov tshuaj nitrate ntau, tab sis txoj haujlwm no tau ua tiav kev daws teeb meem nrog. Txij li tsuas yog paub cov potash nitrate tso nyiaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog hauv Is Nrias teb (yog li nws lub npe thib ob - Khab), kev tsim khoom hauv zos tau tsim nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom hu nws zoo siab, txawm tias muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev cia siab: cov khoom siv raw rau nws yog quav, tsiaj nkag, zis thiab tsiaj plaub hau. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tsis txaus siab cov khoom xyaw hauv qhov tsw tsw ntxhiab thiab sib xyaw hnyav heev yog txiv qaub thiab potash. Tag nrho cov nyiaj no rau ntau lub hlis pov rau hauv qhov, qhov uas nws tau fermented nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm azotobacteria. Cov ammonia tso tawm tau oxidized rau nitrates, uas thaum kawg muab cov nitrate uas xav tau, uas tau cais thiab ua kom huv los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab - ib txoj haujlwm, ib yam nkaus, kuv yuav hais, tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tsis muaj ib yam nyuaj tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem, cov khoom siv raw yog pheej yig heev thiab muaj cov phom sij kuj tseem dhau los ua thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov phom dub (lossis cov pa luam yeeb) tau tawg thoob plaws lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsis yog ob qho tib si tsis voos thiab tsis dov, tau ntau xyoo nws tau siv ob qho tib si ua qhov projectile thiab ua kom puv rau thawj lub foob pob - cov qauv ntawm cov mos txwv niaj hnub no. Txog thaum kawg ntawm thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, rab phom tau ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev nce qib. Tab sis kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam tsis sawv tseem, thiab tsis ntev nws tsis ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm vim nws lub peev xwm me. Qhov kawg ntawm kev siv phom tua phom tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau xyoo 70 ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum A. Lavoisier thiab C. Berthollet tau teeb tsa kev tsim cov berthollet ntsev raws cov poov tshuaj chlorate pom los ntawm Berthollet (berthollet ntsev).
Cov keeb kwm ntawm Berthollet ntsev tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub sijhawm thaum Claude Berthollet tau kawm txog cov khoom muaj tshuaj chlorine uas nyuam qhuav pom los ntawm Carl Scheele. Los ntawm kev hla cov tshuaj chlorine los ntawm cov tshuaj sib tov kub ntawm cov tshuaj potassium hydroxide, Berthollet tau txais cov khoom tshiab, tom qab ntawd hu los ntawm kws tshuaj chemists potassium chlorate, thiab tsis yog los ntawm cov kws tshuaj - Berthollet ntsev. Nws tau tshwm sim hauv 1786. Thiab txawm hais tias dab ntxwg nyoog ntsev tsis tau dhau los ua qhov tawg tshiab, nws tau ua tiav nws lub luag haujlwm: ua ntej, nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los tshawb nrhiav qhov hloov tshiab rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg "vaj tswv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog", thiab qhov thib ob, nws tau dhau los ua tus tsim hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom tawg - pib
Roj tawg
Thiab xyoo 1846, cov kws tshuaj tau thov ob lub foob pob tshiab - pyroxylin thiab nitroglycerin. Hauv Turin, tus kws tshuaj Italis Ascagno Sobrero pom tias nws txaus los kho glycerin nrog nitric acid (nitration) los ua cov kua ua kua pob tshab - nitroglycerin. Thawj daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog nws tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm L'Institut (XV, 53) thaum Lub Ob Hlis 15, 1847, thiab nws tsim nyog tau txais qee cov lus hais. Thawj ntu hais tias:
"Ascagno Sobrero, xibfwb qhia txuj ci tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm Turin, hauv tsab ntawv xa los ntawm prof. Peluzom, tshaj tawm tias nws tau ntev tau txais cov khoom tawg los ntawm kev ua ntawm nitric acid ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, uas yog qab zib pas nrig, hu xov tooj, dextrite, mis qab zib, thiab lwm yam. thiab kev paub pom nws tias tau txais cov khoom, zoo ib yam li rattling paj rwb …"
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sim ua kom muaj nitrate, txaus siab rau cov kws tshuaj organic (thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd tsuas yog los ntawm keeb kwm kev pom), tab sis peb tsuas yog yuav ceeb toom ib qho tshwj xeeb: nitro-derivatives ntawm cellulose, ntxiv rau lawv lub peev xwm tawg., twb twb paub zoo lawm [11].
Nitroglycerin yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab rhiab rau qhov tawg thiab xav tau kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb thiab saib xyuas thaum tuav.
1. Rhiab heev: tej zaum yuav tawg los ntawm kev raug mos txwv. Rhiab heev rau cuam tshuam nrog 10 kg kettlebell poob los ntawm qhov siab ntawm 25 cm - 100%. Kev kub nyhiab hloov mus rau qhov tawg.
2. Lub zog ntawm kev hloov pauv tawg - 5300 J / kg.
3. Kev ceev ntawm lub foob pob: 6500 m / s.
4. Brisance: 15-18 hli.
5. Kev tawg: 360-400 cubic meters. saib [6].
Qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv nitroglycerin tau qhia los ntawm tus kws tshuaj lom neeg Lavxias NN Zinin, uas nyob rau xyoo 1853-1855 thaum Tsov Rog Crimean Tsov Rog, ua ke nrog tub rog kws ua haujlwm V. F. Petrushevsky, tsim cov nitroglycerin ntau.
Xib fwb ntawm Kazan University N. N. Zinin
Tub rog engineer V. F. Petrushevsky
Tab sis dab ntxwg nyoog nyob hauv nitroglycerin tau dhau los ua phem thiab ntxeev siab. Nws tau muab tawm tias qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom no rau sab nraud cuam tshuam tsuas yog me dua li qhov uas muaj cov tshuaj mercury. Nws tuaj yeem tawg tam sim no thaum lub sijhawm ua kua dej, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshee, ua kom sov thiab txias, lossis nthuav tawm rau lub hnub. Nws tuaj yeem tawg thaum khaws cia. Thiab yog tias koj teeb nws nrog hluav taws, nws tuaj yeem hlawv tau zoo heev …
Thiab tseem xav tau cov foob pob muaj zog los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 twb zoo heev lawm, txawm tias muaj xwm txheej ntau heev, nitroglycerin tau pib siv dav hauv kev ua haujlwm tawg.
Kev sim los tiv thaiv dab phem tau ua los ntawm ntau, tab sis lub yeeb koob ntawm tamer tau mus rau Alfred Nobel. Kev nce thiab nqis ntawm txoj hauv kev no, nrog rau txoj hmoo ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev muag cov khoom no, tau paub dav, thiab tus sau xav tias nws tsis tsim nyog mus rau hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus.
Ua "nyem" mus rau hauv lub qhov hws ntawm cov inert muab tub lim (thiab ntau lub kaum os tshuaj tau sim xws li, qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yog lub ntiaj teb infusoric - ntxeem tau silicate, 90% ntawm qhov ntim uas poob rau ntawm qhov hws uas tuaj yeem nqus tau nitroglycerin) nitroglycerin tau dhau los ua "haum" ntau dua, khaws nrog nws yuav luag tag nrho nws lub zog puas tsuaj. Raws li koj paub, Nobel muab qhov sib xyaw no, uas zoo li peat, lub npe "dynamite" (los ntawm lus Greek "dinos" - lub zog). Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm txoj hmoo: ib xyoos tom qab Nobel tau txais daim ntawv patent rau kev tsim cov dynamite, Petrushevsky ua nws tus kheej sib xyaw nitroglycerin nrog magnesia thiab tau txais cov khoom tawg, tom qab ntawd hu ua "Russia dynamite".
Nitroglycerin (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, glycerin trinitrate) yog ua tiav ester ntawm glycerin thiab nitric acid. Feem ntau nws tau txais los ntawm kev kho glycerin nrog sulfuric -nitric acid sib tov (hauv cov lus tshuaj - tshuaj esterification):
Kev tawg ntawm nitroglycerin yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntau ntawm cov khoom siv roj cua:
4 C3H5 (NO2) 3 = 12 CO2 + 10 H2O + 6 N2 + O2
Esterification tau ua tiav hauv peb theem: hauv thawj, glycerol mononitrate tau txais, hauv qhov thib ob - glycerol dinitrate, thiab hauv peb - glycerol trinitrate. Txog rau qhov ua tiav ntau dua ntawm nitroglycerin, 20% ntau dhau ntawm nitric acid tau noj ntau dhau ntawm qhov xav tau kev xav.
Cov nitration tau nqa tawm hauv cov lauj kaub tais diav lossis cov hlab ntsha tawg hauv cov dej khov dej. Kwv yees li 700 g ntawm nitroglycerin tau txais hauv ib qhov kev sib tw, thiab hauv ib teev twg cov haujlwm tau ua tiav hauv 3-4.
Tab sis qhov xav tau kev loj hlob tau ua lawv tus kheej hloov kho thev naus laus zis los tsim cov nitroglycerin. Sijhawm dhau los (xyoo 1882), thev naus laus zis los tsim cov khoom tawg hauv cov nitrators tau tsim. Hauv qhov no, cov txheej txheem tau muab faib ua ob theem: thawj theem, glycerin tau sib xyaw nrog ib nrab ntawm cov tshuaj sulfuric acid, thiab yog li feem ntau ntawm cov cua sov tso tawm tau siv, tom qab uas tau npaj ua tiav sib xyaw ntawm nitric thiab sulfuric acids tau qhia rau hauv tib lub nkoj. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm zam qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb: ua kom sov ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw. Kev sib tov yog nqa tawm nrog huab cua ntawm qhov siab ntawm 4 atm. Kev tsim khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem yog 100 kg glycerin hauv 20 feeb ntawm 10 - 12 degrees.
Vim yog qhov sib txawv tshwj xeeb nqus ntawm nitroglycerin (1, 6) thiab pov tseg cov kua qaub (1, 7), nws sau los saum toj no nrog lub ntsej muag ntse. Tom qab nitration, nitroglycerin raug ntxuav nrog dej, tom qab ntawd ntxuav los ntawm cov kua qaub nrog cov dej qab zib thiab rov ntxuav nrog dej. Kev sib xyaw ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nrog huab cua. Kev ziab yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev lim dej los ntawm txheej txheej calcined table ntsev [9].
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov yooj yim heev (nco txog nthwv dej ntawm kev ua phem nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tsa los ntawm "foob pob foob pob" uas tau kawm txog txuj ci yooj yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg) thiab koom nrog tus lej "txheej txheem tshuaj yooj yim" (A. Stetbacher). Yuav luag txhua qhov nitroglycerin tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov xwm txheej yooj yim tshaj plaws (ua cov hmoov dub tsis yooj yim dua).
Kev siv cov tshuaj reagents yog raws li hauv qab no: kom tau 150 ml ntawm nitroglycerin, koj yuav tsum tau noj: 116 ml ntawm glycerin; 1126 ml ntawm concentrated sulfuric acid;
649 ml ntawm nitric acid (tsawg kawg 62% mloog zoo).
Dynamite ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog
Dynamite tau siv thawj zaug hauv Franco-Prussian War xyoo 1870-1871: Prussian sappers tau tawg Fabkis txoj kev tiv thaiv nrog dynamite. Tab sis kev nyab xeeb ntawm dynamite tau dhau los ua tus txheeb ze. Cov tub rog tam sim ntawd pom tias thaum tua los ntawm lub mos txwv, nws tawg tsis zoo dua li nws cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab kev sib tua hauv qee kis hloov mus rau qhov tawg.
Tab sis kev ntxias kom tau txais cov mos txwv muaj zog yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus. Los ntawm qhov kev sim phom sij thiab nyuaj, nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav pom tias dynamite yuav tsis tawg yog tias cov khoom thauj tsis nce tam sim ntawd, tab sis maj mam, ua kom nrawm ntawm qhov projectile hauv qhov txwv tsis pub muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Kev daws teeb meem ntawm qib txuj ci tau pom hauv kev siv cua txias. Thaum Lub Rau Hli Ntuj xyoo 1886, Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Edmund Ludwig G. Zelinsky ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Loj 5 ntawm Asmeskas Cov Tub Rog tau sim thiab ua kom zoo dua qub American Engineering tsim. Lub tshuab rab phom pneumatic nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 380 mm thiab qhov ntev ntawm 15 m nrog kev pab ntawm huab cua nrawm mus rau 140 atm tuaj yeem pov cov phiaj xwm nrog qhov ntev ntawm 3.35 m los ntawm 227 kg ntawm dynamite ntawm 1800 mA qhov projectile ntev ntawm 1.83 m nrog 51 kg ntawm dynamite thiab tag nrho 5 txhiab m
Lub zog tsav tau muab los ntawm ob lub thooj voos kheej kheej ntawm cov cua nrawm, thiab sab saud tau txuas nrog lub cuab yeej los ntawm cov yub hloov pauv tau. Lub tog raj kheej thib ob yog qhov tshwj tseg rau kev pub mis rau sab saud, thiab lub siab hauv nws tus kheej tau tswj hwm nrog kev pab ntawm lub tshuab nqus dej faus hauv av. Lub foob pob ua ntxaij -pob tau zoo li lub dart - rab phom loj - thiab muaj 50 -phaus taub hau.
Lub Duke ntawm Cambridge tau hais kom cov tub rog sim ib qho kev ua haujlwm hauv Milford Haven, tab sis rab phom tau siv yuav luag tag nrho nws cov mos txwv ua ntej thaum kawg tsoo lub hom phiaj, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau raug rhuav tshem zoo heev. Asmeskas cov neeg qhuas tau zoo siab nrog rab phom tshiab: xyoo 1888, tau tso nyiaj los ua 250 rab phom loj rau cov phom loj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.
Xyoo 1885 Zelinsky tau tsim lub tuam txhab Pneumatic Gun los qhia cov phom pneumatic nrog cov mos txwv zoo li phom hauv pab tub rog thiab tub rog. Nws qhov kev sim coj los tham txog rab phom huab cua raws li kev cia siab rau riam phom tshiab. Tebchaws Asmeskas Tub Rog txawm tsim lub 944-tonne Vesuvius dynamite cruiser xyoo 1888, ua tub rog nrog peb ntawm cov phom 381mm no.
Daim duab ntawm "dynamite" cruiser "Vesuvius"
[chaw]
Thiab qhov no yog qhov nws cov riam phom nyob ruaj ruaj zoo li[/chaw]
Tab sis qhov txawv txawv: tom qab ob peb xyoos, kev txaus siab ua rau txoj kev poob siab. "Thaum Tsov Rog Mev-Asmeskas," Cov tub rog Asmeskas hais txog qhov no, "cov phom no yeej tsis tsoo qhov chaw raug." Thiab txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj ntau txog cov phom li hais txog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg siv phom loj los tua kom raug thiab txhav nrawm ntawm cov phom, cov kab ke no tsis tau txais kev txhim kho ntxiv.
Xyoo 1885, Holland tau teeb tsa Zelinsky lub phom cua ntawm nws lub nkoj submarine No. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem tsis tuaj rau nws qhov kev sim ua, tk. lub nkoj tau raug mob loj heev thaum lub sijhawm pib.
Xyoo 1897, Holland tau rov ua nws lub nkoj submarine No. 8 nrog rab phom Zelinsky tshiab. Cov tub rog muaj 18-inch (457 mm) hneev torpedo raj nrog peb lub taub hau White torpedoes, ntxiv rau Zelinsky aft air gun rau cov mos txwv zoo li (7 ncig ntawm 222 lbs. 100.7 kg) txhua). Txawm li cas los xij, vim lub thoob luv dhau, txwv los ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub nkoj, rab phom no muaj rab phom luv luv. Tom qab tua tau zoo, tus neeg tsim khoom tau rhuav tshem nws xyoo 1899.
Yav tom ntej, tsis yog Holland lossis lwm tus kws tsim qauv tau teeb tsa phom (cuab yeej) rau kev tua cov pov pob thiab cov foob pob tawg rau ntawm lawv lub nkoj. Yog li cov phom Zelinsky tsis tuaj yeem pom, tab sis sai sai ntawm theem [12].
Sib cais ntawm nitroglycerin
Los ntawm cov tshuaj pom, glycerin yog tus sawv cev yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm chav kawm ntawm trihydric cawv. Muaj nws cov diatomic analogue - ethylene glycol. Puas yog nws xav tsis thoob tias tom qab tau paub nrog nitroglycerin, cov kws kho mob tau tig mus saib rau ethylene glycol, vam tias nws yuav yooj yim dua rau siv.
Tab sis ntawm no ib yam nkaus, dab ntxwg nyoog ntawm cov khoom tawg tau qhia nws tus yam ntxwv zoo. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm dinitroethylene glycol (qhov tawg no tsis tau txais nws tus kheej lub npe) ua rau tsis txawv ntau ntawm nitroglycerin:
1. Rhiab heev: lub foob pob tawg thaum 2 kg thauj khoom poob los ntawm qhov siab 20 cm; rhiab rau kev sib txhuam, hluav taws.
2. Lub zog ntawm kev hloov pauv tawg - 6900 J / kg.
3. Kev ceev ntawm lub foob pob: 7200 m / s.
4. Brisance: 16.8 hli.
5. Lub siab tawg: 620-650 cubic meters. cm.
Nws yog thawj zaug tau txais los ntawm Henry hauv xyoo 1870. Nws tau txais los ntawm kev ceev faj nitration ntawm ethylene glycol raws li txheej txheem zoo ib yam li kev npaj nitroglycerin (sib xyaw nitrating: H2SO4 - 50%, HNO3 - 50%; piv - 1 txog 5 nrog kev hwm rau ethylene glycol).
Cov txheej txheem nitration tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm qhov kub qis, uas yog qhov xav tau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig siab dua [7, 8].
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb, feem ntau, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm DNEG ua rau qis dua me ntsis ntawm NG, nws siv tsis tau cog lus tias yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Yog tias peb ntxiv rau qhov kev hloov pauv siab dua li ntawm NG, thiab qis dua ntawm cov khoom siv raw, tom qab ntawd nws tau pom meej tias txoj hauv kev no tseem coj mus rau qhov twg.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem tsis tau hloov pauv kom tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau siv los ua tshuaj ntxiv rau lub zog, thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, vim tsis muaj glycerin, nws tau siv los hloov pauv nitroglycerin hauv cov hmoov uas tsis haus luam yeeb. Cov hmoov zoo li no muaj lub neej txee luv vim qhov hloov pauv ntawm DNEG, tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm ua tsov rog qhov no tsis muaj teeb meem ntau: tsis muaj leej twg yuav khaws lawv tau ntev.
Christian Schönbein Apron
Nws tsis paub tias yuav siv sijhawm ntau npaum li cas cov tub rog yuav tau siv sijhawm nrhiav txoj hauv kev los txo qis nitroglycerin, yog tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 kev lag luam thev naus laus zis los tsim lwm nitroester tsis tuaj txog. Luv luv, keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov tsos yog raws li hauv qab no [16].
Xyoo 1832, kws tshuaj Fab Kis Fab Kis Henri Braconneau tau tshawb pom tias thaum cov hmoov txhuv nplej thiab cov ntoo tau kho nrog nitric acid, cov khoom tsis ruaj khov, cov nplaim taws thiab cov khoom tawg tau tsim, uas nws hu ua xyloidin. Qhov tseeb, qhov teeb meem tau txwv rau cov lus hais txog qhov kev tshawb pom no. Rau xyoo tom qab, xyoo 1838, lwm tus kws kho mob Fab Kis, Théophile-Jules Pelouse, tau ua cov ntawv thiab ntawv ntoo kom zoo ib yam thiab tsim cov khoom zoo sib xws, uas nws tau hu ua nitramidine. Leej twg yuav xav txog qhov ntawd, tab sis qhov laj thawj rau qhov ua tsis tau ntawm kev siv nitramidine rau lub hom phiaj kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseeb nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg qis.
Xyoo 1845, Swiss kws tshuaj Christian Friedrich Schönbein (uas tau dhau los ua lub npe nrov rau lub sijhawm nrhiav pom ozone) tau ua qhov kev sim hauv nws chav kuaj. Nws tus poj niam txwv tsis pub nws nqa nws lub hwj mus rau chav ua noj, yog li nws maj nrawm mus ua qhov kev sim thaum nws tsis tuaj - thiab ua rau qee qhov sib xyaw sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub rooj. Hauv kev rau siab kom tsis txhob muaj kev txaj muag, nws, hauv kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Swiss qhov tseeb, tau tshem nws nrog nws cov ntaub qhwv ua haujlwm, vim tias tsis muaj ntau yam sib xyaw. Tom qab ntawd, kuj nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Swiss frugality, nws tau ntxuav lub apron nrog dej thiab dai nws saum lub qhov cub kom qhuav. Ntev npaum li cas lossis luv nws dai rau ntawd, keeb kwm tsis muaj dab tsi, tab sis hais tias tom qab ziab khaub ncaws kom qhuav sai sai, nws paub tseeb. Ntxiv mus, nws tsis ploj ntsiag to, ua lus Askiv, tab sis nrov nrov, ib tus tuaj yeem hais tias ntxim nyiam: hauv qhov nyem thiab nrov nrov nrov ntawm kev tawg. Tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi ua rau Schönbein mloog: qhov tawg tshwm sim yam tsis muaj pa taws me me!
Thiab txawm hais tias Schönbein tsis yog thawj zaug pom nitrocellulose, nws yog nws tus uas tau txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb pom. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov hmoov dub tau siv rau hauv cov phom loj, cov hmoov av los ntawm cov phom phom uas tau muab sib xyaw uantej lawv yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav, thiab tomqab thawj lub suab nrov zoo li daim ntaub thaiv ntawm cov pa luam yeeb tau tshwm sim tias lawv yuav tsum sib tua yuav luag tsis pom kev. Tsis tas yuav hais, puffs ntawm cov pa luam yeeb dub qhia meej qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov roj teeb. Tib qho uas ua rau lub neej ci ntsa iab yog qhov ua tiav tias cov yeeb ncuab nyob hauv tib txoj haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog tau mob siab rau qhov tawg, uas ua rau muaj pa taws ntau dua, thiab ntxiv rau, nws tseem muaj zog dua li cov hmoov dub.
Nitrocellulose, tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov hmoov dub, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov hmoov tsis haus luam yeeb. Thiab, hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, lawv tau txiav txim siab siv nws ob qho tib si raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ua kom tawg. Xyoo 1885, tom qab kev sim ua haujlwm ntau, Fabkis tus kws tsim txuj ci Paul Viel tau txais thiab sim ob peb kilograms ntawm pyroxylin flaky hmoov, hu ua rab phom "B" - thawj cov hmoov tsis haus luam yeeb. Kev sim tau ua pov thawj qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus tshiab propellant.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yooj yim los tsim cov khoom loj ntawm nitrocellulose rau kev ua tub rog. Nitrocellulose tau dhau los ua siab ntev tos rau kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab cov chaw tsim khoom, raws li txoj cai, ya mus rau saum huab cua nrog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsis tu ncua, zoo li yog sib tw nrog nitroglycerin ntau lawm. Kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim khoom lag luam ntawm pyroxylin yuav tsum kov yeej cov teeb meem zoo li tsis muaj lwm yam tawg. Nws siv tag nrho peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib puas xyoo los ua cov haujlwm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws kom txog thaum qhov tawg ntawm cov fibrous qub dhau los tsim rau siv thiab txog thaum muaj ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov hauv kev tau pom tias qee yam tau lees tias tiv thaiv kev tawg thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev ntawm cov khoom. Cov lus "nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev" tsis yog cov cuab yeej sau ntawv, tab sis xav txog qhov nyuaj uas cov kws tshuaj thiab cov kws tshaj lij tau ntsib hauv kev txhais cov txheej txheem ruaj ntseg. Tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab ruaj khov rau ntawm txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb, thiab nrog kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm kev siv cov khoom tawg no, qhov tsis tu ncua tau nthuav tawm ntau thiab ntau yam tsis paub meej hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ether. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1891 uas James Dewar thiab Frederick Abel tswj kom nrhiav tau lub tshuab siv nyab xeeb.
Kev tsim cov pyroxylin xav tau cov cuab yeej pabcuam loj thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntev, uas txhua txoj haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo sib xws thiab ua tib zoo.
Thawj cov khoom lag luam rau kev tsim cov pyroxylin yog cellulose, tus sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws uas yog paj rwb. Ntuj ntshiab cellulose yog polymer uas muaj cov piam thaj seem, uas yog ib tus txheeb ze ze ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab: (C6H10O5) n. Ib qho ntxiv, pov tseg los ntawm cov ntawv mills tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv tau zoo heev.
Fiber nitration tau kawm tiav ntawm kev lag luam rov qab rau hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab tau ua tiav hauv cov lauj kaub tais diav nrog kev sib txuas ntxiv hauv centrifuges. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, txoj kev txheej thaum ub tau muab los ntawm Asmeskas thev naus laus zis, txawm hais tias thaum lub sijhawm WWI nws tau rov ua dua tshiab vim nws tus nqi qis thiab yooj yim dua (qhov tseeb dua, ua ntej).
Cov paj rwb ua kom huv tau ntim rau hauv nitrator, sib xyaw nitrating (HNO3 - 24%, H2SO4 - 69%, dej - 7%) tau ntxiv raws li 15 kg ntawm fiber 900 kg ntawm qhov sib xyaw, uas muab cov qoob loo ntawm 25 kg ntawm pyroxylin.
Cov nitrators tau txuas nrog hauv cov roj teeb, suav nrog plaub lub reactors thiab ib lub centrifuge. Cov nitrators tau ntim nrog lub sijhawm luv luv (kwv yees li 40 feeb) sib npaug rau lub sijhawm rho tawm, uas ua kom muaj kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Pyroxylin yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom lag luam nrog qib sib txawv ntawm cellulose nitration. Pyroxylin, tau txais los ntawm kev siv phosphoric acid hloov pauv ntawm sulfuric acid, muaj kev ruaj khov, tab sis cov thev naus laus zis no tsis siv paus vim nws cov nqi ntau dua thiab tsim khoom qis.
Cov pyroxylin nias muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm nws tus kheej tiv thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom ntub. Cov dej siv los ntxuav thiab ua kom ruaj khov pyroxylin yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov tshuaj alkaline, vim tias cov khoom lag luam ntawm alkaline kev puas tsuaj yog cov txheej txheem pib ua haujlwm. Kev ziab zaum kawg rau cov dej noo xav tau yog ua tiav los ntawm kev yaug nrog cawv.
Tab sis wetted nitrocellulose kuj tseem tsis pub dawb los ntawm teeb meem: nws muaj qhov ua rau kis tau los ntawm cov kab mob me me uas ua rau pwm. Tiv thaiv nws los ntawm waxing saum npoo. Cov khoom tiav muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
1. Qhov rhiab heev ntawm pyroxylin yog siab heev ntawm cov av noo. Qhuav (3 - 5% noo noo) yooj yim taws los ntawm qhov qhib nplaim taws lossis kov ntawm cov hlau kub, drilling, sib txhuam. Nws tawg thaum 2 kg thauj khoom poob los ntawm qhov siab ntawm 10 cm. Thaum cov av noo nce, qhov rhiab heev txo qis thiab ntawm 50% dej, lub peev xwm ua rau tawg tuaj.
2. Lub zog ntawm kev hloov pauv tawg - 4200 MJ / kg.
3. Kev ceev ntawm lub foob pob: 6300 m / s.
4. Brisance: 18 hli.
5. Lub siab tawg: 240 cubic meters. cm.
Thiab tseem, txawm tias qhov ua tsis tau zoo, cov tshuaj pyroxylin ruaj khov haum rau cov tub rog ntau dua li nitroglycerin thiab dynamite, nws qhov kev nkag siab tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev hloov nws cov dej noo. Yog li ntawd, nias pyroxylin pib pom dav siv rau kev npaj lub taub hau ntawm cov mines thiab lub plhaub, tab sis dhau sijhawm, cov khoom lag luam uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv no tau muab txoj hauv kev rau nitrated derivatives ntawm cov ntxhuav hydrocarbons. Nitrocellulose tseem yog cov tshuaj tua tau, tab sis raws li lub foob pob tawg nws tau ploj mus ib txhis rau yav dhau los [9].
Cov dej tsis haum jelly thiab nitroglycerin gunpowder
"Hmoov dub … sawv cev rau txhua qhov kev txhim kho ntxiv - los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog qhov tshwm sim tsis pom uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm nws hlawv. Cov phom uas tsis haus luam yeeb yog qhov txuas tshiab ntawm lub zog ntawm lub tebchaws thiab lawv txoj kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb. Vim li no, yog ib tus tub rog ntawm kev tshawb fawb Lavxias, hauv kuv lub zog tsis muaj zog thiab ntau xyoo kuv tsis xav txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm rab phom tsis haus luam yeeb …"
Tus nyeem ntawv, txawm tias me ntsis paub txog keeb kwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, tej zaum twb tau kwv yees tias cov lus no yog dab tsi - tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias kws tshuaj D. I. Mendeleev.
Mendeleev mob siab rau ntau lub dag zog thiab mob siab rau porrocheliy raws li kev paub txog tshuaj lom neeg nyob rau xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej - xyoo 1890-1897. Tab sis, raws li ib txwm muaj, theem nquag ntawm kev txhim kho tau ua ntej los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev xav, kev sib sau thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev paub.
Nws txhua yam pib nrog qhov tseeb tias xyoo 1875 qhov tsis txaus ntseeg Alfred Nobel tau ua lwm qhov kev tshawb pom: ib lub yas thiab cov khoom siv tau yooj yim tov ntawm nitrocellulose hauv nitroglycerin. Nws tau ua tiav ua tiav daim ntawv khov, siab ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis qis. Cov jelly, hlawv tag nrho rau carbon dioxide, nitrogen thiab dej, suav nrog 8% dinitrocellulose thiab 92% nitroglycerin.
Tsis zoo li techie Nobel, D. I. Mendeleev tau pib los ntawm kev tshawb fawb kom paub meej. Hauv lub hauv paus ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb, nws tau hais meej meej thiab siv tshuaj ua lub hauv paus nruj me ntsis: cov khoom xav tau thaum lub sij hawm hlawv yuav tsum tso cov khoom siv roj ntau tshaj ib chav ntawm qhov hnyav. Los ntawm cov tshuaj pom, qhov no txhais tau tias yuav tsum muaj cov pa txaus hauv cov khoom no kom hloov pauv cov pa mus rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide, hydrogen rau hauv dej, thiab lub peev xwm oxidizing los muab lub zog rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem no. Kev suav kom ntxaws coj mus rau cov qauv ntawm cov hauv qab no: C30H38 (NO2) 12O25. Thaum hlawv, koj yuav tsum tau txais cov hauv qab no:
C30H38 (NO2) 12O25 = 30 CO + 19 H2O + 6 N2
Nws tsis yog txoj haujlwm yooj yim kom ua tiav cov phiaj xwm sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xws, txawm tias tam sim no, yog li ntawd, hauv kev coj ua, sib xyaw ntawm 7-10% nitrocellulose thiab 90-93% nitroglycerin tau siv. Feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus nitrogen yog txog 13, 7%, uas me ntsis dhau tus lej no rau pyrocollodia (12, 4%). Kev ua haujlwm tsis nyuaj tshwj xeeb, tsis xav tau kev siv cov cuab yeej nyuaj (nws tau ua tiav hauv theem ua kua) thiab ua tiav raws li qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj.
Xyoo 1888, Nobel tau txais daim ntawv patent rau rab phom ua los ntawm nitroglycerin thiab colloxylin (cov tshuaj uas tsis muaj nitrated), muaj npe zoo li pyroxylin tsis muaj phom phom. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke no tsis hloov pauv txog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau lub npe txuj ci, nto moo tshaj plaws uas yog cordite thiab ballistite. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog nyob hauv qhov sib piv ntawm nitroglycerin thiab pyroxylin (hauv cordite nws siab dua) [13].
Cov khoom tawg no cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg li cas? Cia saib lub rooj:
Rooj 1.
BB …… rhiab heev…. Energy… Ceev …… Brisance… High-explosiveness
……… (kg / cm /% ntawm kev tawg)….explosion….detonation
GN ……….2 / 4 /100 ………… 5300 ……..6500 ………..15 - 18 ………. 360 - 400
DNEG …… 2/10/100 ………..6900 ……… 7200 ……….16, 8 …………… 620 - 650
NK ……… 2/25/10 ………… 4200 ……… 6300 ………..18 ……………. 240
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov tawg yog qhov zoo sib xws, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev lub cev tau hais qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov.
Raws li peb tau pom lawm, tsis yog nitroglycerin lossis pyroxylin txaus siab rau cov tub rog nrog lawv tus yam ntxwv. Qhov laj thawj rau kev ruaj ntseg qis ntawm cov tshuaj no, nws zoo li kuv, nyob ntawm qhov chaw. Ob qhov sib xyaw (lossis peb - suav thiab dinitroethylene glycol) yog cov sawv cev ntawm chav kawm ether. Thiab pawg ester tsis yog txhais tau tias yog ib tus thawj coj hauv kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov tseeb, nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv. Cov pab pawg nitro, uas muaj nitrogen nyob rau hauv lub xeev txawv oxidation ntawm +5 rau nws, kuj tseem tsis yog tus qauv ntawm kev ruaj ntseg. Kev sib piv ntawm tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing muaj zog nrog qhov txo tus neeg sawv cev zoo li cov pab pawg hydroxyl ntawm cov cawv tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo, qhov tsis txaus siab tshaj plaws uas yog capriciousness hauv daim ntawv thov.
Vim li cas cov kws tshuaj thiab tub rog siv sijhawm ntau sim nrog lawv? Raws li nws zoo li, ntau thiab ntau tau yeej. Cov tub rog - lub zog siab thiab muaj cov khoom siv raw, uas ua rau kom muaj kev sib ntaus zoo ntawm cov tub rog thiab ua rau nws tsis nkag siab txog kev xa khoom thaum lub sijhawm ua rog. Cov kws tshaj lij - cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke me me (tsis tas yuav siv qhov kub thiab txias siab) thiab thev naus laus zis yooj yim (txawm hais tias muaj cov txheej txheem ntau txheej, txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim hauv ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv ntim thiab tsis tas yuav cais cov khoom nruab nrab).
Cov tswv yim tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom kuj tseem siab heev (Table 2), uas tsis ua rau muaj qhov xav tau ceev los tshawb nrhiav qhov ntau ntawm pheej yig nitric acid (qhov teeb meem nrog sulfuric acid tau daws sai dhau lawm).
Rooj 2.
BB …… Kev siv tshuaj reagents rau 1 kg….. Tus lej ntawm theem…. Tus lej ntawm cov khoom tso tawm
……… Nitric acid.. Sulfuric acid
GN …….10 ……………..23 ……………..3 …………………… 1
DNEG….16, 5 …………..16, 5 …………… 2 …………………… 1
NK ……..8, 5 …………… 25 ……………..3 …………………… 1
Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv ntau thaum qhov tshwm sim tshiab ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog ntawm cov khoom tawg tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw: trinitrophenol thiab trinitrotoluene.
(Yuav tsum txuas ntxiv)
