Muab, Tswv, zoo, Khaws peb, Magyar, ib txwm
Thiab hauv kev sib ntaus nrog tus yeeb ncuab
Ncab koj txhais tes rau cov neeg Hungarians;
So, txoj hmoo, peb kev tsim txom, Muab kev zoo siab uas txhua tus tau tos
Rau cov neeg tuaj
Thiab yav dhau los raug kev txom nyem!
(National Anthem ntawm Hungary, pom zoo xyoo 1989)
Lub sijhawm kawg, tau paub txog keeb kwm ntawm Hungary, peb tau nres ntawm cov xwm txheej ntshav ntawm Mongol-Tatar ntxeem tau. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tau hnyav, tab sis ua raws li nws tuaj yeem ua tau, lub tebchaws tau rov zoo los ntawm lawv thiab pib txhim kho ntxiv. Nws yuav tsis yooj yim los qhia ntxaws txog txhua ntu ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau cov neeg Hungarians hauv lawv keeb kwm. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog lawv zaj dab neeg, tsis yog peb li. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tham txog qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, nrog rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev coj noj coj ua Hungarian.
Polish winged hussars uas nres ua ntej ntawm Turks hauv Europe. Nws yog nyob hauv Hungary uas hussars tau tshwm sim thawj zaug, thiab Poles tau qiv lawv los ntawm Hungarians. Ib qho tseem los ntawm zaj duab xis "Nrog Hluav Taws thiab Ntaj".
Luv luv, tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm Hungary tom qab 1241 tuaj yeem sawv cev zoo li qhov no.
1342-1382 - kev kav Louis I Great (tej zaum yog tus kav tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Hungary los ntawm Anjou dynasty). Thaum nws kav, Hungary koom ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Western Slavs thiab dhau los ua lub zog Slavic zoo: los ntawm Balkan Peninsula mus rau Hiav Txwv Baltic, los ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub mus rau Adriatic.
1521 tau cim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev sib tw tom ntej ntawm kev nthuav dav Turkish mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Lub Plaub Hlis 23, 1526 Suleiman qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws tau tawm ntawm kev sib tw nrog ib puas txhiab tus tub rog thiab 300 phom. Ntawm thaj av swampy ntawm Mogac (Mohac), nws tau sib ntaus sib tua rau huab tais Hungarian Louis II, uas nws tau poob. Cov Hungarians tau swb tag nrho, poob 25 txhiab tus neeg thiab khiav tawm (Lub Yim Hli 29, 1526). Buda qhib lub nroog rooj vag rau nws; lub tebchaws tau raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws thiab ntaj, thiab ntau txhiab leej neeg raug coj mus ua qhev. Tom qab ntawd, Hungary tau faib ua ntau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab nyob hauv lub xeev nyuaj siab no yuav luag 150 xyoo.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Mohacs xyoo 1526 ntawm Ottomans thiab Hungarians, kws kos duab Bertalan Shekeli, 1866 Hungarian National Gallery.
Cov tub rog Ottoman hauv Hungary, nruab nrab ntawm 1550 - 1600 Daim duab los ntawm Hungarian 1995 tsab.
1687 Txoj cai ntawm Habsburgs tau lees paub rau Hungarian crown.
1703 - 1711 ib - kev tawm tsam coj los ntawm Transylvanian tus tub huabtais Ferenc II Rákóczi tawm tsam Austrian txoj cai, uas tau hu ua "kev tawm tsam ntawm Kuruts".
Ferenc Rakoczi. Adas Manok, 1724 Hungarian National Gallery.
Chij ntawm Rákóczi 1703 Qhia Txog Keeb Kwm ntawm Hungary 1998
Tseem yog los ntawm Hungarian TV series Captain Tenkesh (1963 - 1964), yog ib qho ntawm cov menyuam yaus nyiam ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv nws lub sijhawm hauv USSR. Naive, tau kawg, nws yog heev. Cov neeg ntxeev siab Kuruz yog txhua tus phab ej. Cov neeg Austrians tsuas yog pab pawg ntawm cov neeg ruam, thiab lawv cov tub ceev xwm tsuas yog cov neeg ruam tag, nws tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas Tus Thawj Tub Rog Tenkesh thuam nws txhua lub sijhawm thiab tsuas yog thaum kawg xaus lawv qhov kev sib cav los ntawm kev tua cov phom ntawm rab phom hauv nws txhais tes, tab sis cov menyuam nyiam.
Los ntawm txoj kev, Shiklos fortress, qhov chaw tua tau tshwm sim, yog keeb kwm keeb kwm tiag.
1848 - 1849 Hungarian National Revolution. Kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los ntawm pab tub rog Austrian thiab Lavxias.
Xyoo 1867 Kev Txum Tim Rov Qab Los ntawm Hungarian Txoj Cai Lij Choj, muab lub teb chaws muaj kev ywj pheej tag nrho.
Kaum Ib Hlis 11, 1918Lub Tebchaws Austro-Hungarian tau raug tshem tawm, thiab tsib hnub tom qab tau tshaj tawm tsoomfwv hauv Hungary.
1919 Kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws tau tawg thiab lub zog Soviet tau tsim.
Xyoo 1920 - 1944 Lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua tub rog tswjfwm kev tswjfwm, kev tswjfwm kev ua phem ntawm Horthy thiab Salash. Tom qab ntawd, tau tsim tsoomfwv ib lub tebchaws
Xyoo 1949-1989 Lub neej nyob ntawm Hungarian Cov Neeg Sawv Cev.
Xyoo 1956 Kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Warsaw Pact lub tebchaws, uas coj lawv cov tub rog mus rau nws thaj chaw.
1989 Lub tebchaws hla kev hloov pauv kev ywj pheej cuam tshuam nrog rau kev rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem socialist. Lub Tebchaws Hungarian Cov Neeg Sawv Cev tau hloov npe los ua Lub Tebchaws Hungarian, thiab cov neeg tawm tsam tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub zog.
1990 Lub tebchaws tau xaiv thawj qhov kev xaiv tsa dawb, muaj ntau tog neeg nyob rau 40 xyoo dhau los.
Hnub no Hungary yog tus tswv cuab ntawm UN, IMF, World Bank, Council of Europe.
Cov no yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Hungary, txawm hais tias, yam tsis muaj kev poob siab, lawv cov txheej tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau yooj yim lossis hloov pauv. Ntxiv mus, qhov keeb kwm no tseem ceeb vim muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej no hauv ntiaj teb, lossis tsawg kawg keeb kwm European.
Kuj tseem muaj ib lub monument hauv Budapest rau Eugene ntawm Savoy, uas tau koom nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm Hungary los ntawm cov tub rog Turkish hauv 1684-1688. Zoo nkauj …
Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm tus plinth …
Piv txwv li, nws yog rau Hungary tias peb tshuav qhov zoo li cov tub rog zoo li hussars, yam uas tsis muaj ib pab tub rog nyob sab Europe tuaj yeem ua tau, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau tawm tsam txawm tias nyob hauv Asmeskas. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv Hungary thaum lub sijhawm huab tais King Matthias Corvinus, uas nyob rau xyoo 1458 tau xaj kom nrhiav cov tub rog los tiv thaiv cov neeg Turks, uas cov nom tswv yuav tsum tau xa mus, raws li ib qho version, ib tus tub rog caij nees rau txhua 20 leej. sib ntaus sib tua -npaj qhev, thiab raws li lwm qhov - ib tus neeg caij tsheb los ntawm txhua 20 tsev neeg. Keeb kwm, qhov tseeb, ntawm lo lus "hussar" tau sib cav txog niaj hnub no. Lawv hais tias nws yog los ntawm lo lus "hus" - "nees nkaum", lwm tus sib cav tias qhov no tsis yog li ntawd, tab sis ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, tab sis rau peb nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas hussars yog Hungarian invention. Muaj tseeb, thaum xub thawj lawv tsis zoo li cov neeg caij nees uas muaj xim zoo nkauj, paub los ntawm peb cov yeeb yaj kiab "The Hussar Ballad". Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lawv muaj daim thaiv ntawm tus yam ntxwv Hungarian zoo, nrog lub kaum ntse ntse tsa los ntawm sab laug mus rau saum, thiab qhov thib ob, lawv muaj hneev. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ib txwm muaj yog saw xa ntawv, lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lub taub hau. Cov tub rog nplua nuj tau hnav los ntawm bakhters, tab sis feem ntau nws yog cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg pluag, ua tub rog thiab teeb tsa raws li txoj cai tseem tshuav. Cov riam phom txias ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb no tau ua rau sab nraub qaum ntawm tus qauv Hungarian, ntxiv rau lub konchar - rab ntaj ntev nrog rab riam ntse, uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo dua li rab hmuv, thiab siv rab riam ncaj ncaj.
Lub kaus mom hlau thiab cov yam ntxwv tiv thaiv ntawm Hungarian hussar. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Riam riam phom ntawm thaum ntxov Hungarian thiab Polish hussars. Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Polish Army hauv Warsaw.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov riam phom no tau dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv, suav nrog yam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog, tsis yog hauv Hungary, tab sis ntawm cov neeg hussars Polish. Thiab hauv tebchaws Poland lawv tau tshwm sim vim tias nws yog hussar cavalry uas tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab txhua yam uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo raug qiv!
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj hussars sib haum ua ke nyob rau lub sijhawm nrog lub caij ntuj nag ntawm cov tub rog caij nees. 1458 yog "era ntawm knights nyob rau hauv Gothic armor", thiab tom qab ntawd tseem tsis muaj rab yaj phom, tsis muaj carbines, tsis muaj blunderbuss, uas tom qab hussars tau ua tub rog nrog. Muaj tseeb, arquebuses tau tshwm sim lawm, tab sis lawv tau hnyav heev thiab tsis yooj yim rau siv hauv cavalry. Tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm cov phom sij, hom riam phom no tau pib kis ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj hussars (thiab cov neeg pluag tsuas tsis tuaj yeem them taus qhov no).
Tom qab kev swb ua rau cov neeg Hungarians ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Mohacs, sab qab teb ntawm Hungary tau poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Ottoman Qaib Cov Txwv, thiab sab qaum teb tuaj raws txoj cai ntawm Roman Roman Empire. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ob lub tebchaws no tau txais kev tshem tawm ntawm Hungarian hussars ntawm lawv qhov pov tseg, uas tawm tsam ob sab ntawm Austrians thiab sab Turks. Thiab … ua haujlwm rau ob qho thiab lwm tus sib npaug tau qhia lawv tus kheej los ntawm sab zoo tshaj.
Thiab qhov no twb yog neeg Hungarian tiag hussar - cov duab puab tsis deb ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Tsev Nyob.
Rau feem ntau ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tus hussars ntawm Hungary thiab Poland zoo ib yam li ob lub tee dej, txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, lawv txoj kev sib txawv. Hauv tebchaws Poland, lawv tau pib tso rau hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, hloov pauv mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog, thiab txawm tias tau txais hmuv txog tsib metres ntev. Tab sis hauv Hungary, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv poob tag nrho lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, hauv tebchaws Poland, los ntawm 1700, hussars dhau los ua txiv neej ntawm caj npab, thaum Hungarian hussars poob tag nrho cov cuab yeej ua rog, tab sis hloov pauv pib hnav khaub ncaws Hungarian ib txwm hnav zoo nkauj nrog cov hlua.
Magyar hussars ntawm 1762 ntawm Holy Roman Empire (Lub tebchaws tau koom ua ke Austria, Hungary, sab qab teb Yelemes, Czech koom pheej thiab sab hnub poob Ukraine hauv cov xyoo ntawd). Richard Knotel "Uniform" 1890
Txawm li cas los xij, hussars cov khaub ncaws hnav paub rau peb niaj hnub no tau txais tsuas yog hauv 1751 hauv Roman Roman Empire (uas suav nrog Hungary lub sijhawm ntawd). Tom qab ntawd tus hussars tau txais daim ntawv sib koom ua ke thiab tus yam ntxwv zoo ib yam, suav nrog kev xav, tus neeg vwm thiab lub taub hau zoo li lub kaus mom plaub nrog ib daim ntaub dai ntawm lub hau taub hau. Nws yog cov khaub ncaws zoo no uas tau coj los ua qauv los ntawm txhua lub tebchaws European thiab tau tsim nyob hauv lawv ua cov khaub ncaws hussar classic. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov hussars tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Roman Empire hauv 1686; hauv Fab Kis xyoo 1692; hauv Prussia xyoo 1721; thiab hauv tebchaws Askiv xyoo 1806. Hauv tebchaws Russia, hussars tau hais txog "kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem txawv teb chaws" twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1634. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau hais hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 1654 thiab 1660. Qhov txaus siab, Lavxias hussars, nyob hauv 1654 los ntawm Colonel Christopher Rylsky, muaj tis, uas yog, pom tseeb, lawv tau theej los ntawm Polish tis hussars. Qhov no tseem muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas hussar phaj riam phom tau hais.
Hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Peter the Great, hussars hauv Russia tshwm sim tsuas yog xyoo 1723. Lawv yog neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Austria, uas tsar tau tso cai los nyob hauv tebchaws Ukraine. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus naj npawb ntawm hussar regiments tau nce ntxiv tsis tu ncua thiab los ntawm 1762 tau mus txog 12. Tus lej tib yam yog thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev tawm tsam Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812. Zoo, xyoo 1914, muaj 20 tus tub rog hussar hauv pab tub rog Lavxias - ob ntawm cov no yog tus tiv thaiv.
Hungarian hussars thiab lancers ntawm 1848.
Yog li nws yog Hungarians uas tau muab rau Europe ib yam li cov tub rog caij nees, uas tau qhuas nws tus kheej, thiaj li hais lus, mus ib txhis. Cov hussars yog Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Griboyedov, Denis Davydov thiab Nadezhda Durova - thiab cov no tsuas yog peb cov neeg ua yeeb yam piv txwv, thiab muaj coob leej neeg qhuas lawv cov khaub ncaws hussar nyob txawv teb chaws.
