"Tsis muaj lub nra hnyav rau ib tus neeg tshaj li lub siab thiab lub siab, thiab tsis muaj lub nra hnyav dua li haus cawv ntau dhau."
Txwj Laug Edda. Hais lus ntawm Siab
Nws hloov tawm tias kev txaus siab hauv Vikings, lawv cov phiaj xwm thiab kab lis kev cai tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no, uas yog xyoo 1803, thaum phau ntawv los ntawm F. Ntxiv mus, qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm tiag tiag, uas sib txawv hauv txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab-kev hlub ntawm yav dhau los "cov neeg zoo ntawm hmoov zoo," uas tau nyiam nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 17th thiab 18th caug xyoo, txawm hais tias ntawm lawv muaj txawj sau ntawv zoo li W. Dampier thiab M. Benevsky. Thiab yog li nws, qhov tseeb, thawj zaug tau hais lus tsis yog hais txog cov neeg ua haujlwm lim dej ntawm cov hiav txwv sab qab teb, tabsis tseem hais txog lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob nruab nrab thaum ub los ntawm Scandinavia.
Cov Vikings yog phau ntawv xyoo 2008 los ntawm Osprey. Ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog txhua tus paub ntsej muag: Magnus Magnusson, Mark Harrison, Keith Darkham, Ian Heath thiab Rene Chartrand.
Lwm 30 xyoo dhau los, thiab xyoo 1834 hauv Stockholm thawj phau ntawv tau luam tawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev nthuav dav tub rog ntawm Vikings los ntawm A. Stringholm "Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Neeg Swedish los ntawm Cov Neeg Qub Los txog rau tam sim no." Thiab, nws yog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis tau piav qhia txog Viking cov phiaj xwm hauv nws.
Tab sis hom kev nthuav dav lossis zam txog Vikings tau pib thiab nthuav tawm hauv Tebchaws Europe xyoo 1850-1920 tom qab kev faus neeg nrog lawv cov nkoj tau pom hauv Gokstad thiab Oseberg. Xyoo 1930, T. Kendrick's monograph "Keeb Kwm ntawm Vikings", luam tawm hauv Oxford, tau tshwm sim, thiab txij li ntawd los cov kwj ntawm cov ntawv "hais txog Vikings" tsis tau qhuav. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov tseeb tias hauv qhov no peb tsuas yog tham txog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog science thiab nrov, vim nws tsis yooj yim suav cov txuj ci tsim ntawm cov ncauj lus no.
Hmoov tsis zoo, sib piv rau Sab Hnub Poob, qhov twg cov tub rog caij nkoj Scandinavian tau txaus siab, zoo, cia peb hais, ib yam nkaus li cov neeg tsim ntawm Stonehenge thiab Indian sepoys (zoo, lawv yog, thiab ua Vajtswv tsaug!) Hauv tebchaws Russia nws yog txaus siab rau lub ncauj lus no. Thiab nws tau muab tawm tias qhov teeb meem ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm Normans hauv kev tsim lub xeev ntawm cov neeg Slavs Sab Hnub Tuaj ("Cov av Lavxias tau los qhov twg los?") Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 18th-19th tau dhau los ua qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Cov kws tshawb fawb German G. F. Miller thiab A. L. Schletser, uas ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia, nrog rau keeb kwm Lavxias, xws li N. M. Karamzin thiab M. P. Pogodin hais txog kev lees paub ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm, keeb kwm yav dhau los, raws li tus tsim ntawm Kiev lub xeev tau hais meej txog Scandinavian Vikings. M. V. Lomonosov, thiab tom qab nws S. M. Soloviev thiab D. I. Ilovaisky tsis lees paub qhov no. Zoo, hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, cov ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg txawm tias tau tsim "Normanist" thiab "Anti-Normanist", thiab ua Normanist hauv USSR yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, qhov no tsuas yog hem koj nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm koj txoj haujlwm kev tshawb fawb, tab sis qhov phem tshaj, koj tuaj yeem thundering rau hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov rau kev kho. Nov yog ob qhov kev txiav tawm los ntawm kev tshaj tawm pej xeem los ntawm V. V. Mavrodin, uas nws tau nyeem xyoo 1949, thiab qhia meej meej txog qib ntawm Soviet keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Stalinist lub sijhawm:
"Ib txwm," cov kws tshawb fawb "cov tub qhe ntawm lub ntiaj teb peev tau siv zog ntawm txhua tus nqi kom tsis lees paub, hais txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, kom tsis txhob poob siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm txhua theem ntawm nws txoj kev txhim kho. Lawv kuj "tsis lees paub" Cov neeg Lavxias ua lub hauv paus los tsim lawv lub xeev. […]
Cov piv txwv no txaus txaus los xaus qhov uas ib txhiab xyoo hais dab neeg txog "kev hu xov tooj ntawm Varangians" ntawm Rurik, Sineus thiab Truvor "los ntawm txawv teb chaws"-tus kws tshawb fawb, thoob ntiaj teb dej nyab, Nau-ees thiab nws cov tub, yog tau rov ua dua los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm txawv teb chaws bourgeois txhawm rau txhawm rau ua lub cuab yeej hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov kev tawm tsam nrog peb lub ntiaj teb, peb lub tswv yim. […]
Soviet keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, ua raws cov lus qhia ntawm Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, raws li cov lus ntawm cov phooj ywg Stalin, Kirov thiab Zhdanov ntawm "Cov Lus Qhia ntawm phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm USSR" lub sijhawm no, thiab siv txoj kev xav no rau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias lub xeev. Yog li, txawm tias nyob rau hauv theoretical tsim ntawm cov founders ntawm Marxism-Leninism, muaj thiab tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw rau Normans, raws li tus tsim ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov "qus" East Slavic pab pawg.
Qhov twg nws tau txais tag nrho cov no los ntawm thiab vim li cas nws xav tau nws tsis meej. Ntawd yog, nws tsuas yog qhia meej yog vim li cas thiab vim li cas, tab sis nws tsis paub qhov twg thiab ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm dab tsi. Lwm qhov yog qhov xav tsis thoob: "Ib yam dab tsi tau hnov dua, nyob hauv cov nkauj ntev ntawm tus tsav tsheb!" Ntau npaum li cas lub sijhawm dhau los, thiab nws cov lus hais lus tseem muaj sia nyob, txawm hais tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua tus phooj ywg uas muaj npe saum toj no twb tau raug xa mus feem ntau yog pov tseg cov ntawv, thiab yog tias lawv tau khaws cia nyob qhov twg, nws yog tej zaum vim yog kev nkag siab yuam kev thiab vim tus kheej kev xav ua ntej Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas Viking cov duab uas yog tus kab mob tua neeg, tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tib neeg ib txwm muaj, nkag mus rau hauv peb cov ntawv tseeb ntawm cov xyoo ntawd (saib, piv txwv li, VD Ivanov. " ntawm Ancient Xyoo "). Zoo, lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub raj, peb tuaj yeem mus qhov twg tsis muaj lawv … nws tus kheej tau sau txog lawv ib zaug.
Pib ntawm kev hloov pauv zoo hauv Soviet keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, cuam tshuam nrog kev lees paub keeb kwm txoj cai kom muaj nws tus kheej qhov kev xam pom yam tsis hais txog kev xav ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Politburo ntawm CPSU Central Committee, tau cim los ntawm qhov pom nyob rau xyoo 1985 ntawm monograph los ntawm GS Lebedev "Hnub Nyoog Vikings nyob Sab Qaum Teb Europe". Zoo, txij li xyoo 90, tseem muaj kev txhais lus txawv teb chaws, feem ntau yog lus Askiv, ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg thiab luam tawm xyoo 1996 keeb kwm tshiab los ntawm M. Semenova "Swan Road", sau nrog kev paub zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb thiab kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, ntxiv rau nws tus kheej sau cov dab neeg keeb kwm thiab sau ntawv "Vikings" (Moscow, 2000), thiab "Saga txog King Rorik thiab nws cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv" Mikhailovich (DM Volodikhina; M., 1995), yog qhov ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm, tab sis yeej txaus siab rau cov nyeem thoob ntiaj teb.
Raws li, muaj ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm Askiv (vim lawv paub paub lus Askiv, lawv nkag siab zoo tshaj plaws rau peb cov nyeem). Cia peb pib nrog cov uas tsis tau txhais, thiab tom qab ntawd txav mus rau cov uas twb tau txhais ua lus Lavxias.
Lub Neej Txhua Hnub ntawm Vikings los ntawm Kirsten Hma (2004): Karsten Worlf Lub Neej Txhua Hnub ntawm Vikings tham hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev teeb tsa kev sib raug zoo ntawm Vikings lub zej zog, lawv cov haujlwm niaj hnub thiab kev txhawj xeeb, hauv ib lo lus, qhia lawv kom meej " sab hauv ".
"Vikings: Cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Odin thiab Thor" los ntawm Gwin Jones "Centerpolygraph" (2005).
"Keeb Kwm Ntawm Vikings" los ntawm Gwyn Jones (2001): "Keeb Kwm ntawm Vikings" los ntawm Gwyn Jones muaj rau peb niaj hnub no hauv kev txhais lus Lavxias ntawm Centerpoligraph Publishing House (2005). Nov yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws heev 445 -nplooj ntawv, hmoov tsis zoo, zoo ib yam rau cov phau ntawv hauv nws tsim: ntawv - Kuv tsis paub tias yam khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, duab "duab" thiab duab qhia chaw tsis yooj yim nyeem, yog li phau ntawv no tsis yog rau txhua tus.. Thiab kev txhais lus nyuaj, nws nyuaj nyeem nws, qhov zoo tshaj plaws - yog tias koj tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus kiv cua - ua nws thaum hmo ntuj, tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsaug zog. Thiab ib qho ntxiv uas tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo tiag tiag: lub hau npog piav qhia txog Viking hnav lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub raj mis nyuj. Zoo, cov neeg tshaj tawm, tshaj tawm los ntawm Tsentrpoligraf, koj tsis paub txawm tias yog yam tseem ceeb?!
Lub Ntiaj Teb Viking los ntawm Stefan Brink (2011): Lub Ntiaj Teb Viking los ntawm Stefan Brink. Nov yog kev tshaj tawm kev kawm rau cov uas twb paub qee yam txog Vikings lawm. Tus sau siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm keeb kwm, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm keeb kwm qub txeeg qub teg, kev ntseeg, lub tswv yim, kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm - hauv ib lo lus, txiav txim siab "ntiaj teb ntawm Vikings" kom nkag siab zoo. Phau ntawv no tseem tsis tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias …
Cov Vikings yog phau ntawv xyoo 2008 los ntawm Osprey. Ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog txhua tus paub ntsej muag: Magnus Magnusson, Mark Harrison, Keith Darkham, Ian Heath thiab Rene Chartrand. Magnusson yog tus sau ntau phau ntawv hais txog Scandinavian knights, Harrison yog tus saib xyuas ntawm Royal Arsenal hauv Tower, Ian Heath yog tus sau ntau phau ntawv, suav nrog cov uas txhais ua lus Lavxias. Darkham tau koom tes ntev nrog Vikings thiab lawv lub nkoj, thiab Rene Chartrand nyob hauv Quebec thiab tau saib xyuas Canadian National Historical Site rau peb caug xyoo, yog los ntawm nws nrhiav. Yog li ntawv tshaj tawm, uas muaj 208 nplooj ntawv, yuav tsum tau dhau los ua qhov nthuav. Thiab los ntawm txoj kev - nws ua haujlwm! Tab sis nws tseem tsis tau txhais ua lus Lavxias.
"Ntev Nkoj ntawm Vikings" los ntawm Keith Darham, "Osprey".
Keith Darham kuj tau sau ib phau ntawv rau Osprey (New Vanguard series # 47) Long Ships of the Vikings, thiab Ian Heath tau sau phau ntawv Vikings (Elite Troops series) txhais ua lus Lavxias los ntawm AST / Astrel.
Ib qho nthuav nthuav yog phau ntawv los ntawm Gareth Williams, tus saib xyuas ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Askiv, txij li xyoo 1996 tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Vikings, hauv tib lub tsev tshaj tawm (series "Sib Ntaus" No. 27) "Vikings tiv thaiv Anglo-Saxon cov tub rog" (England 865-1066). Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nws muaj ntau qhov kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm tus kws kos duab Peter Dennis, tus kws kos duab rau ntau dua ib puas qhov kev tshaj tawm sib txawv.
Phau ntawv "Vikings: Raid from the North"
Phau ntawv "Vikings: Raids from the North" (Txhais los ntawm lus Askiv los ntawm L. Florent'eva, - M.: TERRA, 1996) - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws - tau tshaj tawm zoo heev, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov ntawv yog Askiv nkaus xwb. Nco ntsoov (tag nrho tshooj) hais txog hneev taw ntawm Vikings ntawm Askiv Isles, thiab tom qab ntawd "gallop hla Tebchaws Europe." Thiab tsawg heev tau hais txog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, cov duab uas tau muab. Ntxiv mus, cov duab feem ntau muab yam tsis qhia tias lub tsev khaws puav pheej cov khoom cuav nws tus kheej nyob qhov twg, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem lees txais. Ib qho ntxiv, cov tib neeg uas muaj lub koom haum zoo, uas tseem ntseeg tias kws sau paj huam nyob hauv Russia ntau dua li kws sau paj huam, thiab tus kws sau ntawv tau hais meej ntau dua li tus kws sau ntawv, yuav ua rau cov kab lus no tsis txaus siab: "Thiab ntxiv:" Cov pab pawg Slavic, ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg, yaum Viking tus thawj coj Rurik kom los kav lawv … Tab sis nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los txheeb xyuas qhov no. Zoo, nws tus kws sau ntawv xav li ntawd, thiab nrog cov lus no nws tau sau nws. Nws lub tswv yim thiab daim ntawv ntawm nws qhov kev hais tawm yog raws li hauv qab no. Tab sis tag nrho … phau ntawv zoo heev rau kev txhim kho dav dav.
Kuv tsis tau nyeem phau ntawv no, tab sis nws yog qhov nthuav …
Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hais lus Lavxias ntawm phau ntawv hais txog Vikings yog Georgy Laskavy, tus sau phau ntawv "Vikings. Hiking, Discovery, Culture ", luam tawm hauv Minsk xyoo 2004. Phau ntawv no nthuav. Yuav luag txhua tshooj pib nrog cov lus qhia tsis tseeb, uas ib txwm nthuav. Cov duab - cov duab dub thiab dawb rau ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau xiav, ua ntej, ib txwm "daus", hauv xyoo 2004 phau ntawv tuaj yeem luam tawm hauv kev tsim qauv zoo dua. Tab sis tsis muaj kev yws txog cov ntsiab lus. Txhua yam yog ntxaws heev. Cov lus pom zoo, cov npe (uas kuv tus kheej tsis tau txaus rau), keeb kwm ntawm Viking kev sib tw los ntawm 500 txog 1066, ntxiv rau cov keeb kwm ntawm Scandinavian cov thawj coj thiab cov vaj thiab East Slavic princes txog 1066 - txhua qhov no nkaus xwb ua rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm dhau los ntawm cov ntawv no! Zoo, cia li kaw peb lub qhov muag rau cov duab - peb tsis yog menyuam yaus!
Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm phau ntawv Vikings los ntawm Anne Pearson.
Los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog menyuam yaus … Cov uas muaj lawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog thaum lawv tseem tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qee yam, kuj tseem muaj phau ntawv hais lus Lavxias los ntawm Anne Pearson "Vikings" (tshaj tawm lub tsev "Logos", 1994) Nws muaj plaub qhov kev pom zoo ntawm zaj duab xis pob tshab, thiab menyuam yaus feem ntau nyiam qhov no!
