Cov ntaub ntawv dhau los hauv kab lus no hais txog qhov me me nrog "tua menyuam yaus" tau ua rau muaj lus teb zoo los ntawm cov nyeem "VO" thiab xav ua txuas ntxiv mus. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias kuv tus kheej yeej txaus siab sib piv cov duab me me hauv nruab nrab thiab pom tias cov duab ntawm lawv hloov pauv li cas xyoo tom ntej. Cov ntsiab lus tshiab tau ntxiv, yam ntawm cov duab hloov pauv … Zaj dab neeg tag nrho zoo li ntab ua ntej koj lub qhov muag. Tab sis kuv kuj xav paub, cia peb hais, ntau yam khoom siv ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los, uas "koj tuaj yeem tuav tau". Thiab lawv, ib yam, tuaj yeem qhia peb ntau.
Niaj hnub no peb yuav tig mus rau aquamanilas rau qhov no - cov piv txwv zoo ntawm cov khoom siv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, hmoov tsis zoo, tsis paub me ntsis rau peb cov pej xeem hauv tsev, thiab ntau npaum li hais tias txhua tus neeg kuv nug txog qhov no tsis tuaj yeem teb tau meej. "Ib yam dab tsi ua nrog dej!" - lawv tau hais, tsom mus rau cov lus "aqua", tab sis cov iav scuba kuj pib nrog "aqua", tab sis nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog. Yog li, cov aquamanilas tib yam no yog dab tsi thiab lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev coj noj coj ua hauv nruab nrab medieval, uas nyuam qhuav tau piav qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm koob no?
Aquamanilas (hauv Russia lawv kuj tseem hu ua "Aquarius") yog cov duab sib txawv. Tab sis peb, hauv qhov xwm txheej no, tsuas yog txaus siab rau cov uas piav txog cov neeg caij tsheb caij nees … Qhov no yog ib lub npe nrov tshaj plaws - tooj liab aquamanila ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 13th los ntawm Lower Saxony (Metropolitan Museum, New York)
Tib yam aquamanil nyob rau hauv "tsev khaws puav pheej yees duab", uas tso cai rau koj kom pom tag nrho nws cov ntsiab lus. Nrog rau qee qhov kev ua tiav ib txwm muaj ntawm cov lej, peb pom tus tub rog hauv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no - lub kaus mom hlau saum taub hau nrog lub qhov ua pa, lub tsho loj nrog lub dab tshos, lub siab "lub rooj zaum lub rooj zaum" thiab sib tsoo nrog spurs. Cov saw xa ntawv ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog tau qhia nrog mob hlab ntsha tawg. Hmoov tsis zoo, hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog nrog tus tswv lub tsho npab tau ploj mus. Nyhav 4153 g.
Yog li, aquamanilas yog cov nkoj uas siv los hliv rau hauv tib neeg txhais tes. Los ntawm no los, los ntawm txoj kev, lawv lub npe - "aqua" (dej), "manus" (tes). Nws paub meej tias tsis yog thawj tus neeg uas lawv tau ntsib, dej tau nchuav rau hauv lawv txhais tes, tsis yog txhais tau tias, tab sis cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg siab zoo, thaum lawv zaum ntawm rooj noj mov. Ntawd yog, tib cov tub rog ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tsis tau qias neeg, zoo li qee qhov ntawm no hauv VO xav txog. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau ntxuav lawv txhais tes ua ntej noj mov, txawm hais tias tsis muaj xab npum thiab, tej zaum, tsis ua kom huv si. Txawm li cas los xij, cov dej txawm kov lawv txhais tes. Ib qho ntxiv, cov pov thawj kuj tseem siv aquamanilas, uas tseem tau nchuav rau hauv lawv txhais tes ua ntej Mass.
Thiab qhov no yog li cas aquamanil zoo li hauv qab no. Nws yog qhov tseeb tam sim uas peb muaj nees nyob ntawm peb xub ntiag.
Feem ntau aquamanilas raug pov los ntawm cov tooj liab tooj liab thiab tau tsim tawm ntau hauv Tebchaws Europe txij thaum xyoo 12th txog rau xyoo pua 15th. Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas lawv tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov neeg nyiam nyob hauv XIII xyoo pua thiab tsis muaj qhov ua tsis tau zoo rau txhua lub rooj ntawm tib neeg ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab tus thawj coj.
Yav dhau los aquamanil 1150-1200. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Kos Duab Zoo Nkauj, Paris) Daim duab ntawm tus tub rog tau ua tiag tiag: ntaub thaiv npog, ntaj, saw xa ntawv, spurs, txhuam, cheekpieces - txhua yam sib xws rau nws lub sijhawm. Dej tau nchuav rau hauv lub qhov taub hau.
Nco ntsoov tias Western European keeb kwm keeb kwm tau tshawb fawb txog 322 aquamanilas los ntawm Western Europe (txawm hais tias lawv kuj tau tsim nyob hauv Middle East, uas tseem yog ib ntawm lawv cov chaw tsim khoom), uas tau pov los ntawm cov hlau (tseem muaj cov ceramic aquamanilas) hauv nruab nrab lub sij hawm. Rau 298 aquamanilas, thaj av lossis nroog uas lawv tau tsim tawm tau txheeb xyuas, thiab rau 257 yam tsawg kawg ib daim ntawv ntsuas ntsuas tau ua. Txhua yam tab sis 8 kuj tau sau hnub tim.
Aquamanilas tau siv lub tshuab "ploj lawm" thev naus laus zis, uas cov qauv siv quav ciab yaj, tawm hauv kab noj hniav qhov twg cov hlau raug nchuav. Txhua yam hlau aquamanilas uas twb muaj lawm tau ua los ntawm cov tooj liab tooj liab, feem ntau yog tooj dag lossis tooj liab. Cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws yog ua los ntawm cov nyiaj. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias lawv yog thawj ntawm cov khoom ntim hollow hlau uas tau ua hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Neeb, 1275 -1299 Sab Saxony. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, Bologna) Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab puab no yog kev ua me me ntawm ntau yam "yam me me". Qhov no yog daim duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, thiab lub tsho tiv no nrog cov ntoo khaub lig hla ntawm lub xub pwg, thiab txawm tias cov menyuam nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub qhov muag rau lub qhov muag, uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm tus hmuv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lwm tus plam lawv los ntawm qhov chaw kaus mom hlau.
Aquamanil cov ntawv muaj ntau yam sib txawv, tab sis lawv ib txwm muaj daim ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob. Ib tus tsiaj uas muaj lub cev muaj zog feem ntau yog coj los ua piv txwv, yog li yuav muaj qee qhov los nchuav dej kom txaus. Ntawm lawv, tus tsov ntxhuav ua tus thawj, suav txog 55% ntawm cov qauv sau tseg los ntawm aquamanilas. Qhov nrov tshaj tom ntej yog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm nees - txiv neej caij nees, suav nrog cov tub rog, thiab nees ib leeg - 40%. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog aquamanilas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mermaid (qhov piv txwv tsuas yog khaws cia hauv German National Museum hauv Nuremberg) thiab sirens (qhov piv txwv tsuas yog khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Khoom Siv Hauv Berlin). Aquamanila nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus tsov ntxhuav tau tas li tsim los ntawm 12th txog 14th xyoo pua. Qhov txaus siab, nyob rau xyoo pua 12th, thaum aquamanilas tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov ntawv tau pom. Ntawd yog, qhov no yog qhov pov thawj zoo tshaj plaws uas txhua lub sijhawm tib neeg ua raws kev zam thiab xav "ua zoo li txhua tus neeg."
Aquamanil "Tsov". XIII kawg - pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Sab Saxony. Nyhav 2541g. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm aquamanilas tau hais los ntawm lawv lub hom phiaj. Lawv yuav tsum muaj dej txaus txaus los nchuav rau tib neeg txhais tes thiab tib lub sijhawm kom nws tuaj yeem tuav tau hauv txhais tes nrog rau cov dej nchuav rau hauv. Loj heev aquamanilas feem ntau yuav ua haujlwm tsuas yog kos npe ntawm lawv tus tswv cov peev txheej.
Tsis tshua muaj neeg anthropomorphic aquamanil ua los ntawm kub, kwv yees li. 1170-1180, (Txhab Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)
Thaum pib xyoo pua 12th aquamanil kev tsim khoom tau tshwm sim feem ntau hauv Meuse Valley, qhov uas cov txuj ci zoo li niaj hnub no paub tias yog Mosan tau yug los. Hauv xyoo pua 13th, aquamanilas tau tsim nyob rau sab qaum teb Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thaj tsam Hildesheim, uas tau nto moo rau nws cov hlau ua. Hildesheim tej zaum yog lub chaw tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Los ntawm XIV xyoo pua, cov chaw hauv hav Meuse tau poob lawv cov neeg nyiam, thiab kev lag luam ntawm Qaum Teb Tebchaws Yelemees, Scandinavia thiab txawm tias Askiv tau pib tswj los ntawm tus tswv los ntawm Nuremberg. Thaum kawg, Lig Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tsim hauv Braunschweig, Sab Qaum Teb Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
Knight, 1350 Lower Saxony. Alloy muaj pes tsawg leeg: 73% tooj liab, 15% zinc, 7% txhuas, 3% tin. Nyhav 5016 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). Lub kaus mom hlau muaj lub ntsej muag taw qhia nrog lub crest.
Tam sim no, nto moo tshaj plaws aquamanil zoo li tus tsov ntxhuav, thawj qhov uas tau nthuav tawm ntawm German National Museum hauv Nuremberg. Tsev khaws puav pheej, ib tus yuav hais tias, muaj hmoo. Nws muaj cov pwm yas rau qhov seem ntawm aquamanil los ntawm siv quav ciab, thiab nws muag lawv hauv xyoo 1850. Los ntawm cov ntawv no, ntau dua 20 daim ntawv sib txawv tau ua hauv peb qhov sib txawv thiab nrog qib sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tus lej zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv no tau xaus rau hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej nto moo, suav nrog Metropolitan Museum of Art hauv New York, Tsev khaws puav pheej Askiv hauv London thiab Lazaro Galdini Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Madrid. Lub tuam txhab German "Erhard and Son" los ntawm sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes tseem tso ntau daim ntawv luam tawm ntawm nws hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj teeb thiab … lub teeb. Lub tuam txhab CW Fleischmann hauv Munich kuj tau luam tsib daim aquamanilas sib txawv los ntawm German National Museum hauv Nuremberg thiab Bavarian National Museum hauv Munich. Otto Hahnemann lub tuam txhab hauv Hanover kuj tau luam ntau daim ntawv ntawm Aquamanil. Niaj hnub no ntawm kev muag khoom koj tuaj yeem qee zaum pom tsawg kawg ib ntawm cov ntawv luam niaj hnub no.
Neeb, 1200-1999 (Tebchaws Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Denmark, Copenhagen) Muaj cov khaub ncaws hnyav ntxiv rau ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, ntawm ob txhais ceg muaj cov ntaub qhwv lub hauv caug -ntev leggings nrog lub hauv caug taub hauv ncoo - yam khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub sijhawm ntawd.
Zaj dab neeg hais txog aquamanilas ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj … ib zaj dab neeg hais txog lawv kev dag ntxias. Qhov tseeb yog tias, ntawm txhua lwm yam khoom nruab nrab hauv nruab nrab, lawv yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los tsim. Txhua yam koj xav tau yog siv quav ciab, plaster, cov ntaub ntawv moulding thiab … tooj liab tooj liab ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg tsim nyog. Qhov no yog pes tsawg aquamanilas tau yug los, uas, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis yog nyob nruab nrab, tau khaws cia hauv tsev khaws puav pheej, txawm hais tias lawv "qhov tseeb" tau lees paub. Piv txwv li, ntau qhov kev dag ntxias no tau khaws cia hauv Metropolitan Museum of Art thiab … lawv tau suav tias yog "cov duab qub ntawm xyoo pua puv 19."
Tus tsov ntxhuav zoo li aquamanil ntawm Walters Art Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Baltimore yog raws li qhov qub los ntawm National Gallery of Art hauv Washington. Lwm tus tsov ntxhuav los ntawm kev sau ntawm Halberstadt Cathedral tau theej tsawg kawg ob zaug. Tus tsov ntxhuav thib peb los ntawm National Museum of Bavaria kuj tseem tau theej ob zaug: ib daim ntawv khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Art hauv Frankfurt, thiab lwm qhov hauv National Museum hauv Prague. Thaum kawg, tus tsov ntxhuav zaum hauv Metropolitan Museum of Art kuj tseem "niaj hnub" thiab zoo li lwm tus tsov ntxhuav hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Khoom Siv Hauv Hamburg. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus ntawm lawv tau nthuav tawm raws nraim li cov ntawv theej, nrog qhov qhia tias lawv qhov qub nyob qhov twg. Ua rau? Nws tsuas yog tias cov khoom nruab nrab nruab nrab no zoo nkauj heev, thiab raws li tau sau tseg, lawv tuaj yeem rov tsim dua tshiab. Tom qab tag nrho, tib neeg yuav tsum saib qee yam, thiab txhua yam cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los yog qhov txaus siab rau lawv!
Knight ntawm thaum ntxov xyoo pua 15th, Nuremberg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Nyhav 2086 g. Nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau zoo ib yam ntawm Northern Ltalis. 1410 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Tam sim no cia peb xav txog lo lus nug ntawm aquamanil yos. Puas yog xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thwj rau lawv lossis lawv tau lees paub hauv lwm txoj kev? Lawv tau tshaj tawm ntau zaus … raws li cov khoom lag luam! Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, tib neeg tau txhawj xeeb heev (zoo li, tam sim no!) Kho vaj tse thiab sau ib ntus sau tseg tias yog leej twg, thiab nyob qhov twg, thiab khaws cia li cas. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj hauv nroog tau suav sau (piv txwv li, cov khoom lag luam ntawm ib tus poj niam tau mus txog peb, uas suav nrog tsib lub tsev muaj txiaj ntsig thiab … ob lub khaub ncaws hmo ntuj!) Thiab feem ntau tshwm sim uas cov khoom lag luam tsim nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm 10, 20 thiab 50 xyoo sib txawv hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom. Txoj hauv kev no, nws yuav dhau los meej thaum kwv yees ib lossis lwm yam uas tau yuav (thiab tsim tawm), suav nrog lub cim ntawm ib tus kheej txoj kev vam meej thiab kev muaj peev xwm, uas aquamanil nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog!
