Hneev yog ib qho ntawm kev paub ua ntej tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tsov rog, thiab nws kuj yog tus neeg yos hav zoov siv riam phom zoo tshaj plaws. Kev siv rab hneev ntoo yooj yim thiab xub tau lees paub hauv Tebchaws Europe txij thaum kawg ntawm Upper Paleolithic lub sijhawm (txog 10550 BC). Hauv tebchaws Greece, cov dos tej zaum tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm Neolithic, txawm hais tias lawv tsis tau mus txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab faib tawm ntawm no uas lawv muaj nyob hauv cov zej zog sab hnub tuaj. Thaum lub sijhawm Aegean Bronze Age, ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm hneev tau nthuav dav: cov ntoo yooj yooj yim, qee zaum siv cov sinews los tiv thaiv kev tawg thiab ua kom lub zog hneev muaj zog; thiab cov hneev taw sib xyaw ua ke plaub yam khoom siv: ntoo, horn, tsiaj sinew, thiab kua nplaum. Txawm tias ntoo qee zaum raug coj los ntawm cov ntoo sib txawv uas txawv txav.
Odysseus tua los ntawm nws lub npe nrov hneev. Tseem los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Odyssey's Wanderings" (1954) Raws li Odyssey Kirk Douglas.
Yooj yim thiab cov hneev taw tuaj yeem faib ua ob peb hom raws li lawv cov duab: yooj yim hneev hneev taw (daim duab A); ob chav convex hneev nti (daim duab b); ob chav concave hneev taw (daim duab c, d,); ob npaug concave hneev nti (Daim duab e); ib lub voj voos peb sab, feem ntau yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Middle East thiab Egypt, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm kev piav qhia hauv cov duab puab (daim duab f, g). Qee qhov lwm hom hneev taw tau txheeb xyuas nrog cov pej xeem uas siv lawv. Piv txwv li, Scythian hneev taw (daim duab h), uas tseem tau siv hauv tebchaws Greece los ntawm Scythian cov tub rog thauj khoom thiab cov neeg Greek lawv tus kheej.
Hom hneev raws li lawv lub cev.
Ib qho ntawm cov hneev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Trojan War lub sijhawm uas peb nyiam peb tau pom hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Pharaoh Ramses II, uas tau kav txij xyoo 1348 txog 1281 BC. Nws tau ua los ntawm ntoo, horn thiab sinew, thiab sab nrauv nws tau pleev xim thiab pleev xim rau - qhov khoom kim heev yeej tsim nyog ntawm Pharaoh zoo!
Nws ntseeg tias hneev taw ntawm ob hom saum toj no kuj tseem siv hauv Tsov Rog Tsov Rog: cov hneev yooj yim thiab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hom sab hnub tuaj (hauv qhov no, feem ntau yuav yog hom Iyiv). Yuav tsis muaj dab tsi zoo kawg hauv qhov tseeb tias qee tus hneev taw tau ua los ntawm lub raj. Piv txwv li, hauv tebchaws Iziv, tau pom hneev ntawm Thawj Lub Hnub Nyoog tau pom hauv Abydos, ua los ntawm ob lub oryx antelope horns thiab hais lus nrog tus ntoo tuav. Ib yam nkaus, nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov lus dab neeg hais txog Odysseus, uas tsis muaj ib tus neeg ua tsis zoo tuaj yeem rub tau, kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv tau los ntawm lub raj.
Antinous sim ua tus hneev taw ntau dua thiab tuav nws hla qhov hluav taws kub, lub horn tsuas yog ua kom sov dua los ntawm cua sov. Txog kev tsim cov hneev hneev taw, daim phiaj hneev taw los ntawm lub raj mis ntawm tshis tsiaj qus, uas tau pom muaj ntau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hauv tebchaws Greece thiab ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Aegean Hiav Txwv, tuaj yeem ploj mus. Lub raj mis tau paub tias, thaum muab tso ua ke, muaj txog 120 cm, uas yog, txaus txaus los ua ob sab ntawm lawv.
Arrowheads los ntawm Pylos (ncig 1370 BC)
Raws li qhov loj ntawm cov xub xub pom hauv Achaean qhov ntxa, ntxiv rau raws li cov duab kos duab, peb tuaj yeem hais meej tias kev tua hneev taw paub zoo txij thaum pib ntawm Mycenaean kev vam meej thiab tau siv ob qho hauv kev yos hav zoov thiab hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Cov duab dab neeg tseem qhia tau tias hneev tau siv los ntawm ob tus tub rog tub rog thiab cov tub rog caij tsheb. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias, txiav txim los ntawm Homer cov ntawv, cov kws tua hneev tsis tau sib ntaus ib leeg, tab sis tau npog lawv tus kheej nrog cov duab plaub loj loj lossis cov ntaub thaiv npog loj uas nqa los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv tshwj xeeb. Kev nthuav dav dav ntawm cov dos hauv zej zog Achaean kuj ua tim khawv rau qhov muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd ntawm cov kws txawj tsim nyog uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tsuas yog hneev thiab tau txais "nyiaj hli" zoo rau lawv txoj haujlwm.
Mycenaean qhov taub nrog cov neeg hneev taw (ncig 1300 - 1200 BC). Tshawb pom hauv qhov ntxa No. 45, Enkomi, Cyprus. (Tsev khaws puav pheej British)
Arrowheads, pom ob qho tib si hauv kev khawb av hauv tebchaws Greece thiab hauv Aegean thiab Asia Minor, yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv thiab tsim qauv. Qee qhov ntsiab lus yog ua los ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws lossis cov obsidian.
Lub plawv zoo li lub ntsej muag xub pwg ntawm Pylos (puag ncig 1370 BC). Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov duab ntawm lub thais, lawv tuaj yeem txuas rau hauv cov ncej ntawm cov xub nrog cov leeg, lossis … tsuas yog nrog cov yas hauv qhov txiav thaum kawg. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias cov duab no tau tshwm sim tshwj xeeb kom lub hauv paus tawg yooj yim thiab tseem nyob hauv qhov txhab.
Nws tau paub tias cov xub xub, nrog rau cov txua los ntawm cov pob txha, tau siv hauv kev ua tsov rog thiab tua tsiaj ntev heev, txij li cov hlau tau kim thiab poob cov xub xub, txawm tias lawv ntaus cov yeeb ncuab, yog cov khoom kim heev uas tsis tuaj yeem lees txais! Nws tau paub, piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb nrhiav lus Askiv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Pua pua Xyoo Tsov Rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Crécy thiab Poitiers, thaum thawj lub sijhawm, tau khiav tawm tom qab lawv cov nyom thiab khiav mus rub lawv cov xub los ntawm tib neeg thiab nees raug mob los ntawm lawv, txawm hais tias, tej zaum, lawv tuaj yeem ntxiv lawv cov mos txwv los ntawm lub tsheb thauj mus los … Tab sis tsis yog - lawv tau ua li ntawd, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm no tsis yog tsuas yog "cov khoom lag luam tsis rub hauv hnab tshos", tab sis kuj vim tias muaj teeb meem nrog cov hlau, thiab cov khoom ntawm cov xub yog qhov txwv.
Raws li koj paub, muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov xub: ntsaws thiab petiolate. Cov qub qub feem ntau yog pov rau hauv cov pob zeb pwm, thiab lub teeb-ntws tooj liab yog siv rau lawv cov khoom lag luam. Xws li cov xub xub, piv txwv li, tau siv los ntawm Scythians tom qab lub sijhawm.
Scythian cov xub xub ntawm lub xyoo pua 8 BC - IV xyoo. n. NS.
Nyob rau hauv cov duab, lawv zoo ib yam li daim ntawv zoo, lossis zoo ib yam li trihedron hauv cov duab, tab sis nyob rau sab lawv muaj lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab, uas tsis tso cai kom muab lub taub hau tshem tawm ntawm qhov txhab yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau nws. Petiolate - yam ntxwv ntau dua ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lawv tau ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab tau forged, thiab tau nrawm nrog lub qhov nyob rau hauv tus ncej ntawm tus xub, qhov uas lawv cov petiole tau ntxig thiab qhwv ncig sab nraud nrog cov leeg. Qhov txaus siab, Eurasian cov kauj ruam dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov xub xub. Lawv tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig thib ob txhiab xyoo BC. NS. nyob rau hauv Andronov kab lis kev cai. Ob lub petiolate thiab lub qhov taub tooj tooj liab xub xub tshwm ntawm no tib lub sijhawm. Tab sis cov lus qhia petiole tsis tau siv dav nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Cam khwb cia tooj liab tooj liab ntsiab lus los ntawm Santorini hauv Crete (1500 BC)
Tsuas yog nyob hauv Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan nrog kev pib ntawm 1st txhiab xyoo BC. NS. lawv tau dhau los ua tus qauv. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Eurasian cov lus qhia yog kev piav qhia ntawm lawv cov duab, uas ua rau lawv yooj yim rau kev faib tawm. Tab sis cov xub xub xub ntawm Pem Hauv Ntej thiab tag nrho Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev tsis sib haum, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm hom riam phom no rau cov cheeb tsam no.
Bronze arrowhead IV xyoo pua. BC NS. Olyntus, Halkidika.
Lwm hom xub xub uas tau pom ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Tim Nkij teb chaws thaum lub sijhawm Mycenaean yog qhov chaw kaw, zoo ib yam hauv kev tsim rau cov hmuv qub tshaj plaws (saib cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los).
Clamp-type tip txuas txuas.
Nws muaj V-puab yam tsis muaj lub tes tsho thiab tsis muaj lub petiole thiab tau muab tso rau hauv qhov sib cais ntawm qhov taw qhia ntawm tus xub kom nws cov ntse ntse nthuav tawm sab nraud. Tom qab ntawd, qhov tawg tau qhwv rau hauv cov leeg, thiab … xub tau npaj rau siv, thiab cov hlau tau siv ntawm qhov taub nws tus kheej kom tsawg kawg.
Lub taub hau V-zoo li tus xub xub los ntawm Knossos (1500 BC)
Raws li tau sau tseg, hneev tau siv tsis yog los ntawm cov tub rog nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov kws caij tsheb. Qhov kawg tau xyaum hneev taw hauv kev txav chaw, hauv kev taw qhia ntawm lub hom phiaj (thiab pom tseeb tseem nyob hauv cua!), Uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce tus xub dav dav dav li ntau li 20%. Txawm tias poj niam thiab cov neeg nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd raug tua los ntawm hneev, raws li qhia los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj.
