Hauv cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb rau kev rov tsim kho ntawm Huns 'riam phom, nws yog kev coj los sau txog nws tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm ntev. Nws zoo li rau peb tias nrog txoj hauv kev no, qhov tshwj xeeb tau ploj. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias peb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, meej.
Txuas ntxiv cov kab lus uas mob siab rau Byzantium, nws cov phoojywg thiab cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau xyoo 6, peb ib nrab sim ua kom tiav cov lacuna no los ntawm kev piav qhia riam phom thiab khoom siv ntawm Huns - pab pawg neeg nomadic uas nyob hauv ib puag ncig uas nyob ib sab ntawm ciam teb ntawm Roman Faj tim teb chaws.
Kuv kuj tseem xav kos koj qhov kev xav rau ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv uas ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg hauv cov ntawv tsis yog kev tshawb fawb txog haiv neeg hauv paus ntawm qee pab pawg neeg sib tw nomad. Raws li kev sib piv keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm pab pawg neeg nomad yeej ib txwm yog haiv neeg mono-haiv neeg, kev muaj lwm pab pawg neeg suav nrog hauv kev koom ua ke yeej ib txwm muaj tus yam ntxwv qis dua. Txhua pawg neeg nomadic ntawm lub sijhawm no sawv ntawm theem sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg neeg thiab sawv cev rau cov neeg ua rog, sib koom ua ke los ntawm kev qhuab qhia hlau cuam tshuam nrog ib lub hom phiaj - kom muaj sia nyob thiab yeej. Kev nplua nuj ntau dhau, kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom thiab "kev loj hlob rog" tam sim tig mus rau pawg neeg tseem ceeb ua nom ua tswv rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg txom nyem, tab sis kev ntshaw rau kev ua tiav, pab pawg thiab pab pawg. Thiab qhov xwm txheej no siv rau ob lub koomhaum nomadic loj (Avars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians) thiab "nomadic faj tim teb chaws" (Turkic Khaganates, Khazars), tsuas yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob ua nom ua tswv nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm yav dhau los hauv av ua rau kev tsim cov xeev (Hungarians, Bulgarians, Volga Bulgars, Turks).
Taw qhia
Huns - pab pawg ntawm Mongolian keeb kwm, hauv I -II ib -paus xyoo. leej twg pib lawv cov lus los ntawm ciam teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj mus rau Sab Hnub Poob.
Nyob rau hauv IV caug xyoo. lawv tau tawm tsam cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj thiab kov yeej "pab pawg ntawm pab pawg", lossis hu ua. "Xeev" ntawm Germanarich. Cov Huns tsim lawv tus kheej "koom nrog pab pawg", uas suav nrog ntau haiv neeg Germanic, Alanian thiab Sarmatian (Iranian), nrog rau pab pawg Slavic ntawm sab hnub tuaj Europe. Hegemony hauv kev koom ua ke yog ntawm ib qho, tom qab ntawd lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj npe.
Lawv mus txog qhov siab tshaj ntawm lawv lub zog hauv qab Attila hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua thib 5, thaum Huns yuav luag tsoo lub tebchaws Roman sab hnub poob. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus thawj coj, lub koomhaum tau tawg, tab sis nyob rau xyoo pua 6 pawg neeg nomadic tseem yog tub rog muaj zog. Loos ntawm lawv cov ciam teb los siv cov "barbarians": los ntawm Huns hauv VI xyoo pua. suav nrog kev cais ciam teb ntawm Sacromantisi thiab Fossatisii (Sacromontisi, Fossatisii), raws li qhia los ntawm Jordan.
Huns, ob lub koomhaum thiab cov tub rog ua rog, tau tawm tsam ib sab ntawm lub tebchaws hauv tebchaws Ltalis thiab Africa, hauv Caucasus, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv pab tub rog ntawm Shahinshah ntawm Iran. Kev sib ntaus zoo ntawm cov nomads no tau qhuas los ntawm Loos thiab siv los ntawm lawv.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Dara fortress (lub zos niaj hnub no ntawm Oguz, Qaib Cov Txwv) thaum lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 530, 1200 tus neeg caij nees hunes tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kov yeej cov neeg Iran.
Cov Huns, coj los ntawm Sunika, Egazh, Simm thiab Askan, tau tawm tsam Persians los ntawm sab xis, tsoo qhov tsim ntawm "tsis txawj tuag" tshaj plaws, thiab Simma tus kheej tua tus qauv-tus nqa, tus thawj coj Varesman, thiab tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj nws tus kheej.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Decimus hauv Africa thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 13, 533, Hun koomhaum ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, pib nws thiab tua Gibamund dav dav, rhuav tshem nws tag nrho. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov neeg Loos yuam cov Huns mus rau Africa.
Thiab tus thawj coj Narses tus kheej, siv lub dav hlau Hunnic feigned, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm peb puas tus neeg caij nees, ntxias thiab rhuav tshem 900 francs.
Hauv ib hmo kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Caucasus, Huns -Savirs ntawm ko taw (!), Tua cov mercenaries ntawm Persians - hnub txwv.
Txog cov tub rog-Huns, hais txog lawv cov tub rog tshwj xeeb, sau Procopius:
Ntawm Massagets muaj tus txiv neej tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub siab tawv thiab lub zog tshwj xeeb, tab sis leej twg tau hais kom ua qhov sib cais me me. Los ntawm nws txiv thiab yawg koob, nws tau txais txoj cai tsim txiaj los ua thawj tus yeeb ncuab hauv txhua qhov kev sib tw ntawm Huns.
Lub sijhawm no, pab pawg ntawm Huns, lossis hu ua Huns, nyob hauv thaj tsam loj los ntawm Panonia (Hungary) mus rau cov hav ntawm North Caucasus, nrog rau tag nrho ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub. Yog li ntawd, pom tseeb, lawv sib txawv hauv khaub ncaws thiab riam phom. Yog tias Ammianus Marcellinus nyob rau xyoo IV. piav qhia lawv li "cov neeg phem phem" hauv cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm tawv nqaij, nrog cov plaub hau liab qab ob txhais ceg hauv khau looj plab, tom qab ntawd Kuv, tus tswv cuab ntawm Xab Tham Thuj rau Attila, nyob rau xyoo pua 5, kos duab sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg hauv qab no rau tus thawj coj no.
Haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg
Nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias rau Byzantine tus sau phau ntawv "Huns" uas nyob hauv cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj zoo ib yam. Txawm hais tias niaj hnub kev paub lus thiab ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los pab kom paub qhov sib txawv ntawm pab pawg sib txawv ntawm "Hunnic circle" ob qho tib si ntawm sab cev nqaij daim tawv thiab haiv neeg. Ntxiv mus, ntau ntawm lawv suav nrog ob pab pawg Finno-Ugric thiab Indo-European. Thiab peb paub qhov no los ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Yog li ntawd, txhua qhov kev sib cav txog qhov tshwj xeeb hais txog haiv neeg ntawm qee pab pawg neeg uas nyob hauv hav zoov ze rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub xeev Roman yog qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab zaum kawg.
Kuv rov hais dua, qhov no yog vim cov ntawv ceeb toom luv luv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau, ob peb tus kws sau ntawv Byzantine, thiab qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm.
Cia peb nyob ntawm cov pab pawg neeg uas tau sau tseg los ntawm Byzantine (Romeian) cov kws sau ntawv nyob rau xyoo pua 6.
Akatsir - nyob rau xyoo VI. tau nyob hauv Pontic steppes. Nyob rau xyoo pua 5 lawv tau tawm tsam nrog cov Pawxia, tabsis, nyob hauv qab rau Attila, tau tsiv mus nyob Europe.
Bulgars, lossis Proto-Bulgarians, - pab pawg pab pawg neeg, uas, feem ntau yuav nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Pontic steppes, sab hnub tuaj ntawm Akatsii. Qhov no, ib tus yuav hais tias, tsis yog pawg neeg "Hunnic". Kwv yees, lawv tau tsiv mus nyob rau thaj chaw no thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm kev ua raws cai ntawm "xeev" ntawm Attila. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab Proto-Bulgarians tau pib tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 5.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov hu ua Proto-Bulgarians lossis Bulgars tau nyob hauv thaj chaw dav los ntawm Danube mus rau Ciscaucasia, lawv cov keeb kwm hauv cov cheeb tsam no yuav raug tsim ntxiv ntawm no. Hauv lub xyoo pua 6, ib feem ntawm lawv pawg neeg yuav ncig hauv cheeb tsam Danube, thiab ua ke nrog Slavs, taug kev mus rau Balkan Peninsula.
Kutrigurs, los yog cov kws kho mob, - ib pawg neeg, thaum pib ntawm VI xyoo pua. nyob sab hnub poob ntawm Don. Lawv tau txais "khoom plig" los ntawm lub tebchaws, tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, ua phiaj xwm hauv nws ciam teb. Lawv tau swb los ntawm Utigurs: qee qhov ntawm lawv, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Gepids, tau tsiv hauv 550-551. hauv Roman txwv, qee qhov, tom qab, poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Avars.
Utigurs - lawv yog thaum pib ntawm VI xyoo pua. nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Don, xiab los ntawm Justinian I hauv 551, yeej Kuturgurs cov nom tswv chaw pw hav zoov. Txij li 60s, lawv poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Turks uas tuaj rau thaj tsam no.
Alciagira (Altziagiri) ncig, raws li Jordan, hauv Crimea, ze Kherson.
Savirs nyob hauv hav zoov ntawm North Caucasus, ua raws li cov tub rog Loos thiab cov neeg Pawxia koom nrog.
Hunugurs ib pawg neeg Hunnic, kaw lossis koom nrog Savirs, tej zaum pab pawg Finno-Ugric yog ib feem ntawm pawg neeg no.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov xwm txheej nom tswv hauv tus steppe yeej ib txwm muaj qhov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg: ib pawg neeg yeej niaj hnub no, lwm tus tag kis. Daim ntawv qhia kev sib hais haum ntawm pab pawg neeg nomadic tsis zoo li qub.
Qhov tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua thib 6 ntawm pab pawg neeg tshiab, tsis muaj siab hlub pab tub rog ua rog, Avars, coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov seem ntawm haiv neeg Hunnic nomadic pab pawg uas nyob ntawm no koom nrog Avar koomhaum, lossis tsiv mus rau Byzantium thiab Iran, lossis, raws li kev cai ntawm kev ua tsov rog steppe, tau raug puas tsuaj.
Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm kev coj ua tsis tau qhia rau peb cov duab ntawm Huns nyob rau xyoo pua 6. Tus sau ntawm lub sijhawm no tsis piav qhia txog lawv lub ntsej muag, tab sis muaj riam phom txaus thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv pov thawj los ntawm thaj chaw uas lawv nyob tau muaj txoj sia nyob. Tab sis muaj tsawg dua ntawm lawv ntau dua li xyoo pua 5. Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tias yog li ntawd. Huns lossis nomads ntawm cov hav txwv yeem hla ciam teb Loos thiab Iran, nrog ntau yam riam phom zoo sib xws, siv txoj siv sia, thiab lwm yam, muaj qhov sib txawv thiab yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tuaj yeem faib ua nomads uas nyob ze rau Tebchaws Europe thiab tau saws lossis cuam tshuam rau qhov kev coj tsis zoo nyob sab Europe txij li lub sijhawm ntawm Attila, xws li, piv txwv li, txiav plaub hau hauv ib lub voj voog, tsho tsho, ris hauv qab rau hauv khau muag, thiab lwm yam zoo li no hauv "zam" tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev piav qhia ntawm Mine. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nomads uas nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tau khaws cov cim ntawm cov neeg nyiam poj niam mus rau ntau dua. Kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm thiab ob peb cov duab uas muaj sia nyob pab peb taug cov ciam teb no, siv cov ntaub ntawv Alans kom pom tseeb: qhov no yog qhov pom los ntawm Crimea lossis mosaics ntawm Carthage piav qhia txog Alans uas "poob" raws li kev nyiam German, thaum Alans ntawm Caucasus ua raws mus rau "sab hnub tuaj" zam. Nws tuaj yeem hais meej tias kev hloov pauv hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm Huns, txij li lawv cov lus piav qhia los ntawm Ammianus Marcellinus, yog qhov pom tseeb. Tab sis, raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm VB Kovalevskaya: "Kev sib cais ntawm Hunnic antiquities yog kev sim daws cov kab ke ntawm cov kab zauv uas cov neeg tsis paub muaj coob heev."
Siv
Peb twb tau sau txog qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm txoj siv sia hauv cov tub rog ntawm Rome thiab Byzantium. Ib yam tuaj yeem hais tau txog txoj siv txoj siv nyob rau ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, thiab yog tias peb paub ntxaws txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj siv sia ntawm cov nomads ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thaum ntxov los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm S. A.
Muaj ob txoj kev xav txog txoj siv sia. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias nws yog Huns uas coj lawv mus rau European steppes, lwm tus tias qhov no yog kev ua tub rog Loos tiag, thiab qhov no tau ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov lawv yuav luag tsis tiav hauv Eurasian steppes txog rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua thib 6, thaum lawv pib kom kis tau tom qab kev sib cuag ntawm cov neeg tshiab nrog cov neeg Loos.
Txoj siv tawv suav nrog txoj siv tawv tseem ceeb uas qhwv ib ncig ntawm tus tub rog lub duav thiab txoj siv pabcuam uas nqis los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, qhov twg rab ntaj scabbard swb nrog nws, raws cov xov-brace. Los ntawm txoj siv txoj hlua tseem ceeb dai txoj hlua xaus rau hauv cov lus qhia, cov pendants tau hinged, thiab cov lus qhia ntawm cov hlua tau ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam zoo nkauj. Cov paj ntaub kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm "tamga", uas tuaj yeem qhia tus tub rog uas yog koom nrog pab pawg lossis pab pawg neeg.
Tus naj npawb ntawm txoj hlua khi yuav qhia tau tias tus neeg hnav zoo li cas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj hlua tseem muaj qhov ua haujlwm tau zoo; rab riam, hnab tes lossis "hnab nyiaj" tuaj yeem txuas nrog lawv los ntawm txoj siv sia.
Dos
Qhov riam phom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Huns, hais txog kev txawj ntse uas cov kws sau keeb kwm sau los ntawm lub sijhawm cov pab pawg no tau tshwm sim ntawm ciam teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe:
Lawv tsim nyog tau txais kev lees paub tias yog cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws, vim los ntawm qhov deb lawv sib ntaus nrog cov xib xub nruab nrog cov txuj ci zoo rau cov pob txha.
Tab sis nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nyob rau xyoo VI. Cov neeg Loos tau paub txog qhov kos duab no zoo ib yam li Huns: "Qhov sib txawv yog tias yuav luag txhua tus neeg Loos thiab lawv cov phoojywg, Huns, yog cov hneev zoo los ntawm hneev taw ntawm nees."
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm hneev rau pab pawg Hunnic yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hneev yog tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv cov thawj coj, nrog rau ntaj. Cov hneev taw no tau txiav nrog cov ntawv ci kub thiab yog lub cim zoo: cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm pom ob lub hneev taw nrog cov phaj kub. Ntxiv mus, Huns kuj tseem muaj cov nplaim taws uas npog cov ntawv ci ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.
Nws yog kev coj ua los tham txog kev hneev taw ntev ntawm cov nomads txog 1, 60 cm ntev li "kev hloov pauv" hauv kev ua tub rog. Archaeologically, "thawj" Hunnic hneev ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 zoo ib yam rau Sarmatian. Cov hneev taw sib xyaw, ntawm thawj theem, tej zaum yuav tsis muaj cov phaj pob txha. Cov kab hauv ob sab, npog qhov kawg ntawm hneev, muaj plaub, tom qab ob, daim phiaj me ntsis nkhaus nrog txiav tawm thaum kawg txhawm rau txuas txoj hlua; cov pob txha nruab nrab yog cov dav thiab nyias, nrog qhov xaus txiav tawm ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse. Piv rau tiam 5, nyob rau tiam 6. cov phaj (nyob sab Europe Sab Hnub Poob) tau dhau los ua ntau dua (pom ntawm lub xyoo pua thib 6 los ntawm lub nroog Engels). Cov xub pom nyob hauv cov chaw tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm: lub voos me me, peb lub ntsej muag loj thiab tiaj tus rhomboid nrog lub taub hau ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau lub qia, sib haum rau lub zog ntawm "Hunnic" hneev. Cov riam phom tau nqa raws li hauv ib qho khoom siv xws li Greek toxopharethra. Cov tub rog zoo li no nrog ib leeg “toxopharethra”, qhov uas hneev nti thiab ntsawj yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm, tuaj yeem pom hauv cov duab ntawm Kenkol cov tub rog ntawm tiam thib ob -5. los ntawm Kyrgyzstan.
Lawv tau hloov pauv cais. Yog li peb muaj qhov kev xav ntawm VI-VII ib puas xyoo. los ntawm Kudyrge, Altai Cheeb Tsam. Cov khoom siv tsim khoom - tawv ntoo. Parameter: 65 cm ntev, 10 cm - ntawm lub qhov ncauj, thiab ntawm lub hauv paus - 15 cm. Birch bark quivers tuaj yeem npog nrog ntaub lossis tawv. Lub npog tuaj yeem yog tawv, thav duab lossis muag muag, zoo li cov neeg caij tsheb los ntawm cov duab puab los ntawm chav "xiav", chav 41 los ntawm Penjikent.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov, thiab qhov no tau qhia meej rau peb los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, tsis muaj teeb meem li cas kev nyob ib puag ncig me me ntawm cov neeg sawv cev yog, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab khoom siv riam phom.
Cov riam phom tau ua tim khawv tsis tseeb txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus tub rog, tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov xwm txheej tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov chaw thiab kev ua siab loj ntawm cov tub rog hauv kev ua rog: cov tub rog caij nkoj tau nrhiav kom tau riam phom uas txawv nws los ntawm lwm tus.
Tiv thaiv thiab ua phem riam phom
Ntaj. Qhov riam phom no, nrog rau hneev, yog lub cim rau pab pawg Hunnic. Cov Huns, raws li cov tub rog-neeg, pe hawm ntaj raws li vajtswv, hais txog qhov Mine tau sau nyob rau xyoo pua 5, thiab Jordan tau hais rau nws nyob rau xyoo pua 6.
Ua ke nrog ntaj, Huns siv, raws li kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm, axes, hmuv, txawm hais tias peb tsis tau sau cov pov thawj ntawm qhov no, tab sis Yeshu tus Stylist sau hais tias Huns tseem siv pab pawg.
Txawm tias Ammianus Marcellinus tau sau txog lub zog ntawm Huns hauv kev sib ntaus nrog ntaj. Tab sis nyob rau xyoo VI. Uldah Hunn, uas yog tus coj Roman thiab Hunnish pab tub rog nyob ze lub nroog Pizavra (Pesaro) hauv tebchaws Ltalis, nyiag Alaman scouts nrog ntaj.
Thiab yog tias los ntawm IV-V ib-paus xyoo. Peb muaj tus lej txaus pom ntawm cov riam phom Hunnic zoo ib yam, tom qab ntawd nyob rau lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas, cov riam phom no tuaj yeem ua pov thawj los ntawm Hunnic.
Hauv thaj tsam steppe ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe, peb muaj, raws li txoj cai, ob hom ntaj, sib txawv hauv tus saib xyuas. Ntaj nrog cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm cloisonné inlay tseem tau ntsib nyob rau lub sijhawm raug txiav txim siab, txawm hais tias qhov siab tshaj ntawm "zam" rau lawv yog nyob rau xyoo pua 5. Peb muaj cov ntaj zoo li no thaum lig 5 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 6. los ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Dub ntawm Caucasus, thiab los ntawm Dmitrievka, Donetsk cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias rab ntaj no yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi los ntawm Byzantium, uas, hauv peb lub tswv yim, tsis suav nrog cov cuab yeej siv riam phom no rau Huns.
Lwm tus yog rab ntaj nrog lub pob zeb zoo li tus neeg zov, zoo li riam phom ntawm xyoo pua 6. los ntawm Artsybashevo, thaj tsam Ryazan thiab los ntawm Kamut, Caucasus.
Thaum pib ntawm ib puas xyoo, peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog kab txaij, dai kom zoo ib yam li xyoo 5. Lawv tau ua los ntawm ntoo lossis hlau, npog nrog tawv, daim ntaub lossis ntawv ci ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Scabbard tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb ib nrab. Qhov pom ntawm qhov riam phom no tsuas yog ua raws qhov muaj nyiaj, vim tias cov ntawv nyiaj kub thiab cov pob zeb ib nrab tau siv hauv nws cov khoom. Txog thaum thawj ib nrab ntawm VI xyoo pua. ntaj raug tshem tawm ntawm cov hlua-cov hlua lossis cov hlua, uas lawv tau txuas nrog ntsug. Feem ntau lawv tau ua los ntawm ntoo, tab sis kuj muaj hlau.
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm VI xyoo pua. thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua cov kab txaij tsis tau hloov pauv, tab sis lawv tsis zoo nkauj dua. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov ntaj muaj txoj hauv kev sib txawv ntawm kev txuas lawv mus rau lub duav siv; tiaj tiaj ib sab protrusions hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv "p" nrog loops ntawm sab nraub qaum tau tshwm rau ntawm daim kab xev rau txuas rau cov hlua los ntawm txoj siv. Ntaj tau txuas rau txoj siv ntawm ob txoj hlua ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 450, uas tej zaum ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau tus nees. Nws tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias qhov kev sib dhos no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Asia steppe thiab nkag mus rau Iran. Xws li lub roob pom ntawm Sassanian ntaj los ntawm Louvre thiab Lub Nroog. Los ntawm qhov ntawd nws nkag mus rau hauv steppes ntawm Eastern Europe thiab txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws Europe. Ib Saxon nrog cov ntawv txuas ntawd yog ib qho pom los ntawm Lombard qhov chaw faus Castel Trozino.
Txawm hais tias tus sau ntawm lub sijhawm no tsis tau sau dab tsi txog qag raws li riam phom ntawm Huns, thiab qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias rab riam tsuas yog rab phom me me, rab riam los ntawm Khasaut (North Caucasus) tsis lees paub cov lus sib cav no. Nws yog ib hom qauv ntawm klevrets: ntawm ib sab muaj rab ntaj, thiab ntawm sab tod, qhov kawg taw qhia, uas tseem tuaj yeem siv ua riam phom txiav los ntawm "cuab yeej cuab tam".
Raws li rau cov cuab yeej ua rog, tom qab ntawd, raws li peb tau sau hauv kab lus "Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb ntawm Byzantine pab tub rog xyoo pua 6", feem ntau ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem raug ntaus los ntawm lamenar armor, tab sis tseem muaj cov ringed. Hauv Xeev Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Keeb Kwm muaj "sintered" saw xa ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm no, pom hauv Kerch.
Ib yam tuaj yeem hais tau txog lub kaus mom hlau ntawm thaj tsam steppe, feem ntau tus yam ntxwv ntawm xyoo pua 6, qhov no yog lub kaus mom hlau ntawm tus qauv tsim tshwj xeeb, pom ua ke nrog cov saw xa ntawv tau piav qhia saum toj no, los ntawm Bosporus. Thiab tseem, lub kaus mom hlau khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological ntawm Cologne, pom, zoo li, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia. Raws li thawj qhov, nws feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog Avars, txij li lub kaus mom hlau tiv thaiv, tom qab, pom nyob hauv lawv thaj chaw faus neeg thiab thaj chaw faus neeg ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze thiab phooj ywg, Lombards (Kastel Trozino. Grave 87), tab sis feem ntau yuav yog, txhua tus tib Avars, "hla" cov cheeb tsam no, tuaj yeem qiv hom kaus mom hlau no los ntawm pab pawg neeg nomadic hauv nroog.
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Qhov riam phom lossis cuab yeej ua haujlwm ntawm nomads, raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov ntawv sau sau, tau siv los ntawm Huns nyob rau xyoo pua 6. Malala thiab Theophanes lub Byzantine sau txog qhov no.
Xyoo 528, thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Huns hauv cov xeev Scythia thiab Moesia, cov kws npaj tswv yim hauv nroog tau daws nrog ib pab pawg sib cais, tab sis tau khiav mus rau lwm pawg horsemen. Cov Huns siv arcana tiv thaiv stratigs: "Godila, kos nws rab ntaj, txiav lub suab nrov thiab tso nws tus kheej. Constantiol raug pov los ntawm nws tus nees mus rau hauv av. Thiab Askum raug ntes."
Tshwm sim
Raws li peb tau sau los saum toj no, qhov pom ntawm Huns tau dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb: txij li lub sijhawm lawv pom nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm "ntiaj teb kev vam meej" mus rau lub sijhawm raug txiav txim siab. Nov yog yam Jordan sau:
Tej zaum lawv yeej tsis ntau los ntawm kev ua tsov rog raws li los ntawm instilling qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws nrog lawv cov tsos txaus ntshai; lawv cov duab txaus ntshai nrog nws cov dub, zoo li tsis yog lub ntsej muag, tab sis, yog tias kuv tuaj yeem hais li ntawd, cov pob qias neeg nrog qhov tsis siv qhov muag. Lawv lub ntsej muag tawv tau ntxeev siab rau lub siab phem … Lawv me me hauv qhov siab, tab sis lawv nrawm nrog kev nrawm ntawm lawv cov kev txav mus thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg caij; lawv yog dav nyob rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom, dexterous hauv hneev taw thiab ib txwm khav theeb vim yog lub zog ntawm caj dab.
Nws tuaj yeem xav tias Huns uas nyob ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman hnav raws li qhov kev coj tsis ncaj ncees, xws li hauv kev rov tsim kho lub tsev tshaj tawm "Osprey", tus kws kos duab Graham Sumner.
Tab sis cov pab pawg neeg uas tau hla lub steppes ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe thiab Ciscaucasia feem ntau yuav hnav khaub ncaws hnav ib txwm muaj npe, xws li tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov duab puab los ntawm Afrasiab (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm. Samarkand. Uzbekistan), uas yog, qhov no yog hnav khaub ncaws hnav nrog tsw ntxhiab ntawm sab laug, lub ris dav thiab khau looj plab hlaub.
Hauv cov ntawv hloov pauv niaj hnub no, nws yog kev coj ua los piav txog cov neeg muaj npe nrog mustache, qhov kawg uas tau qis qis ib yam li cov Cossacks. Qhov tseeb, ob peb yam tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm qhov no thiab cov sijhawm nyob ze rau lawv qhia cov neeg caij nees nrog cov plaub hau, qhov kawg ntawm qhov uas yog khoov rau saum, zoo li Chapaev muaj koob nrov npe, lossis yooj yim tawm, tab sis tsis txhob poob.
Sib sau ua ke saum toj no, peb nco ntsoov ib zaug ntxiv uas peb tau ntsib ntau qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cov pab pawg neeg uas nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm Byzantine faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv cov steppes ntawm sab qaum teb Dub hiav txwv thiab sab hnub tuaj Europe. Hauv cov ntawv lawv hu ua "Huns".
VI caug xyoo - qhov no yog lub sijhawm uas peb ntsib nrog lawv zaum kawg, ntxiv mus, lawv tau nqus los yog suav nrog hauv kev tsim cov nthwv dej tshiab ntawm cov nomads uas tuaj ntawm sab hnub tuaj (Avars) lossis tau txais kev txhim kho tshiab hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov neeg tshiab formations (Proto-Bulgarians).
Cov peev txheej thiab Ntawv Sau:
Ammian. Marcellinus. Roman keeb kwm / Txhais los ntawm Latin los ntawm Y. A. Kulakovsky thiab A. I. Sonny. S-Peb., 2000.
Jordan. Txog keeb kwm thiab kev ua ntawm Getae. Txhais los ntawm E. Ch. Skrzhinskaya. TSO, 1997.
Malala John "Chronograph" // Procopius of Caesarea War with the Persians. War with the Vandals. Secret history. St. Petersburg, 1997.
Procopius ntawm Caesarea Tsov rog nrog Goths / Txhais los ntawm SP Kondratyev. TSI M., Xyoo 1996.
Procopius ntawm Caesarea Tsov rog nrog Persians / Txhais lus, kab lus, lus pom los ntawm A. A. Chekalova. TSO, 1997.
Cov steppes ntawm Eurasia hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. M., Xyoo 1981.
Chronicle ntawm Yeshu Stylist / Txhais los ntawm N. V. Pigulevskaya // Pigulevskaya N. V. Syrian medieval keeb kwm keeb kwm. S-Peb., 2011.
Aybabin AI haiv neeg keeb kwm ntawm thaum ntxov Byzantine Crimea. Simferopol. 1999.
Ambroz AK Daggers ntawm xyoo pua 5 nrog ob qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kab txaij // CA. 1986. Tsis yog 3.
Ambroz UA M., Xyoo 1981.
Kazansky M. M., Mastykova AV North Caucasus thiab Mediterranean nyob rau tiam 5th-6th centuries. Ntawm kev tsim cov kab lis kev cai ntawm barbarian aristocracy // State Unitary Enterprise "Heritage" // ttp: //www.nasledie.org/v3/ru/? Action = view & id = 263263
Kovalevskaya VB Caucasus thiab Alans. M., Xyoo 1984.
Sirotenko VT Sau ntawv pov thawj ntawm Bulgars ntawm 4th - 7th xyoo pua. hauv qhov pom ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm yav dhau los // Kev tshawb fawb Slavic-Balkan, M., 1972.
