Kuv tau teev npe txoj haujlwm no los ntawm kev sib piv nrog kev ua haujlwm nto moo ntawm Fab Kis keeb kwm Lucien Fevre "Fights for History", txawm hais tias yuav tsis muaj kev sib ntaus, tab sis yuav muaj ib zaj dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ua haujlwm li cas.
Hloov ntawm cov lus qhia ua ntej
Kev mob siab rau feem ntau kub hnyiab ntawm "VO", tab sis tsis nyob ib puag ncig cov ncauj lus ntawm no lossis kab lus no los ntawm keeb kwm tub rog, tab sis hais txog leej twg thiab yuav tsim cov kev xav li cas, qhov kev xav no yog "kev xav" lossis tsis yog "kev xav" txhua, lossis, muab nws txawv, txawm hais tias nws tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb lossis kev kwv yees tus kheej thiab kev npau suav.
Tom qab tag nrho, qhov sib txawv ntawm "Kuv xav li cas" (txhawm rau txhais cov kab lus uas ntxim nyiam "Kuv pom li ntawd" los ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Kev Taug Kev ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Florizel") thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm?
Hauv kab lus luv luv no kuv xav tham txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm txoj haujlwm. Tsawg kawg txog yuav ua li cas nws thiaj li yuav tsum yog.
Kuv tab tom sau kab ntawv no ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm cov nyeem, qhov no yog kuv zaj dab neeg, kev pab me me rau cov ncauj lus ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm. Hauv kuv zaj dab neeg, Kuv yuav sim zam cov lus nyuaj thiab tham txog thev naus laus zis hauv kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm hauv cov lus yooj yim. Thiab ua ntej pib piav qhia "khoom siv tes ua", Kuv yuav kov rau qee yam uas cuam tshuam rau pej xeem kev xav txog qhov teeb meem no.
Ua ntej, hnub no cov qib kev tshawb fawb hauv tib neeg lawv tus kheej tau poob qis heev vim yog kev noj nyiaj txiag uas tau ua rau peb lub zej zog thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev tshawb fawb, qhov twg ntau tus neeg tseem ceeb yuav yeej siv zog kom tau txais qib, txawm li cas los xij, tsawg zaus hauv keeb kwm, tab sis kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb txog nom tswv tsis muaj hmoo ntawm no. Yog lawm, tib VAK yuav tshem tawm xya daim tawv nqaij tshawb fawb los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij keeb kwm (hauv txoj cai lij choj, tau kawg), ua ntej muab kev tiv thaiv, yuav tshuaj xyuas txhua txoj haujlwm los ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav, tab sis cov dav ntawm cov pej xeem ntseeg tias yog muaj kev noj nyiaj txiag, tom qab ntawd txhua yam tau smeared nrog ib lub ntiaj teb.
Qhov thib ob, kev lag luam phau ntawv, thiab lwm yam. raws li kev lag luam, ntawm chav kawm, nws tsis yog "kev tshawb nrhiav tsis txaus" uas yog qhov xav paub ntau dua, tab sis ntxim nyiam, flashy, lwm txoj "keeb kwm". Thiab cov pej xeem, ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm cov neeg kis tus kab mob kev paub tsis sib xws yog qhov siab heev, xav tau cov lus tseeb kub, tsis lees paub thiab thim rov qab, cov yeeb ncuab thiab rov sau cov dab neeg. Muaj ib txwm yog tus sau phau ntawv graphomaniac: nyob rau lub sijhawm Soviet, "keeb kwm kev ua haujlwm" tau nyab mus rau Lub Tsev Pushkin los ntawm cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm, cov tub rog so haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm no. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tau mob siab rau "kev tshawb fawb" ntawm cov paj huam los ntawm Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" raws li lub cim rau kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1812, qhov chaw ua las voos ntawm ballerina Istomina, raws li "tus kws tshawb fawb", tus kheej kev tawm tsam ntawm Cov tub rog Lavxias thiab Fab Kis, thiab yeej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias - kev sib tsoo ntawm ob txhais ceg:
"Tam sim no lub yeej yuav qhia, tom qab ntawd nws yuav txhim kho, Thiab nws tsoo nws txhais ceg nrog ko taw nrawm."
Nrog rau kev tshwm sim hauv Is Taws Nem, txhua lub qhov rooj tau qhib rau txoj haujlwm no.
Qhov thib peb, cov kws paub keeb kwm feem ntau ua noj ntau dhau hauv lawv tus kheej kua txiv, rau ntau yam laj thawj, tsis muaj kev nyiam ua tiav kev tshawb fawb, nrog qhov tsis tshua muaj, tshwj tsis yog, yog li twb tau muab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov uas tsis yog cov kws tshaj lij thiab muaj lwm txoj kev npau taws. Thiab tsuas yog tsis ntev los no muaj cov kws tshaj lij koom nrog txoj haujlwm kom nrov rau kev paub txog txuj ci.
Dab tsi yog keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb
Ua ntej, keeb kwm yog kev tshawb fawb yog dab tsi?
Keeb kwm feem ntau yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg. Taw tes.
Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov txuj ci poob hauv qab qhov kev txhais no. Kev lag luam yog kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam. Jurisprudence yog kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm jurisprudence, thiab lwm yam.
Thiab yog vim li cas keeb kwm raug hu ua tus tswv ntawm lub neej, vim tias tsis muaj qhov meej thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm "keeb kwm" ntawm tib neeg, kev kwv yees raug rau nws txoj kev txhim kho tsis yooj yim sua, thiab tsis yog kev kwv yees rau kev txhim kho, tab sis kev siv kev tswj hwm tam sim no.
Piv txwv ua lag luam yooj yim. Yog tias koj tsis txheeb xyuas kev muag khoom rau lub sijhawm dhau los kawg, koj yuav tsis nkag siab tias vim li cas thiaj muaj teeb meem thiab yuav kho lawv li cas, yuav npaj li cas kev muag khoom yav tom ntej, nws yuav zoo li qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej: peb tab tom tshuaj xyuas yav dhau los, txawm tias nws tsuas yog nag hmo, txhawm rau kho qhov yuam kev yav tom ntej. Puas yog nws txawv? Tsis yog muag, tab sis hauv keeb kwm?
Cia peb xam nws tawm.
Tab sis qhov no, txhawm rau tham, yog hais txog qhov loj, thoob ntiaj teb, cia mus rau qib qis.
Puas yog keeb kwm yog txuj ci?
Cia peb nug peb tus kheej cov lus nug uas ib txwm muaj suab hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm qhov ua xyem xyav: puas yog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb?
Thiab philosophy? Thiab physics? Thiab astronomy?
Keeb kwm yog kev tshawb fawb uas muaj cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb meej hauv cov xwm txheej thaum lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm tsis yog lub cev tuag, zoo li, piv txwv li, hauv kev siv lub cev, tab sis yog tib neeg, tib neeg hauv tib neeg. Ib tug txiv neej nrog txhua qhov nws nyiam, kev xav, thiab lwm yam.
Ntau yam txuj ci tshawb fawb tib neeg, nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm, yog nws yog tshuaj lossis kev coj noj coj ua, kev xav lossis kev qhia ntawv, tab sis tib neeg yog kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis kev txhim kho ntawm lub zej zog uas tib neeg nyob tau raug kawm los ntawm keeb kwm., thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub neej.
Cov uas tsis paub txog tham txog qhov tsis sib xws, ua ntej tshaj plaws, ua rau keeb kwm tsis meej pem raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab ntawv tseeb txog keeb kwm.
A. Dumas lossis V. Pikul, V. Ivanov lossis V. Yan, D. Balashov - cov no yog txhua tus neeg sau ntawv uas tau sau txog cov ncauj lus keeb kwm, ib tus neeg nyob ze rau lub zeem muag kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov teeb meem, ib tus neeg tsis heev, tab sis siv tau, ci ntsa iab thiab nkag siab rau cov nyeem: "Kuv tawm tsam vim kuv tawm tsam."
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog keeb kwm, tab sis yog cov ntawv tseeb, uas tso cai rau tus sau qhov kev xav. Kev xav yog dab tsi categorically sib txawv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov ntawv tseeb. Kev tsis meej pem hauv kev nkag siab qhov teeb meem no ua rau tib neeg xav tias keeb kwm tsis yog kev tshawb fawb, txij li cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yog tag nrho ntawm cov ntawv tseeb, tab sis tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab ntawv tseeb, tshwj tsis yog cov kws sau sau lawv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb …
E. Radzinsky yog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm thaum tus kws sau paj lug raug suav tias yog keeb kwm keeb kwm. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev xav, nws hloov nws txoj kev xav mus rau ib tus lej lossis lwm qhov, txog qee cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog keeb kwm, qhov no yog tus sau-sau ntawv, nyeem ntawv.
Thiab qhov tseeb yog tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm-tus kws tshawb fawb yog los ntawm qhov chaw lossis keeb kwm keeb kwm. Nws tuaj yeem yog keeb kwm lossis keeb kwm, cov ntawv tais ceev tseg los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg lossis duab, cov ntaub ntawv them se, cov pej xeem suav, daim ntawv pov thawj, phau ntawv teev nyiaj txiag lossis cov ntaub ntawv yug thiab tuag, sau cov xwm txheej, tombstones, pleev xim thiab duab. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas txawv tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm los ntawm kev sau ntawv: tus kws sau keeb kwm los ntawm qhov chaw, tus kws sau ntawv los ntawm nws txoj kev xav lossis nws lub zeem muag. Tus kws sau keeb kwm "lub qhov cub", los ntawm txhua yam kev seev cev, yog lub hauv paus, tus sau "lub qhov cub" - cov tswv yim uas nws xav qhia rau tus nyeem ntawv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab qhov tseeb hauv lub neej, feem ntau tshwm sim tias tus kws sau keeb kwm qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim siab sib txawv dua li qhov uas yuav tau xav: ua raws li tsis yog luav, zoo li tus hero ntawm The Matrix, tab sis ua raws li qhov chaw.
Txoj haujlwm tshaj tawm cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab yog li ntawd, keeb kwm keeb kwm, yog tias lawv, ntawm chav kawm, kawm tau zoo, tsim ob yam. Ua ntej: qhov siv rau qhov chaw "ib tus pog hais rau tom khw", "ib tus tim khawv pom nws" tsis yog rau lawv. Tus neeg tim khawv ib txwm muaj lub npe, txwv tsis pub nws tsis yog tus kws sau keeb kwm ua haujlwm. Qhov thib ob: siv rau keeb kwm keeb kwm. Xav paub ntau ntxiv hauv qab no.
Tus kws sau keeb kwm txawv li cas ntawm ib tus neeg uas tuaj yeem nyeem phau ntawv?
Kuv txhob txwm tshaj tawm lub ntsiab lus tshooj no hauv lub suab tso dag, thiab hauv nws kuv yuav tham txog lub ntsiab, cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, tsis paub tias nws tsis yog txuj ci dab tsi hlo li, thiab tus uas sau cov ncauj lus no tsis yog keeb kwm.
Yog li, keeb kwm dab tsi xav paub, dab tsi yog qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb uas txawv tus kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb los ntawm ib tus neeg uas xav paub keeb kwm, muaj peev xwm nyeem tau, qee zaum yuam kev, thiab xav li cas?
Historiography. Thawj qhov uas tus kws sau keeb kwm yuav tsum paub, lossis, hais tias, nws yuav tsum kawm thiab paub kom ntxaws thiab meej, yog keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm qhov teeb meem lossis lub ncauj lus uas nws tab tom daws. Nov yog txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm, tus kws sau keeb kwm yuav tsum paub txhua yam, Kuv hais meej, txhua yam haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm cov ncauj lus uas tau kawm. Cov ntawv tseeb, sau xov xwm thiab charlatans tsis yog keeb kwm keeb kwm, tab sis nws kuj yog qhov zoo kom paub txog lawv.
Los ntawm thawj xyoo, cov tub ntxhais kawm nquag kawm keeb kwm. Nws yog dab tsi? Historiography yog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm lub ncauj lus, lossis leej twg thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau dab tsi los ntawm thawj qhov haujlwm thawj zaug ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Tsis muaj kev paub txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los pib tshawb fawb cov peev txheej.
Ua ntej, vim li cas thiaj ua txoj haujlwm tshiab, uas tej zaum tau ua tiav ib puas xyoo dhau los?
Qhov thib ob, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob rov tshawb pom Asmeskas, dua, yog tias ib tus neeg tuaj rau lub tswv yim no lossis kev xav txog tsib caug xyoo dhau los. Kev txuas mus rau tus neeg tshawb nrhiav yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, yog tias nws tsis nyob ntawd, nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tshawb fawb yog tias koj tsis tau paub txog txoj haujlwm ntawd, thiab yog tias koj paub nws, nws yuav yog kev zam txim.
Ib zaug ntxiv, muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm txhua lub ncauj lus tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, paub nws, kawm nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb txoj haujlwm.
Ntxiv mus, hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm kawm keeb kwm keeb kwm hauv qhov kev coj ua sib txawv, uas yog qhov pom tseeb tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nyeem txhua cov ntaub ntawv (qhov chaw), nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau paub cov kev xav ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm ntawm cov ncauj lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim lawv yog diametrically rov qab. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau muab cov duab monographs (los ntawm lub siab) mob siab rau ib lossis lwm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm, tus neeg sib tw yam tsawg kawg suav nrog kev npaj cov lus nug keeb kwm keeb kwm hauv ib qho kev qhia lossis lwm qhov, uas yog, thaum dhau qhov tsawg kawg, koj yuav tsum paub tag nrho keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm ntau cov ncauj lus, Kuv rov hais dua, ua tiav, uas yog, thaum tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm dav dav kom dhau (nyeem) tus kheej dhau los ntawm txhua qhov keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, Kuv muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm yam tsawg kawg ntawm cov nomads ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe thiab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, kom ua siab ncaj, muaj nyiaj ntau.
Tus kws sau keeb kwm yuav tsum muaj kev paub zoo ib yam hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov peev txheej, uas yog, kom paub tias cov peev txheej twg yog lub sijhawm twg. Thiab dua, qhov no yog qhov xav tau kev paub uas koj yuav tsum muaj. Thiab peb tab tom tham tsis yog hais txog koj cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb lossis kev txaus siab, tab sis kuj tseem hais txog lwm lub sijhawm, cov tebchaws thiab cov tib neeg. Koj yuav tsum paub qhov no, tau kawg, lub taub hau tsis yog lub khoos phis tawj, thiab yog tias koj tsis siv qee yam, koj tuaj yeem hnov qab nws, tab sis lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov no tsis hloov pauv, yog tias tsim nyog, txhua yam yooj yim rov qab los.
Piv txwv li, peb tsis muaj txhua qhov zoo sib xws ntawm thawj lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Rome (lub vaj ntxwv thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov koom pheej thaum ntxov); sau tau tshwm sim hauv Rome thaum xyoo pua 6. BC, nyob rau xyoo V. AD muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm - cov ntawv sau tseg, tab sis txhua yam no tsis tau los rau peb, zoo li cov kws sau keeb kwm yav dhau los (tsuas yog ib feem), thiab txhua qhov chaw xa mus rau lub sijhawm tom qab, qhov no yog Titus Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) AD), Dionysius (tib lub sijhawm), Plutarch (1st xyoo pua AD), Diodorus (1st xyoo pua AD), Varon (1st xyoo pua AD) thiab qhov tseem ceeb tsawg.
Hauv cov menyuam yaus, peb txhua tus nyeem cov ntawv tshiab zoo siab "Spartacus" los ntawm R. Giovagnoli, uas feem ntau yog cov ntawv tseeb, nrog rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab Asmeskas zoo nrog K. Douglas, tab sis muaj tsawg heev keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no uas tau los rau peb: cov no yog ob peb nplooj ntawv hauv "Civil Wars" Appian thiab keeb kwm ntawm Crassus Plutarch, tag nrho lwm qhov chaw tsuas yog hais txog qhov xwm txheej no. Ntawd yog, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, peb yuav luag tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv.
Paub txog cov peev txheej tseeb hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv, thiab ntau ntxiv hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev, yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm, dab tsi txawv nws los ntawm kev nyiam ua haujlwm.
Yuav nyeem qhov twg? Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thib ob hauv kev ua haujlwm yog kev paub txog hom lus. Kev paub txog hom lus txhais tau ntau, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog kev paub ntawm hom lus. Kev kawm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm paub txog hom lus.
Kev txheeb xyuas tsis tau yog tias tsis paub cov lus - qhov no yog axiom. Txhua tus neeg xav paub keeb kwm tuaj yeem them taus, piv txwv li, lub npe hu ua Tale of Bygone Years (Tale of Bygone Years) hauv kev txhais lus, tus kws sau keeb kwm nyeem cov ntawv luam tawm thawj zaug. Thiab yog li txhua tus neeg nyiam keeb kwm tuaj yeem nyeem tib PVL, txhais los ntawm D. S. Txij li nws tsis muaj qhov tseeb mus txuas ntxiv siv cov ntawv ntawm thawj lossis thawj qhov chaw, piv txwv li, rau Laurentian Chronicle nws tus kheej, uas tau khaws cia hauv Lavxias Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv (RNL).
Ua ntej, nws yog lub luag haujlwm sab hauv, vim li cas thab cov ntawv sau dua ib zaug thaum nws twb tau tshaj tawm hauv ntau yam ntawv, suav nrog lub fax, yooj yim los ntawm qhov pom ntawm nws txoj kev nyab xeeb. Qhov thib ob, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev kawm ntawm lub monument raws li qhov chaw, kev ua haujlwm loj heev paleographic twb tau ua tiav ntawm daim ntawv, sau ntawv, sau, thiab lwm yam.
Yog tias nws zoo li nyeem hauv Lavxias qub yog ib qho yooj yim, ces nws tsis yog. Ntxiv nrog rau kev kawm cov chav lus Lavxias qub, koj yuav tsum paub textology, daj ntseg.
Kuv rov hais dua, qhov no tsis txhais tau tias txhua tus kws tshawb fawb tam sim maj mus rau chav sau ntawv ntawm National Library of Russia lossis lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences, tsis yog, qhov tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov loj: thiab cov uas tau koom nrog hauv daj ntseg lossis kev tshawb fawb, kawm cov ntawv, tsis tshua muaj teeb meem, piv txwv li, kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab lawv cov haujlwm tau nquag siv los ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm uas daws teeb meem dav dav, tab sis qhov tseeb, txhua tus ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv yuav tsum paub. lus ntawm qhov chaw.
Rau cov neeg uas txiav txim siab qhov teeb meem yooj yim no, kuv hais kom nqa phau ntawv me ntsis thiab sim nyeem thiab txhais tsab ntawv ntawm Peter I. Qhov no tsis yooj yim. Tam sim no cia xav txog qhov koj xav tau tam sim xav txheeb xyuas qhov cim xeeb ntawm qee tus neeg nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, twb tau luam tawm, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg. Ntawd yog, koj yuav tsum tau kawm txog kev nyeem cov ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, uas tau xyaum nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, thiab tom qab koj hla dhau lub palisade no, nkag siab thiab txhais. Thiab muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Fab Kis nyob rau lub sijhawm no, koj yuav tsum paub nws ib yam.
Kuv nco tias txheej txheej loj ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 18th. tos nws tus kws tshawb fawb, lossis theej, tshawb fawb. Txoj haujlwm no loj heev thiab siv sijhawm.
Yooj yim muab, tus neeg uas kawm Ancient Egypt yuav tsum paub cov ntawv Greek thiab Egyptian qub, Vikings - Old Norse lossis Old Icelandic, Anglo -Saxon keeb kwm thaum ntxov - Latin, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis yog tias koj koom nrog keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, tsawg kawg kev paub lus Fab Kis raws li cov lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb xav tau, thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cov npe. Vim li cas cov lus no? Kuv nyuam qhuav muab piv txwv ntawm cov lus ntawm cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm cov ncauj lus no.
Ib txwm, thaum nkag mus rau cov ncauj lus, kev paub txog lwm yam lus kuj tseem tsim nyog, tib yam lus Latin yog hom lus tseem ceeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog Sab Hnub Poob thaum ntxov, tab sis kuv rov hais dua, kev paub txog hom lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej. Yog tias tsis muaj kev paub, tshawb fawb tsis tau, thiab tsis muaj keeb kwm ua tus kws tshaj lij.
Yog li, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas qhov chaw, raws li kev paub keeb kwm keeb kwm, tsis muaj kev paub txog qhov thib ob, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshuaj xyuas qee yam, tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm liab.
Hauv PVL, raws li cov npe Laurentian, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias Oleg, uas tau txeeb Kiev, ua cov hauv qab no: "Saib seb Oleg … muab khoom plig rau Slovenian, Krivichi thiab Mary, thiab (xaj) Varangian kom muab khoom plig los ntawm Novgorod mus rau ib tug mane ntawm 300 rau lub caij ntuj sov, sib koom kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, hedgehog kom txog thaum tuag ntawm Yaroslavl dayash li Varangian. " Tib yam yog hauv PVL raws li daim ntawv teev npe Ipatiev. Tab sis hauv Novgorod Thawj Vaj Keeb Kwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas: "Thiab muab khoom plig rau Slovens thiab Varangians, muab khoom plig rau Krivich thiab Mer, thiab muab khoom plig rau Varyag los ntawm Novgorod, thiab faib 300 hryvnias los ntawm Novgorod rau lub caij ntuj sov, yog tias lawv tsis" t dab ". Txhua qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los yeej rov ua cov txheej txheem ntawm PVL. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm xyoo pua puv 19.thiab lub sijhawm Soviet tau pom zoo tias Oleg, uas tawm mus rau Kiev los ntawm sab qaum teb, tau xaiv khoom plig los ntawm Slovenes, Krivichi thiab Mary nws tus kheej thiab Varangians.
Tsuas yog I. M. Trotsky hauv xyoo 1932, muab qhov tseeb tias Novgorodskaya Thawj muaj cov ntawv ua ntej tshaj PVL (Shakhmatov AA) qhia tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau txhais "… qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim los ntawm" muab ", uas yog, khoom plig yog tsis muab los ntawm Slovenes, tab sis los ntawm Slovenes thiab Varangians. Muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm lo lus "txoj cai" thiab "tso tseg": cov cai - rau cov pab pawg taug kev nrog Oleg, tso tseg - rau cov pab pawg uas raug ntes los ntawm Oleg (Grekov B. D.). Yog tias B. D. Grekov txhais cov lus qhia "ustaviti" raws li "txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas qhov tseeb", tom qab ntawd I. Ya. Froyanov txhais ua "kom xaiv tsa."
Raws li hauv qab no los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, Oleg mus rau kev sib tw nrog Slovenes, Krivichi thiab Merei, kov yeej Kiev thiab muab khoom plig los ntawm nws rau nws cov phoojywg.
Yog li, kev piav qhia qhov kev txhais lus ua rau lub ntsiab lus sib txawv kiag li, uas sib haum rau qhov tseeb, Oleg, uas tau txeeb Kiev, tau muab khoom plig rau nws hauv kev nyiam ntawm nws pab tub rog.
Tau kawg, nws tsis tuaj yeem paub txhua yam, thiab, hais, thaum kawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab Mongols, tus kws tshawb fawb yuav tsis paub cov lus sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Mongols, qhov twg nws yuav siv cov txhais lus ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm-tshwj xeeb hauv cov lus, tab sis, kuv rov hais dua, tsis muaj kev paub txog qub Lavxias, nws txoj haujlwm yuav tsis tseem ceeb.
Thiab ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv: ntawm cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm muaj qhov kev xav tsis thoob uas yog tias phau ntawv tau luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 19th, yog li kev ntseeg siab nws ua tiav. Xav txog peb qhov kev txhais ntawm Theophanes tus lees txim (d. 818), tus sau ntawm "Chronography" dav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Byzantium: kev txhais lus ntawm V. I. Obolensky nyob rau xyoo pua puas xyoo. thiab ob qhov kev txhais lus (ib nrab) los ntawm G. G. Litavrina thiab I. S. Chichurov thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Yog tias koj ua raws V. I Obolensky, tom qab ntawd tus nyeem ntawv yuav xav tias "ob tog" ntawm hippodrome hnav khaub ncaws hnav, thiab hauv Byzantium cov thawj coj tau raug suav. Tau kawg, qib kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhais lus tau nqis mus rau tom ntej, txhais los ntawm G. G. Litavrina thiab I. S. Chichurov - qhov no yog qib siab tshaj plaws rau niaj hnub no, thiab ntau txoj haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los tau pom nyob hauv ib puag ncig kev tshaj lij raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm monuments.
Yam koj yuav tsum paub txog kev kawm qhov chaw
Qhov thib ob hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb yog lo lus nug ntawm kev nkag siab cov qauv, kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, thaum kawg, lawv qhov tshwj xeeb. Yog li, phau ntawv teev npe ntawm lub nkoj, piv txwv li, ib txwm yuav yog thawj hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev nco txog ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj; keeb kwm lossis keeb kwm - rau yav dhau los, cov ntaub ntawv loj, piv txwv li, ntawm pab tub rog - rau xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Yooj yim txhawm rau kom paub qhov txawv cuav los ntawm qhov tseeb, tus kws sau keeb kwm cuam tshuam nrog qee lub ntsiab lus yuav tsum, ntxiv rau keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm cov ncauj lus, kev paub txog hom lus ntawm lub hauv paus thiab lub hauv paus nws tus kheej, paub nws lub sijhawm, uas yog, sib tham, keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub sijhawm nyob hauv kev kawm, cov ntsiab lus, thiab lwm yam.
Ib zaug ntxiv txog qhov kev tshawb fawb. Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog keeb kwm Lavxias, tom qab ntawd nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub tias keeb kwm muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, qhov twg yog thawj cov keeb kwm lossis cov kws sau keeb kwm, qhov twg yog cov keeb kwm yav dhau los nyob ntawm lawv, thiab qhov no tau suav nrog qhov tseeb tias Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab tau los rau peb: kev ua haujlwm ntawm Shakhmatov AA, Priselkova MD, Nasonov AN, lossis tus kws sau ntawv niaj hnub no Kloss BM, Ziborova VK, Gippius A. A.
Txhawm rau paub tias daim ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj Qub Lavxias "Russkaya Pravda" muaj peb tsab ntawv: luv, nthuav dav, Sau luv. Tab sis lawv tau nqis los rau peb hauv cov npe sib txawv (lub cev) ntawm lub sijhawm txij hnub kaum plaub mus txog rau xyoo kaum xya.
Tom qab ntawd yuav tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thaum ib tus neeg sau: hauv PVL nws tau hais qhia thiab yog li, thiab hauv Laurentian Chronicle - yog li thiab yog li. Tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov npe uas tau nqis los rau peb, thiab cov keeb kwm yav dhau los lossis keeb kwm keeb kwm tau los ntawm lawv.
Muaj lub tswv yim ntawm keeb kwm, vim kev yos hav zoov feem ntau paub tias nyuaj thiab tsis meej pem. Lub sijhawm ntawd hauv keeb kwm tau dhau mus, nws yog xyoo 19th, thaum ntau txoj haujlwm tau mob siab rau keeb kwm thiab kev tsis sib haum nyob ib puag ncig nws, qee qhov kev xav tau ua, thiab qhov no tsis yog kev tshawb fawb txuj ci, tab sis kev nkag siab tias cov peev txheej tsis tso cai rau peb tham unambiguously txog lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Raws li, piv txwv, keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Rome: nws tsis paub thaum Rome tau tsim tsa - tsis muaj hnub tim tseeb, tab sis muaj ib txwm muaj. Kev suav ntawm lub sijhawm tseem qhia txog kev tsis meej pem, thaum ntxov Rome daim ntawv qhia hnub tsis zoo tag nrho: thawj xyoo muaj 9 lub hlis, thiab lub hli yog lunar - 28-29 hnub, tom qab ntawd muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau 12 lub hlis thaum tswj hwm lub hli hli (nyob rau hauv Numa Pompilius). Los yog hais tias, qhov tseeb tias thawj feem ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm tsis tau sau hnub tim.
Yog li niaj hnub no "chronolozhtsy" los ntawm qhov tsis paub qhov tob tshaj plaws hauv cov peev txheej thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm kev puas tsuaj lawv tus kheej rau Sisyphean kev ua haujlwm.
Ntxiv rau txhua qhov saum toj no uas tus kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum paub thiab ywj pheej tshawb nrhiav cov peev txheej raws li nws lub sijhawm: qhov no txhais tau tias yog dab tsi thiab thaum twg nws tau sau, los ntawm leej twg, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm tus sau, nws kev xav, kev xav, thaum nws los txog rau cov ntaub ntawv: kev paub txog kab ke ntawm lawv kev sau ntawv, mus txog rau lo lus tig.
Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv kom paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm raug tshuaj xyuas. Qhov no yog kwv yees zoo ib yam li keeb kwm ntawm kev pleev xim los txiav txim qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab tha xim raws tus yam ntxwv tau piav qhia hauv nws (tsis muaj lub xov tooj ntawm tes nyob rau xyoo 19th).
Rau kaum tsib xyoos muaj pov thawj tias thaum ntxov 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Los ntawm kev txiav txim los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam, KGB cov tub ceev xwm tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Katyn thiab cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws; cov cim ntawm kev dag tau raug txheeb xyuas thiab nthuav tawm rau pej xeem. Hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, kev zam txim tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov lus, tsis sib xws hauv "cov ntaub ntawv" lawv tus kheej, hnub tim thiab lawv qhov sib txawv nrog cov xwm txheej tam sim no.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev zam cov ntaub ntawv yog cais, cov ncauj lus tsis txaus ntseeg.
Tib yam tsis sib xws loj nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm ua rau muaj kev poob siab txog qhov tseeb ntawm ob lub monuments ntawm keeb kwm Lavxias qub: "Cov dab neeg ntawm Igor txoj phiaj los nqis tes" thiab Tmutarakan Pob Zeb.
Cov lus nug ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm Lay tau raug tsa ntau dua ib zaug ua ntej tus kws tshawb fawb A. A. Zimin, tab sis nws cov lus sib cav ua rau muaj cua daj cua dub ntawm kev xav thiab kev sib tham loj hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR thaum lub Tsib Hlis 4-6, 1964. Zimin tau nug txog qhov kev sib tham ntawm lub monument rau xyoo pua 12th, txhim kho nws qhov tseem ceeb rau ib lub sij hawm tom qab - xyoo pua 18th. Vim yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej thaum lub sijhawm hluav taws ntawm 1812 hauv lub tsev ntawm tus neeg sau thiab nrhiav pom ntawm Lavxias cov ntawv sau, Suav AI Musin-Pushkin, kev tsom xam daj ntseg tsis suav nrog, tab sis kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus tau ua tiav. Niaj hnub no peb tuaj yeem hais tias kev sib tham ntawm qhov keeb kwm no, uas tau pib thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm A. A. Zimin tseem qhib.
Tab sis thaum txheeb xyuas Tmutarakan pob zeb, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj cov cuab yeej siv tau ntev. Lub pob zeb Tmutarakan tau pom ntawm Taman hauv 1792. Kev tsis ntseeg txog nws qhov tseeb tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, ib yam nkaus "raws sijhawm" nws tau pom nyob hauv cov ntu no, yog pov thawj ntxiv ntawm Russia txoj cai rau Novorossiya thiab Crimea.
Thiab qhov teeb meem txheej txheem yog tias xyoo pua 18th ntau ceg ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb tsuas yog ua lawv cov kauj ruam hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov thawj coj keeb kwm ntawm Tebchaws Europe, suav nrog Russia. Nov yog hais txog keeb kwm keeb kwm. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb nrhiav kev sib tham nrog cov npe qub qub hauv nroog, roob, seas thiab dej ntws ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntau. Piv txwv li, Tmutarakan tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw sib txawv, feem ntau nyob ze rau Chernigov, uas nws gravitated raws li qhov ntim, raws li keeb kwm, Kerch Strait tsis nyiam nyob ntawm no, yog li ua xyem xyav txog qhov tseeb.
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub monument ntawm 1068 kuj tau nug cov lus nug los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws sau paj lug, txij li peb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws los ntawm lub sijhawm no, thiab tsuas yog tom qab kev coj ua raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm tau ua lub hauv paus ntseeg tau ua qhov ua xyem xyav ploj mus. Thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov pob zeb nws tus kheej thiab pom qhov sib piv ua rau lawv tawg tag.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los tam sim no, piv txwv li, lub ntsiab lus ntawm Tartary yog qhov tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tab sis dab tsi yog qhov yooj yim tsis paub yog hnub no hu ua "tsis paub."
Tias yog vim li cas tus kws sau keeb kwm yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog paub tag nrho cov hauv paus kev kawm ntawm lub sijhawm uas tab tom kawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm tshawb fawb nws hauv lwm lub sijhawm ib yam nkaus, zoo li hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm.
Tab sis peb tuaj yeem plunge mus rau qhov tob ntawm kev kawm xyoo pua, li cas? Ib zaug ntxiv, tsuas yog kev paub txog keeb kwm keeb kwm muab rau peb paub.
Cia peb siv lo lus "qhev" ("qhev"). Nws txhais li cas? Thaum twg peb hla nws hauv cov peev txheej: tus qhev hauv X lossis hauv XVII xyoo pua? Lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog dab tsi, qee tus kws tshawb fawb tau txhais lub ntsiab lus li cas? Zimin). Los yog qhov xaus uas nyob rau xyoo XI-XII. ib tug tub qhe yog qhev qhev, thiab qhev yog cov phoojywg pab pawg (Froyanov I. Ya.)
Kev paub tob ntawm koj lub sijhawm yuav ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig thaum nyob hauv cov peev txheej peb tau ntsib nrog qhov nyuaj piav qhia cov lus nug: kev paub txog riam phom tuaj yeem pab hauv kev sib tham ntawm cov cim.
Cia kuv muab lwm qhov piv txwv rau koj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov peev txheej. Niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv zoo ib yam li memoirs yog nrov heev, tab sis lawv yog tib lub sijhawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb, pov thawj ntawm lub sijhawm, tab sis, zoo li txhua qhov chaw, memoirs xav tau qee yam kev qhia. Yog tias tus nyeem yooj yim tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm nws tus kheej lub tswv yim: nyiam nws lossis tsis nyiam nws, kuv ntseeg nws lossis tsis yog, tom qab ntawd tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem them taus cov khoom kim heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li nws tsis tuaj yeem kos cov lus xaus tsis meej raws li nws memoirs yog tias tsis muaj kev lees paub los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tsis tuaj yeem hais tau zoo dua Mark Blok (1886-1944), keeb kwm thiab tub rog:
"Marbaud [1782-1854] hauv nws" Memoirs ", uas zoo siab heev rau cov tub ntxhais hluas lub siab, tshaj tawm nrog ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais txog ib qho kev ua siab tawv, tus phab ej uas coj nws tus kheej tawm: yog tias koj ntseeg nws, hmo ntuj ntawm Tsib Hlis 7- 8, 1809. nws tau ua luam dej hla lub nkoj hla cua daj cua dub ntawm tus dej Danube uas ntws mus thiaj li ntes tau ob peb tus neeg raug kaw los ntawm cov neeg Austrians ntawm lwm lub txhab nyiaj. Zaj dab neeg no tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau li cas? Hu rau kev pab los ntawm lwm cov lus pov thawj, tau kawg. Peb muaj cov tub rog xaj xaj, phau ntawv hla tebchaws, ntawv ceeb toom; lawv ua tim khawv tias nyob rau hmo ntawd lub koom haum Austrian, uas nws lub tsev pheeb suab Marbeau, raws li nws pom nyob ntawm ntug dej sab laug, tseem nyob hauv lub txhab nyiaj txawv. Ib qho ntxiv, nws yog qhov tseeb los ntawm Napoleon tus kheej "Kev Sib Tham" tias qhov kev nchuav tseem tsis tau pib rau lub Tsib Hlis 8. Thaum kawg, daim ntawv thov rau kev tsim khoom hauv qib tau pom, sau los ntawm Marbeau nws tus kheej thaum Lub Rau Hli 30, 1809. Ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo uas nws hais txog, tsis muaj ib lo lus hais txog nws qhov kev ua tau zoo ua tiav lub hli tas los. Yog li, ntawm qhov tod tes - "Memoirs", ntawm qhov tod - ntau cov ntawv uas tsis lees paub lawv. Peb yuav tsum txheeb xyuas cov lus pov thawj tsis sib haum no. Peb xav tias dab tsi ntseeg ntxiv? Tias nyob rau tib qhov chaw, ntawm qhov chaw, ob lub hauv paus thiab tus huab tais nws tus kheej tau ua yuam kev (yog tias tsuas yog lawv, Vajtswv paub yog vim li cas, tsis cuam tshuam qhov tseeb txhob txwm ua) tias Marbeau xyoo 1809, nqhis dej rau kev txhawb nqa, ua txhaum nrog kev coj tsis ncaj; lossis qhov ntev tom qab tus tub rog qub, uas nws cov dab neeg, txawm li cas los xij, tau txais nws lub meej mom zoo, txiav txim siab hloov lwm txoj kev taug kev mus rau qhov tseeb? Pom tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsis kam lees: "Memoirs" dag dua."
Tab sis tom qab ntawd cov lus nug tshwm sim: puas yog tus sau uas tsis yog keeb kwm, uas yog, tsis paub txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm, puas muaj cai kos cov lus xaus? Yog lawm, yog: peb muaj thiab tseem muaj lub tebchaws dawb, tab sis cov lus xaus no, txawm tias lawv los ntawm "kev nkag siab zoo" lossis "kev xav", yuav tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb fawb raws li keeb kwm: raws li "kev nkag siab zoo," nws tuaj yeem nthuav qhia nws txoj kev xav thiab tus neeg tu tsev, thiab tus kws tshaj lij, thiab hauv qhov no lawv yuav sib npaug kiag li. Yog tias lawv tsis paub hom lus ntawm keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm, ob qho tib si yuav tsuas yog kev xav tsis meej, tab sis qhov tseeb, tau kawg, lawv tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov lus xaus thiab raws li kev kawm ntawm cov peev txheej. Tsis tas li, kev yeej nyiaj ntau hauv twv txiaj yuam pov tsis ua rau tus neeg ua lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig.
Yog li, kws tshawb fawb B. V. Rauschenbach (1915-2001), tus kws tshaj lij lub cev-kws kho tshuab uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Soviet cosmonautics, txiav txim siab los tham txog kev cai raus dej ntawm Rus. Txhua tus tuaj yeem hais tawm qhov kev xav ntawm txhua qhov teeb meem, tab sis thaum tus kws qhia ntawv hais ib yam dab tsi, hauv qhov muag ntawm tus neeg nruab nrab nws tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem tias tus kws qhia ntawv tsis paub txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, lossis qhov chaw, lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm.
KIND: pab qhuab qhia keeb kwm
Cov kev qhuab qhia keeb kwm Pabcuam - qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia rau kev kawm txog cov peev txheej tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, cov lej lej - npib, sphragistics - cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, tsis zoo - cov cim khoom plig.
Muaj, hais, txawm tias kev tshawb fawb mob siab rau qhov hnyav thiab hnyav (Trutovsky V. K.)
Txawm tias txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm "cov phaj zoo li cas tsis pom tseeb", lossis tareftik, cov khoom ua los ntawm cov hlau nrog cov duab siv, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm Sassanian Iran, tareftika lossis cov duab ntawm cov vaj ntawm daim hlau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb raws li lub hauv paus, ntxiv rau cov phaj nyiaj ntawm Byzantium ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, uas yog ib qho ntawm ob peb qhov chaw ncaj qha rau riam phom ntawm Roman cov tub rog ntawm 6th-7th xyoo pua.
Hauv lub moj khaum ntawm, piv txwv li, kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm riam phom, cim duab yog qhov tseem ceeb heev; qhov no tsis yog kev kawm ntawm cov cim, tab sis kev kawm ntawm ib qho duab, puas yog nws cov duab puab, tombstones lossis tej yam me me hauv phau Vajlugkub. Raws li, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau paub txog cov ntaub ntawv (keeb kwm keeb kwm) ntawm lub cim cim kom nkag siab cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog nws, yog li tsis txhob kos cov lus tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav. Yog li, cov ntawv me me hauv keeb kwm txog Litsevoy lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. piav qhia cov tub rog nrog ntaj, thaum saber yog riam phom tseem ceeb hauv pab tub rog Lavxias tau ntev, uas tau lees paub los ntawm sabers ntawm lub sijhawm no uas tau nqis los rau peb, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog cov cim. Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib cais ntawm qee cov canons hauv lawv cov lus piav qhia, peb feem ntau, tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm thaum ntxov, tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus nyob ntawm lub neej ntawm lub sijhawm. Tab sis qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Phau Qub hauv Roman Basilica ntawm Santa Maggiore yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm riam phom thiab cov duab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm xyoo pua 5, zoo li hauv Montreal hauv Sicily - ntawm riam phom ntawm Normans thiab Loos ntawm xyoo pua 12th.
Tus kws tshawb fawb tshaj lij yuav tsum paub txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm yooj yim ntawm kev qhuab qhia pabcuam, yog tias nws tsis tshwj xeeb hauv lawv.
Yog lawm, yog tias koj ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, sphragistics tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau koj, tab sis, piv txwv li, pob nyiaj siv lossis kev kawm txog cov txhab nyiaj yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb qhia meej rau kev sib tham txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob hauv tebchaws Russia.
Tseem ceeb: txhua tus kws tshawb fawb nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum. yuav tsum ua haujlwm nrog thawj qhov chaw: cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia. Qhov no yog ib txoj haujlwm loj, vim nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem txwv koj tus kheej rau ob peb daim nplaub tshev, xws li kev soj ntsuam, tau kawg, yuav tsis raug lees paub los ntawm zej zog kev tshawb fawb.
Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv loj, pom tseeb, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv cov txheej txheem kev ntsuas zauv, lwm qhov kev pabcuam pabcuam, thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev paub txog kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm no.
Kuv rov hais dua, ua haujlwm tiag tiag rau lub sijhawm zoo li lub xyoo pua nees nkaum yog siv sijhawm ntau heev: nws yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntau, ua haujlwm hauv cov ntawv khaws cia, qhov no yog ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm no, thiab tsis yog rov sau dua.
Tab sis li cas txog lwm cov lus qhia?
Cov kws sau keeb kwm tseem muaj lwm qhov tshwj xeeb; xws li kev tshawb fawb xws li keeb kwm kev kos duab, keeb kwm qub txeeg qub teg, haiv neeg keeb kwm lossis haiv neeg keeb kwm sib cais.
Archaeology ua nws tus kheej rau lub sijhawm ua ntej thiab ua ntu zus rau kev sau sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb, archaeology tau tsim txoj hauv kev nruj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ncauj lus hauv qab kev kawm. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov txheej txheem no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum, txij li ua ntej qhov kev khawb av feem ntau tau ua los ntawm cov neeg pioneer zoo, tab sis tseem yog cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm. Yog li, G. Schliemann, uas tau tshawb pom lub monument ntawm kev tsis paub kab lis kev cai, 1000 xyoo ua ntej Troy, piav los ntawm Homer, raws txoj kev tau rhuav tshem cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Troy, uas nws tab tom nrhiav hauv Hisarlik.
Nws tsim nyog hais tias Soviet, thiab tom qab nws niaj hnub Lavxias archaeology yog qhov kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb, thiab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm los ntawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau kawm thiab tau kawm hauv Russia.
Archaeologists siv, txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsim nyog, hauv thaj chaw txwv, txheej txheem thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ntawm kev yos.
Lwm qhov yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ceev faj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, tab sis nrog lub peev xwm los txhais lawv: kev coj noj coj ua hauv ib puag ncig tsis yog ib txwm muaj pab pawg thiab txawm tias yog pab pawg lus, yog tias peb tab tom tham txog lub sijhawm ua ntej lossis lub sijhawm uas tau sawv cev tsis zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau.
Hloov chaw ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig-qhia ntawm thaj chaw kas fes, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ncaj ncees sau cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm thiab pom raws li cov txheej txheem meej. Thiab, ntseeg kuv, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov neeg thuam thiab cov neeg sib tw yuav raug nthuav tawm sai dua li qhov ua yuam kev zoo sib xws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug: qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab kev txiav txim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua rau tsis ntseeg ntawm cov lus xaus, feem ntau ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, kuv rov hais dua, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntuj tsis yog tus tshawb nrhiav, lawv tsis ua txhaum txoj cai.
Raws li kev siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas DNA hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm, cia peb rov hais dua cov lus ntawm tam sim no theorist ntawm kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm LS Klein: kev tshuaj xyuas DNA yuav siv nws qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov kev pabcuam pabcuam, txij li thaum muaj kev tshuaj xyuas hluav taws xob, peb tsis tau muaj radiocarbon archaeology.
Hloov tag nrho
Yog li, hauv kab lus luv luv no, peb tau tham txog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb. Lawv zoo ib yam thiab txheej txheem txiav txim siab, yam tsis siv lawv txoj haujlwm keeb kwm yog qhov ua tsis tau.
