"Sib ntaus ntawm dej khov" los ntawm nws lub npe ib leeg - "Sib ntaus sib tua" tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, thiab tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis qhov tseeb tseem ceeb ntawm peb keeb kwm hauv tebchaws. Tsis ntseeg, qhov muaj koob npe thiab ua siab ncaj rau qhov xwm txheej no (qhov no yog qhov tsis ntseeg!) Tau ntxiv los ntawm zaj duab xis los ntawm Sergei Eisenstein, ua yeeb yaj kiab xyoo 1938. Tab sis peb cov pej xeem paub txog nws tsuas yog los ntawm phau ntawv qhia tsev kawm ntawv. Zoo, cov uas tau txais kev kawm qib siab - los ntawm tsev kawm qib siab. Ib tug neeg nyeem phau ntawv los ntawm A. V. Mityaev "Cua ntawm Kulikov Teb" thiab pom cov duab xim nyob ntawd. Tab sis … zaj dab neeg tiag tiag tsis nyob ntawm no. Nws tau muab zais rau hauv cov ntawv ntawm PSRL - ntau lub keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Russia - keeb kwm muaj yeeb koob, muaj xwm txheej, tab sis nyuaj rau kawm. Vim li cas? Thiab ntawm no yog vim li cas: nyob rau ib zaug ua tiav kev sau cov haujlwm ntawm Marx, Engels, Lenin nyob hauv txhua lub tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis leej twg ntawm koj, nyob zoo cov neeg tuaj saib ntawm VO lub vev xaib, pom TXHUA VOLUMES ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm no, tuav lawv hauv koj txhais tes thiab … nyeem? Yog li ntawd, los ntawm txoj kev, txhua qhov tsis tseem ceeb uas lawv tau tsim. Nrog lub ntim uas peb muaj, nws yuav tsis yooj yim txawm tias yog lub cev dawb huv, thiab txawm hais txog tus nqi zoo heev ntawm kev ua haujlwm, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais lus. Ntxiv mus, qhov xwm txheej kev lag luam tau hloov pauv. Dab tsi hloov pauv hauv daim ntawv sau tseg, dab tsi yuav tseem ceeb dua tag kis dua li qhov tseem ceeb hnub no? Tsis txhob twv! Qhov no tsis yog Orwell "1984" …
Hauv peb lub tebchaws, cov phau ntawv hais txog Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Cov Dej khov, suav nrog cov uas muaj cov duab nthuav tawm, tshwj xeeb, kos duab los ntawm I. Dzys, tau luam tawm ntau zaus. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej no, nws ua rau pom qhov pom pom los ntawm Askiv tus kws kos duab Angus McBride rau phau ntawv Medieval Russian Armies 1250 -1500 V. Shpakovsky & D. Nicolle / Oxford, Osprey, 2002. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas peb nyiam thuam Cov kws sau ntawv sab hnub poob hauv qee qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm peb keeb kwm. Tab sis saib cov duab no, los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm Askiv tau kawm lub sijhawm no ntawm peb cov tub rog keeb kwm tau 14 xyoos. Thiab koj pom cov neeg Lavxias nyob qhov twg hauv cov yaj yaj thiab cov onuchs nrog cov ceg txheem ntseeg hauv lawv txhais tes? Lub caij no, tsis yog ib daim duab hauv Osprey cov ntawv hloov pauv tuaj yeem tso tau yam tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm txhua yam qhia ntxaws thiab siv rau cov khoom cuav. Nws yooj yim dua los sau phau ntawv nws tus kheej kom pom txhua yam! Ntawm no, ib yam, koj pom cov tub rog caij nees hnyav ntawm 1250 los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Russia (sab laug), tus neeg caij nees ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj Russia (nruab nrab) thiab Pskov boyar (sab xis). Tau kawg, 1250 tsis yog 1242, tab sis qhov txawv me me!
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yooj yim dua rau peb tam sim no. Peb tsuas yog siv ib qho xwm txheej thiab saib yuav ua li cas nws thiaj li pom hauv cov ntawv ntawm peb cov keeb kwm. Yog lawm, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv hauv lawv, tab sis lawv tau sau los ntawm cov neeg muaj sia. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tau pom meej tias cov ntawv nyeem ze rau lub sijhawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej, nws yuav tsum ntseeg tau ntau dua, vim nws yuav yog raws li "pov thawj los ntawm samovids." Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav nthuav rau txhua tus kom tau paub nrog cov ntawv no tag nrho. Tsawg kawg, tsis tas yuav nkag los ntawm ntau qhov ntau (thiab muaj ntau ntawm lawv!) Thiab saib rau cov kab lus tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau ntawd. Thiab tib lub sijhawm, koj tuaj yeem sib piv li cas, leej twg thiab lawv hais lawv li cas!
Tej yam me me los ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky", suav nrog Obverse Chronicle (xyoo pua 16th). Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva.
Yog li, cia pib los ntawm kev mob siab rau qhov tseeb tias, txheeb xyuas qhov kev piav qhia ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm Lake Peipsi, feem ntau cov kws sau keeb kwm nyiam xa mus rau 1st Novgorod Chronicle. Nov yog qhov ua haujlwm ntxaws tshaj plaws thiab cog lus, tab sis, ntxiv rau cov ntawv no, lawv kuj hais cov lus tseeb los ntawm 1st Sofia Chronicle, Kev Sawv Rov Los, Simeonovskaya thiab lwm cov ntawv keeb kwm, nrog rau Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky, uas ua tiav cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sib ntaus nrog cov ntsiab lus tiag tiag. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm siv cov peev txheej no tsis raug cai, thaum lwm tus txawm xav txog cov ntaub ntawv.
Piv txwv li, tus kws sau keeb kwm A. I. Kozachenko sau hais tias: “Cov lus dab neeg“Hais txog Great Duke Alexander”tau los rau peb. Tus sau ntawm cov lus dab neeg no yog ib tus neeg niaj hnub ntawm Alexander, paub nws thiab pom nws qhov kev siv, yog "tus kheej-pom kev ntawm nws lub hnub nyoog."Thiab ntxiv mus … "Tus neeg mob ntev, los ntawm cov lus ntawm tus tim khawv pom, sau tias:" Thiab muaj qhov kev phem ntawm N'mtsem thiab Chyudi zoo, thiab ua siab tawv los ntawm cov pob zeb tawg thiab lub suab ntawm rab ntaj., zoo li lub hiav txwv yuav khov txav mus los. cov ntshav hnyav "".
Tab sis tag nrho cov dab neeg no tsuas yog cov lus kwv yees ntawm qee tus txiv plig los ntawm Rozhdestvensky lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Vladimir, thiab tau sau lawm hauv 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Zoo, "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky" (thiab tsis txhais tau tias yog lus dab neeg!) Tau sau nyob rau hauv cov lus sau ntawm cov lus piav qhia ib txwm hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab tsis txhais tau tias ntawm cov lus pov thawj ntawm cov neeg tim khawv. Vim tias yog peb ntseeg tus sau Lub Neej, nws hloov tawm tias qhov "pom tus kheej" no tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog hnov cov lus ntawm Alexander cov tub rog thiab nws thov Vajtswv, nce los ntawm nws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis kuj … pom tiag tiag " ntawm Vajtswv ntawm vezdus "uas tau los cawm tus tub huabtais, uas yog, tom qab ntawd peb yuav tsum lees paub qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm" txuj ci tseem ceeb ".
Tej yam me me los ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky", suav nrog Obverse Chronicle (xyoo pua 16th). Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva. Cov tub rog ntawm Alexander Nevsky tab tom tsoo cov neeg Swedes, thiab cov tim tswv tab tom pab nws!
Tus paub keeb kwm zoo, tus kws qhia ntawv M. N. Tikhomirov, uas kawm cov ntawv no, ua tib zoo mloog qhov tseeb tias nws tus kws sau ntawv piv rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander nrog cov cim keeb kwm uas nws paub: uas, lawv hais tias, nws zoo nraug, zoo li Yauxej Zoo Nkauj, sib npaug hauv lub zog rau Samson, nws ua siab loj rau tus Vaj Ntxwv Vespasian, uas tau rhuav tshem Yeluxalees, thiab nws lub suab tau "zoo li lub suab raj tshuab raj ntawm cov neeg." Yog li ntawd, qee tus kws sau keeb kwm tau piav qhia Alexander zoo li yog ib tus txiv neej uas muaj lub cev zoo, nrog lub suab zoo li lub suab raj. Thiab tib neeg qhov no nkag siab tau, tab sis tsuas yog qhov no tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog keeb kwm.
Lavxias "peshtsy" 1250 - 1325 Sab laug yog tus neeg hla hneev, hauv nruab nrab yog cov tub rog hauv nroog "tub rog", rau sab xis yog tus hneev taw.
Soviet keeb kwm V. T. Pashuto sau hais tias: "Cov tub sab nyiag neeg ua tsis tiav" thuam cov lus Slovenian hauv qab lawv tus kheej, "thiab hais txog 1st Novgorod Chronicle ntawm cov hluas. Tab sis … tsis qhia tias cov lus no tsis yog coj los ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm, tab sis dua los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky. Soviet keeb kwm tub rog L. A. Strokov sau hais tias: "Peb cov kws tshaj lij hais tias:" Lawv txaus siab, sib sau ua ke thiab txiav txim siab: Cia peb mus, kov yeej Grand Duke Alexander thiab coj nws nrog peb txhais tes, "thiab nws tseem hais txog cov ntawv ntawm 1st Sophia Chronicle, tab sis tsis qhia tias cov lus no tau hais dua, tsis yog los ntawm cov ntawv nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, tab sis rov hais dua los ntawm Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky, thiab tsis pom tias nyob hauv 1st Sophia Chronicle lawv tau kis nrog kev hloov pauv: hloov "lwm lub nroog" - "lawv txaus siab. " Yog li, xyoo dhau los, muaj ntau qhov tsis raug "tsheb thauj khoom thiab lub laub me me" thiab lawv loj tuaj zoo li lub duav.
Tej yam me me los ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky", suav nrog Obverse Chronicle (xyoo pua 16th). Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau tawm tsam cov neeg German, tab sis kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem tsis tau pib!
Tus kws sau keeb kwm Ye. A. Razin. "Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv me me, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tig los ntawm sab nraub qaum mus rau ntawm ntug dej ntxhab ntawm lub pas dej, thiab Alexander pab pawg zoo tshaj plaws tau nkaum hauv qhov chaw nkaum tom qab ib sab." Ua li ntawd, nws zoo li tau tso siab rau qhov me me ntawm Laptev ntim ntawm Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas ntawm Chronicle, rov qab los rau peb lub hlis thib peb ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Tab sis cov ntawv me me no tsis tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab txog kev tsim cov tub rog lossis kev muaj cov tub rog zais cia, txij li cov khoom nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm lawv tus kheej yog qhov yooj yim heev, thiab lawv muaj lawv tus kheej "phau ntawv lub neej". Yog li, cov ntawv ntawm Nikon Chronicle nyob rau hauv qhov me me, sau hauv l. O937 ua. suab zoo li no: "Thiab, ntxiv dag zog rau tus ntoo khaub lig, nqa caj npab tawm tsam lawv, nqis rau ntawm lub pas dej Chyudskoye. Muaj ntau qhov zoo ntawm ob qho tib si. Nws txiv, Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodich, tau xa nws los pab nws, nws tus tij laug, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrea, nrog ntau tus tub rog. Ua tsaug ntau ntau ntawm qhov zoo … ".
Thiab peb pom dab tsi hauv qhov me me? Nyob rau kaum kaum sab xis ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav, uas xa Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey nrog pab tub rog los pab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander, nyob rau kaum kaum sab saud - Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey thiab nws cov tub rog, thiab hauv nruab nrab yog kev sib ntaus sib tua nws tus kheej. Thiab nyob ntawd, hauv qhov me me, tsis muaj cov tub rog zais cia. Xijpeem, peb tsis pom.
Ntawm no peb pom horsemen los ntawm 1375-1425. Ntawm sab laug yog tus ntaus nruas caij nees ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, nyob hauv nruab nrab yog tus nees caij nees ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. nrog Lithuanian daim ntaub thaiv-paveza, tub huabtais ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, txiav txim los ntawm cov duab cim thiab cov khoom cuav uas tau nqis los rau peb, peb cov tub rog tsis muaj txoj hauv kev qis dua rau kev sib tw ntawm Sab Hnub Poob!
Ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm hais txog cov ntawv sau ntawm Nov Novodod, 1st Pskov, Voskresensk, Lvov thiab Nikon cov ntawv sau tseg, tab sis tsis pom tias lawv cov ntawv sib txheeb li cas thiab cov ntawv "Lub Neej …". Lub caij no, txhua qhov ntawv sau los ntawm XIII xyoo pua. txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Dej khov yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg: Kuv - sau hauv Novgorod, uas tau xav txog hauv 1st Novgorod Chronicle ntawm cov ntawv qub; II - Pskov, cuam tshuam hauv Suzdal Chronicle; III - Rostov; IV - Suzdal, xav txog hauv Laurentian Chronicle; V - Vladimir thaum ntxov, - "Lub neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky" hauv thawj tsab ntawv. Pawg thib rau yog, raws li, Vladimir cov xov xwm tom qab los ntawm "Vladimir Chronicler" ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Txhua pawg thawj zaug yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 13th sawv los ntawm ib leeg ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia ib yam - kev sib ntaus sib tua paub rau peb thaum pib lub Plaub Hlis 1242.
Thiab qhov no yog nws cov lus piav qhia los ntawm 1st Novgorod Chronicle ntawm tsab ntawv laus dua.
"Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 6750. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleksandr yuav nrog Novgorodtsi thiab nrog nws tus tij laug Andrey, thiab los ntawm Nizovtsi mus rau Chyud thaj av rau cov neeg German thiab mus txhua txoj kev mus rau Plskov. Thiab ntiab tawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Plskov, txeeb los ntawm Nemtsi thiab Chyud, thiab, txhawm rau, ntws mus rau Novgorod, thiab koj tus kheej yuav mus rau Chyud. Thiab, zoo li koj nyob hauv av, cia cov tub rog nyob hauv txoj kev vam meej, thiab Domash Tverdislavich thiab Kerbet nyob hauv qhov hav, thiab kuv tau zaum nrog Nemtsn thiab Chyud ntawm tus choj, thiab muaj qhov ntawd. Thiab nws tau tua Domash, tus tij laug ntawm posadnich, nws tus txiv tau ua siab ncaj, thiab nws tuav nws nrog nws, thiab kuv tau muab nws tawm ntawm nws txhais tes, thiab nws tau los rau tus tub huabtais hauv cov tub rog. Tus tub huabtais nce mus rau hauv lub pas dej, thaum Nemtsi thiab Chyud mus nrog lawv. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleksandr thiab Novgorodtsp, txawm li cas los xij, teeb tsa cov tub rog nyob ntawm Chyudskoye Lake, ntawm Uzmen, ntawm Voronya Kamen. Thiab nws tau khiav mus rau hauv cov tub rog ntawm Germans thiab Chyud, thiab tau hla kev ua rog nrog npua. Thiab byst slash uas zoo German thiab Chyudi. Vajtswv thiab Saint Sophia thiab tus neeg tua neeg dawb huv Boris thiab Gleb, uas tso nws cov ntshav los rau Novgorodtsi, pab cov neeg ntseeg no nrog kev thov Vajtswv zoo los pab Prince Alexander. Thiab Nemtsi poob, thiab Chyud dasha tau txaws; thiab, caum lawv, bish lawv 7 mais raws cov dej khov mus rau Subolichi ntug dej hiav txwv. Thiab pade Chyudi beseshnsla, thiab Nemets 400, thiab 50 nrog txhais tes ntawm Yash thiab Nrnvedosh mus rau Novgorod. Thiab lub Plaub Hlis ntawm 5, rau kev nco txog kev tua neeg dawb huv Claudius, rau kev qhuas ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv dawb huv, thiab hnub Saturday. " Ntawd yog, thawj phau ntawv keeb kwm muab rau peb tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg German poob ntawm 400 tus neeg. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias qhov no yog cov ntawv Novgorod. Hauv nws, kev siv rau kev pab ntawm St. Sophia thiab St. Boris thiab Gleb. Pskov keeb kwm hais txog kev pab ntawm St. Trinity.
Los ntawm Pskov keeb kwm, koj tuaj yeem kawm cov hauv qab no: hauv 1242, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau tso lub nroog Pskov los ntawm cov neeg German, tom qab ntawd tau tawm tsam nrog cov tub rog German ntawm cov dej khov nrog cov tub rog suav nrog Novgorodians thiab Pskovites; swb lawv thiab coj cov tub rog ntes mus rau Pskov "liab qab"; muaj kev zoo siab hauv Pskov rau lub sijhawm no; thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau cem cov neeg ntawm Pskov, hais kom lawv tsis txhob hnov qab lawv tau ua dab tsi rau Pskov, thiab yav tom ntej, ib txwm muaj kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb kom tau txais cov thawj coj ntawm nws tsev neeg hauv lawv lub nroog!
Nws yog qhov ua tau uas Pskov tus kws paub keeb kwm paub qee cov lus dab neeg hauv zos txog qee qhov kev hais lus uas Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua hais rau Pskovites. Tab sis peb tsis paub nws cov ntsiab lus tseeb. Tus kws kho mob ntev tsis paub nws ib yam, thiab nws yuav tsum tau mus rau nws tus kheej lub tswv yim. Thiab nws hu rau cov neeg ntawm Pskov kom ua tsaug rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander thiab ua siab zoo lees txais cov thawj coj los ntawm nws tsev neeg. Tab sis qhov no, dua, yog qhov thib ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. thiab, yog li ntawd, cov ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws uas peb muaj yog lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb no, thiab tag nrho cov seem yog tom qab!
Rostov cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi los ntawm Cov Ntawv Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Suzdal Chronicle yog ntau heev: "Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 6750. Taug kev Aleksandr Yaroslavich los ntawm Novgorodtsi mus rau Nemtsi thiab tawm tsam nrog lawv ntawm Chyudskoye Lake, ze Voronn pob zeb, thiab kov yeej Aleksaidr thiab tsav 7 mais ntawm dej khov, txiav lawv."
Zaj dab neeg nthuav txog Battle of the Ice, uas yog nyob hauv Laurentian Chronicle, uas tau sau los ntawm tus hauj sam Laurentius nyob rau xyoo 1377. "Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 6750. Grand Duke Yaroslav, tus sawv cev ntawm nws tus tub Andrea rau Novgorod Great, pab Oleksandrov ntawm Nemtsi, thiab kuv yeej Pleskovo ntawm lub pas dej, thiab muaj ntau tus neeg raug kaw, thiab Andrew rov qab los rau nws txiv nrog kev hwm."
Keeb kwm M. N. Tikhomirov sau hais tias qhov no yog Suzdal version ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi. Tsis muaj ib lo lus hais txog Novgorodians, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog Alexander, tab sis tib lub sijhawm txhua qhov kev qhuas ntawm kev yeej yog tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey, txawm hais tias Novgorod keeb kwm tsis hais txog nws.
Zaj dab neeg ntawm Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Cov Dej Kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv thawj tsab ntawm Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky, suav sau ntawm Nativity Monastery hauv Vladimir hauv 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. niaj hnub no ntawm tus tub huabtais, tus txiv plig ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Nativity hauv nroog Vladimir. Qhov pib ntawm cov ntawv tsis hais dab tsi tshiab. Qhov no yog qhov nthuav: "Thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Olsandr yuav rov qab los nrog txoj kev yeej zoo. Thiab muaj coob leej neeg nyob hauv nws cov tub rog, thiab kuv khaws kuv txhais taw liab qab ntawm rab hmuv, uas kuv hu kuv tus kheej li Vajtswv hais lus. " Ntawd yog, cov tub rog raug ntes tau taug kev liab qab, tab sis cov duab, muaj pes tsawg tus nyob, tsis tau muab.
Yog li, yog tias peb rho tawm los ntawm cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws txhua yam "los saum ntuj" thiab "txuj ci tseem ceeb", ntxiv rau txhim kho thiab "hauv zos", peb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha hauv qab no:
1. Muaj kev sib tw ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander nyob rau xyoo thib peb tom qab Tsov Rog Neva, uas yog lub caij ntuj no - 1242; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Pskov tau raug tso dim los ntawm cov neeg German, thiab kev tawm tsam tau pauv mus rau thaj chaw yeeb ncuab.
2. Muaj ib pab tub rog tawm tsam Russia, thiab nws cov tub rog tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias ua ke;
3. Cov yeeb ncuab tau pom los ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv Lavxias, thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau swb los ntawm cov neeg German;
4. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau thim rov qab, vim li cas cov neeg German, ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, pom lawv tus kheej ze rau Lake Peipsi, thiab, muab cov ntawv ntawm Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, cov neeg tuag poob rau hauv cov nyom (hom nyom twg tuaj yeem muaj? nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis?), Ntawd yog, tau pom ntawm cov ntoo qhuav qhuav khaws cia raws ntug dej ntawm lub caij ntuj sov, kev sib ntaus sib tua nws tus kheej yog ob qho tib si ntawm ntug dej thiab ntawm dej khov. Los yog nws pib ntawm cov dej khov, txuas ntxiv ntawm ntug dej thiab ntawm cov dej khov, thiab xaus nrog kev ya dav hlau ntawm cov neeg German.
5. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav tau pab tub huabtais Alexander los ntawm kev xa nws tus tub, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey, ua ke nrog nws tus neeg khaws cia;
6. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim rau hnub Saturday sawv ntxov, thaum sawv ntxov;
7. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau xaus nrog kev yeej ntawm riam phom Lavxias, thiab cov yeej kuj tau caum tus yeeb ncuab uas khiav tawm;
8. Ntau tus yeeb ncuab tub rog raug kaw;
9. Cov yeej yeej coj cov neeg raug txhom neeg liab qab tsis pom kev ib sab ntawm lawv tus nees, uas yog, raws li cov canons ntawm knightly hwm, lawv ua rau lawv txaj muag;
10. Cov Pskovites tau txais tus tub huabtais Alexander hauv Pskov.
Tam sim no cia peb tig mus rau keeb kwm ntawm Novgorod-Sofia vault ntawm 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. thiab, tshwj xeeb, 1st Novgorod Chronicle ntawm cov ntawv hluas (tsab ntawv thib ob ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky"). Qhov thib ob ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky" muaj nyob hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv: hauv 1st Novgorod Chronicle ntawm cov hluas (thawj hom), hauv 1st Sophia Chronicle (hom thib ob) thiab Likhachev sau thaum xyoo pua 15th. (saib peb). Nov yog cov ntawv sau los ntawm Novgorod 1st Chronicle ntawm cov ntawv hluas raws li Pawg Neeg Sau Npe:
"Thaum lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 6750. Mus Prince Alexander nrog Novgorodtsi thiab nrog nws tus kwv Andrey thiab los ntawm Nizovtsi mus rau Chyudskoe av ntawm Nemtsi, thaum lub caij ntuj no, nyob hauv lub zog ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, tab sis lawv yuav tsis khav, maj:" Ukorim Slovenian lus qis dua koj tus kheej ". Twb tau ntau byasha Pskov tau coj, thiab lawv tau cog. Thiab Prince Alexander zaya txhua txoj kev mus rau Pleskov. Thiab tsav tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Pskov, thiab tshem tawm Nemtsi thiab Chyud, thiab, txhawm rau, ntws mus rau Novgorod, thiab koj tus kheej yuav mus rau Chyud. Thiab, zoo li koj nyob hauv av, cia cov tub rog tau zoo dua, thiab Domash Tverdislavich thiab Kerbet tau nyob hauv cov npe. Thiab nws tau tua Domash, tus kwv posadnitsa, nws tus txiv tau ua siab ncaj, thiab nws yeej qee leej nrog nws, thiab qee leej nrog nws txhais tes, izimash, thiab khov rau tus tub huabtais tuaj rau hauv cov tub rog. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus tub huabtais tau nce mus rau lub pas dej, thaum Nemtsi thiab Chyud tau nrog lawv mus. Saib Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander thiab Novgorodtsi, teeb tsa cov tub rog nyob ntawm Lake Chyudskoye, ntawm Uzmen, ntawm Crow Stone. Thiab lub pas dej Chyudskoye tuaj, thiab muaj ntau yam ntxiv ntawm ob qho tib si. Byasha bo uv Oleksandr tus tub huabtais muaj lub siab tawv, nrog rau Davyd thaum ub Caesar muaj silni, krepsi. Ib yam li ntawd, cov txiv neej ntawm Alexandrov tau muaj lub siab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab byahu bo lub siab nrog lawv aky lvom, thiab rkosha: "Auj, peb ncaj ncees thiab muaj nuj nqis tus tub huabtais! Tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm los muab koj lub taub hau rau koj." Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander, vzdev tes mus rau saum ntuj, thiab hais lus: "Txiav txim, Vajtswv, thiab txiav txim rau kuv ntawm kuv tus nplaig zoo. Nco kuv, Tswv, zoo li Moisiev thaum ub ntawm Amalik thiab kuv yawm txiv Yaroslav nyob ntawm Spyatopolk."
Nws yog hnub Saturday yav tav su, nrog lub hnub tuaj, thiab naihash cov tub rog ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Chyud, thiab tus npua tau hla txoj haujlwm. Thiab dhau qhov kev sib tsoo yog qhov zoo los ntawm cov neeg German thiab Chyude, siab tawv dhau los ntawm hmuv ntawm kev tawg thiab lub suab los ntawm ntaj-txiav, zoo li lub hiav txwv yuav khov txav mus.
Thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem pom cov dej khov: nws npog tag nrho cov ntshav. Saib seb, Kuv tau hnov los ntawm samovid, thiab hais lus, zoo li yog kuv tau pom cov tub rog ntawm Vajtswv thiab ntawm qhov rooj nkag, uas tau los pab Alexandrov. Thiab kuv yuav yeej nrog kev pab ntawm Vajtswv thiab Saint Sophia thiab cov neeg tuag dawb huv Boris thiab Gleb, uas tso ntshav tawm los vim yog cov ntshav thaum ub. Thiab cov neeg German poob qhov ntawd, thiab Chyud dasha tau txaws thiab, caum, ntaus 7 qhov dej khov rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Sobolichka. Thiab Chyudi lub pade yog beschisla, thiab Nemets 500, thiab nrog rau lwm 50 tes Yasha thiab coj nws mus rau Novgorod. Thiab ntaus lub Plaub Hlis 5, kom xaiv tus Dawb Huv Martyr Theodulus, los qhuas tus Niam Dawb Huv ntawm Vajtswv, hnub Saturday. Ntawm no, qhuas tus vaj tswv Alexander nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm txhua tus tub rog, zoo li Isus Navgin ntawm Erichon. Lawv tshaj tawm: "Peb muaj Alexander nrog peb txhais tes," thiab Vajtswv yuav muab cov no rau nws hauv nws txhais tes. Thiab nws yuav tsis pom tus yeeb ncuab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Rov qab mus rau Alexander nrog kev yeej zoo, muaj ntau yam ntxiv hauv nws cov tub rog, thiab tus nees nyob ze lawv, uas tseem hu ua Vajtswv tus tub rog.
Zoo li yog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tab tom los txog rau lub nroog Pskov, thiab ua rau nws cov neeg coob coob, thiab cov abbots thiab cov pov thawj nyob hauv lub tsho hnav kuj tau quaj nrog tus ntoo khaub lig thiab nyob rau ntawm lub nroog, hu nkauj qhuas tus Tswv Prince Alexander: los ntawm lwm yam lus los ntawm txhais tes ntawm Alexandrova.
Txog pskovitsi qhov tsis hais lus! Yog tias koj tsis nco qab Aleksandrov rau koj tus xeeb ntxwv, dhau los ua neeg Yudais, tus Tswv tau npaj lawv nyob hauv hav zoov. Thiab cov no yog txhua qhov kev tsis quav ntsej ntawm lawv tus Vajtswv, paub los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Iyiv.
Thiab lub npe Alexandrov pib paub nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws, thiab mus rau Hupozhskiy hiav txwv, thiab mus rau toj roob hauv pes ntawm Arabia, thiab kuv yuav nco thaj av ntawm Varazhskiy Hiav Txwv, thiab kom deb li Rome nws tus kheej."
Ntawm no peb pom kev hloov pauv: tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tua neeg German yog "500" hloov tus lej thaum ntxov "400", thiab "hauv kev nco txog Kev Ntseeg Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Claudius" - "nco txog Holy Martyr Theodulus." Tom qab ntawd nyob rau xyoo XV. hauv Novgorod 4th thiab 5th Chronicles, hauv Chronicle ntawm Abraham, Rogozh Chronicler thiab ua tiav hauv Sofia Chronicle, muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus tshiab tau tshwm sim: "50 tus tswv xeev txhob txwm tshaj tawm raug kaw … thiab qee qhov dej tau nyab, thiab lwm tus tau mob hnyav dua li mob plab ntawm kev khiav tawm ". Tom qab ntawd, hauv 1st Sophia Vaj Keeb Kwm, tsis txhob "nco txog tus neeg tuag theodulus dawb huv," lawv rov qab los "nco txog kev tuag ntawm cov neeg tuag Claudius" - txheeb nws tawm!
Nyob rau hauv 1st Sophia nws tseem tau hais tias German "tus xa xov" (pom tseeb, tus thawj coj ntawm Livonian Order) "nrog txhua tus npis sov (npisov, tau kawg) ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab nrog txhua tus neeg coob ntawm lawv cov lus" tawm tsam Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander, "nrog kev pab ntawm poj huab tais", tab sis dab tsi yog tus huab tais, nrog rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov xov xwm no tsis paub.
Thiab ntawm no yog cov tub rog ntawm Western Russia thiab Lithuania ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Sab laug - Lithuanian infantryman ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Ntawm sab xis yog Novgorod boyar ntawm ib nrab xyoo pua 15th. Hauv nruab nrab - muaj riam phom hnyav ("muaj tub rog zoo" - muaj riam phom zoo - yog lus Askiv rau "tsis yog tub rog" los ntawm kev sib raug zoo) tus neeg caij nees thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, uas yog, lub sijhawm ntawm Tsov rog ntawm Grunwald rau 1410!
Yog li, kev kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ncaj ncees uas tau nqis los rau peb tso cai rau peb los kos cov lus xaus. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tsis muaj qhov hais txog kev poob dej ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv lub pas dej. Qhov thib ob: tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug tua maj mam nce los ntawm 400 txog 500, tab sis tus lej ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tseem tsis tau hloov pauv. Qhov thib peb: thaum pib nws tsis tau hais txog lub ntsiab lus thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tus tub huabtais, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis xav tsis thoob, vim "qhov zoo tau pom nyob deb." Ntxiv mus, ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm tseem tsis meej pem cov ntawv keeb kwm tseeb thiab cov ntawv ntawm "Lub Neej …" - uas yog, lawv xa mus rau qhov chaw sau ntawv raws li cov ntawv keeb kwm. Thiab txawm hais tias cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm Phau Ntawv Sau Tag Nrho ntawm Lavxias muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no, qee tus kws sau ntawv txuas ntxiv mus rau cov ntawv sau tshiab ntawm cov ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, uas "cov tub rog hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv" tseem tab tom poob rau hauv dej khov, txawm hais tias tsis yog ib phau keeb kwm cov ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th lees paub qhov no.
Kev thov rov hais dua rau cov ntawv ntawm keeb kwm qhia tias xyoo 1234, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav Vsevolodovich tau ua haujlwm tawm tsam cov neeg ntaj-ntaj-nqa. Muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Omovzha (lossis Embach). Thiab ntawm no yog dab tsi nyob ntawd: "Ida tus tub huabtais Yaroslav ntawm Nemtsi ze Yuriev, thiab ib puas tseem tsis tau mus txog lub nroog … tus tub huabtais Yaroslav npuaj lawv … ntawm tus dej ntawm Omovyzh Nemtsi tsoo tawm, muaj ntau ntawm lawv tus ciav "(PSRL, IV, 30, 178). Ntawd yog, nws nyob ntawd, ntawm tus dej Omovzha, cov tub rog tawm ntawm cov dej khov, poob los thiab poob dej! Tej zaum, nws yog qhov pom tau zoo, txwv tsis pub cov lus hais txog nws yuav tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm! Tus kws kho mob hais txog "qhov zoo tshaj Nѣmtsov nѣkoliko thiab cov txiv neej qis dua (uas yog, cov tub rog los ntawm Vladimir -Suzdal tus thawj tswj hwm ib yam) nѣkoliko" - uas yog, ob leeg ntawm lawv tau poob dej, suav nrog "Germans zoo tshaj." Raws li cov keeb kwm, "nyo rau tus tub huabtais Nѣmtsi, Yaroslav coj kev thaj yeeb nrog lawv txhua qhov nws qhov tseeb." Xyoo 1336, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Xa-u, uas Semigallians thiab Samogitians tau tawm tsam nrog tus neeg nqa rab ntaj, thiab nrog lawv tshem tawm ob puas Pskovites thiab Novgorod cov tub rog. Hauv nws, cov neeg tawg rog kuj raug kev txom nyem hnyav, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog Tus Xib Hwb ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Volkvin von Naumburg nws tus kheej tau tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis kuj tseem muaj 48 tus tub rog ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Swordsmen, ntau ntawm Kev Txiav Txim cov phooj ywg, tab sis yuav luag tag nrho (180 ntawm 200) cov tub rog uas tuaj ntawm Pskov. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov ntaub ntawv no tau qhia meej meej los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg uas tawm tsam. Qhov kev txiav txim no nws tus kheej, tom qab qhov kev swb no, raug yuam kom koom ua ke nrog Teutonic ib xyoos tom ntej, uas yog, nws lub zog tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua no.
Tej yam me me los ntawm "Lub Neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky", suav nrog Obverse Chronicle (xyoo pua 16th). Davhlau ntawm Germans. Lub zeem muag ntawm Tswv Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej.
Yog li muaj ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ciam teb ntawm kev xaj xaj thiab Russia. Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, tus duab ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander, cuam tshuam ob qho tib si hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab hauv kev kos duab "Lub Neej …" tau txais daim ntawv tseem ceeb thiab qhov xav tau sib xws hauv keeb kwm twb niaj hnub no. Thiab, tau kawg, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm teeb meem yuav tsum tau tham, ua ntej tshaj plaws, los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij keeb kwm uas paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham tsis yog los ntawm cov duab pheej yig los ntawm "Phau Ntawv ntawm Cov Thawj Coj Yav Tom Ntej" thiab tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv rau plaub qib, tab sis los ntawm thawj qhov chaw thiab tshawb fawb tshawb fawb loj los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv xyoo.
