Siege txheej txheem ntawm Slavs
Cov txheej txheem siege zoo li cas, raws li cov peev txheej, cov Slavs tau siv?
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov peev txheej ntawm polyorcetics ntawm 6th-7th centuries. qhia tau tias nws, raws li kev tshawb fawb, tau ua raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab ntawm txoj kev xav tau hais los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thaum ub (Kuchma V. V.).
Cov Slavs tau txais kev paub nyob rau thaj tsam no los ntawm Byzantines, uas peb tau sau txog hauv kab lus dhau los ntawm "VO", thiab peb paub qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov no tshwm sim li cas.
Hauv kev lag luam siege, ntau dua li lwm yam khoom siv tub rog, xyaum yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev txawj.
Hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab Thaum Ntxov ntxov nws tsis tuaj yeem "sau" kev paub thiab siv nws raws li xav tau, tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm Slavs. Kev txawj ntse tau dhau los ntawm ib tus kws tshaj lij mus rau lwm tus tsuas yog hauv chav kawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Thiab ntau tus tub rog koom nrog hauv kev sieges, ntau dua lawv cov kev paub hauv kev tsim kho cov phom loj siege yog, tau kawg, thiab hloov pauv. Yog li ntawd, Slavs, ua ntej nrog Avars, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tus kheej tau txais qhov kev paub no, koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas peb tau sau txog saum toj no. Peb pom qhov kev txhim kho tas li ntawm cov txuj ci ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xws li "Miracles of St. Dmitry of Thessaloniki" (CHDS).
Txawm hais tias peb xav txog qhov tseeb tias cov pab pawg sib txawv tau koom nrog kev tuav pov hwm ntawm Thessaloniki, tej zaum tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, yog li, tsawg kawg nyob rau xyoo pua 7, ib pab pawg ntawm pawg neeg tau ua tsov rog, tsiv mus rau tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Macedonia, nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm Slavs. pej xeem ntawm Avars, los ntawm Panonia, leej twg, nyob rau hauv lem, raws li peb paub, nyob rau xyoo pua 7. muaj kev paub txog kev ua tsov rog tiv thaiv cov neeg Loos hauv Ltalis hauv kev koom tes nrog Lombards.
Cov Slavs siv tag nrho cov riam phom siege uas tau paub nyob rau lub sijhawm no: cov pob zeb pov pob, tsoo cov rams - ntaus phom, tua tus yees, vaub kib - cov cuab yeej rau khawb.
Pob zeb pov
Tej zaum qhov thev naus laus zis nyuaj tshaj plaws rau kev tsim khoom thiab ua tiav yog cov pob zeb pov.
Hauv Roman lub sijhawm lig, cov txheej txheem zoo li no tau hu ua scorpion lossis onager, thiab Procopius ntawm Caesarea tseem hu ua pob zeb pov tseg hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua thib 6. Cov phom uas siv tau yog cores hnyav los ntawm 3 txog 80 kg, feem ntau yog los ntawm 3 txog 26 kg, uas yog nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm rab phom.
Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm ChDS tau xaiv cov riam phom no ntawm cov Slavs li πετροβόλος, thaum lawv hu ua Greek cov pov pob zeb πετραρία. Yog tias thawj lub npe twb tau ntsib los ntawm Diodorus (1st xyoo pua BC), tom qab ntawv lub sijhawm thib ob hauv kab lus ntawm CHDS tsuas yog siv thaum piav qhia thev naus laus zis ntawm cov neeg Loos. Mauritius Stratig (thaum xyoo pua 7th) sau tias cov tub rog yuav tsum muaj Petrobols.
Tib lub sijhawm pom nyob hauv "Easter Chronicle", thaum piav qhia txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm Constantinople los ntawm Avars thiab Slavs, thiab Theophanes lub Byzantine, thaum piav qhia txog kev teeb tsa cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm tib phab ntsa hauv 714. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov no yog riam phom nrog qee qhov sib txawv hauv kev tsim.
Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias πετραρία yog cov cuab yeej me dua, txij li hauv peb qhov chaw teev npe nws tau siv rau ntawm phab ntsa; kev siv cov cuab yeej loj dua ua rau kev xoob ntawm phab ntsa, thiab, tej zaum, tsuas yog tsis muaj chaw tso nws.
Peb tsis tuaj yeem hais tias cov cuab yeej no zoo dua, txij li cov peev txheej ntawm lub sijhawm no, tshwj xeeb yog Byzantine Anonymous ntawm lub xyoo pua 6, piav qhia cov txheej txheem txheej thaum ub uas tsis tuaj yeem piv nrog cov qauv qub, txawm hais tias peb paub cov tshuab zoo thiab cov duab geometers ntawm lub sijhawm no.
Nov yog li cas tus sau ntawm NPR piav qhia qhov xwm txheej nrog nws daim ntawv thov. Ib tus neeg Greek ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab pov pob zeb, hauv qab lub npe πετραρία, sau lub npe Saint Dmitry ntawm lub pob zeb thiab xa nws tawm tsam cov Slavs. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws ib leeg tswj hwm qhov riam phom no:
"Sai li pob zeb tau pib, tib lub sijhawm los ntawm sab nraud los ntawm cov neeg tsis paub cai lwm tus tau raug pov rau nws, ntau dua nws ntau dua peb zaug. Nws tau ntsib nrog thawj zaug thiab tau rov qab los, thiab ob qho tib si poob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab ntawm pob zeb pov tseg (πετροβόλου) ntawm cov neeg barbarians thiab tua cov neeg uas nyob ntawd nrog Manganar."
Tab sis ChDS piav qhia Petrobol ntawm Slavs:
"Lawv yog cov duab plaub, dav nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus thiab txiav mus rau sab saum toj, uas muaj cov thooj voos kheej kheej loj heev, khi ntawm ntug nrog cov hlau, uas tau raug ntsia hlau cav, zoo li kab teeb ntawm cov khoom seem loj, uas muaj cov hlua khi nyob tom qab, thiab cov hlua muaj zog nyob rau pem hauv ntej, nrog kev pab uas rub lawv nqes ntawm lub teeb liab tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau tsim txoj hlua. Cov ya saum [slings] txuas ntxiv xa cov pob zeb loj heev, kom lub ntiaj teb tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus lawv cov cua tshuab, thiab ntau dua li tib neeg lub tsev. Thiab lawv tau puag ncig cov pob zeb uas muaj plaub fab nrog cov laug cam tsuas yog ntawm peb sab, kom cov uas nyob sab hauv yuav tsis raug mob los ntawm xub [xa] los ntawm phab ntsa."
Hmoov tsis zoo, peb muaj cov peev txheej tsawg heev txog Slavs thaum lub caij Balkans ntxeem tau, tab sis nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov riam phom no feem ntau siv thaum lub sijhawm tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau xyoo pua 7, yog li nws nyuaj rau pom zoo nrog qhov xaus tias Kev tiv thaiv cov Slavs siv cov pob zeb pov tseg tsis zoo (Aleksandrovich SS), uas, qhov xwm txheej, kuj tseem tsis lees paub los ntawm ChDS, thaum nws tau qhia tias 50 (!) Cov pob zeb pov tseg ntawm Slavs ntsib kev tiv thaiv loj ntawm lub nroog:
"… [lub pob zeb] xa mus rau ntawm phab ntsa tsis ua mob rau nws nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev vim tias nws muaj zog heev thiab muaj zog ntxiv."
Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tu ncua hauv Balkans, nws tuaj yeem xav tias qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov nroog tau tswj hwm zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm Justinian kuv kav (kav 527-565), muaj ntau lub nroog thiab cov nroog muaj zog tiv thaiv nyob hauv Balkans. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob, zoo li peb tau sau los saum no, cov neeg uas muaj cua daj cua dub tau sim ua kom lub nroog txav mus thiab mus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv yog tias lawv tsis ua tiav.
Cov phab ntsa ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv tau ua los ntawm cov pob zeb thaiv, uas tau teeb tsa rau sab nrauv thiab sab hauv, qhov khoob tau ntim nrog cov pob zeb tawg, cov khib nyiab thiab puv nrog tshuaj khib. Cov qib qib tau ua los ntawm cov cib. Qhov ntev ntawm cov cib: tuab 5 cm, ntev 32-36 cm. Lub hauv paus tau ua tib yam nkaus.
Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub hauv paus tau tuab dua li saum; hauv Constantinople, sab hauv phab ntsa yog 4.7 m ntawm lub hauv paus thiab 4 m rau saum.
Lub yees tau tsim ua cov qauv sib cais txhawm rau kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ywj pheej, kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm qib qis thiab qib siab ntawm tus pej thuam tsis suav nrog. Cov yees tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm qhov deb ntawm 5 txog 10 m (S. Turnbull).
Siege Yees
Lwm qhov qauv tsis yooj yim siv los ntawm Slavs yog lub pej thuam siege, lossis helepolis.
Gelepola yog ib tug pej thuam uas ua los ntawm ntoo. Nws tsiv ntawm lub log. Txog kev tiv thaiv, hlau lossis hides tau siv, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub platform muaj cov hneev taw, tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab yuav muaj riam phom siege. Cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntawm lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv Greek polyorquetics - cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv lub nroog.
Tau kawg, nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tam sim no hauv polyorketics, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, Slavs tau pib kawm txog nws kev tsim kho los ntawm kev ntes Byzantine cov neeg kho tshuab, uas peb tau sau txog saum toj no, tab sis zoo li thaum lub xyoo pua 7. cov pab pawg Slavic twb tau ua ntawm nws tus kheej. Thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua VII. tus sau ntawm ChDS sau txog kev tsim qauv tub rog engineering ntawm pawg neeg Drugovite thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Thessaloniki:
"… muab nws luv luv, nws yog ib yam uas tsis muaj leej twg ntawm peb tiam neeg paub lossis tau pom dua, thiab peb tseem tsis tuaj yeem muaj npe feem ntau ntawm lawv."
Nws kuj tseem nyuaj rau kev pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim tias "kom coj cov ntoo loj tuaj rau ntawm phab ntsa tau tsim nyog siv zog ntau, uas feem ntau tsis yog qhov ncaj ncees".
(Alexandrovich TSO)
Txawm hais tias peb tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov vicissitudes ntawm txoj hmoo uas muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv kev ua tsov rog, tom qab ntawd, nws zoo li rau kuv, nws tsim nyog xav txog cov hauv qab no.
Ua ntej, txiav txim los ntawm ChDS thiab Easter Chronicle: cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tsis xav li ntawd thiab kho cov yees no nrog txhua qhov mob hnyav.
Qhov thib ob: qhov kev suav pes tsawg ntawm qhov siab ntawm tus pej thuam hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Vegetius (V xyoo pua) muab piv txwv txog teeb meem thiab ua tsis tiav thaum lub tsev txawb (turres) tsis sib xws rau qhov loj ntawm lub ntsiab (nws qis dua lossis siab dhau).
Thib peb: nws nyuaj heev los tsim cov yees, saib, piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm polyorketian Anonymous ntawm Byzantine (txog rau xyoo pua 10), qhov twg, los ntawm txoj kev, nws tshaj tawm tias polyorket Apollodorus tuaj rau tib cov lus xaus hauv nws qhov kev suav thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov yees ntawd thiab lub tshuab ntawm Dyad thiab Khariya, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Thiab cov Slavs tau txhim tsa cov qauv no yam tsis muaj kev paub ua lej raws li Roman kev siv tshuab thiab cov duab geometers muaj.
Yog li, thaum lub nroog Thessaloniki raug kaw ib puag ncig 620, cov Slavs tau tsim cov yees loj loj uas rub hla tus yees ntawm lub nroog, pom tseeb kom yooj yim ntawm kev tshem lawv los ntawm cov tiv thaiv, cov tub rog muaj zog tau nyob ntawm lub platform. Los ntawm txoj kev, Mauritius Stratig, hauv qhov xwm txheej no, tau pom zoo tsim kev tiv thaiv tus yees.
Plaub: kev siv cov qauv no, zoo li, raws li peb tau sau txog saum toj no, dhau los ua ib txwm zoo rau cov Slavs uas tau nyob hauv thaj av hauv tebchaws Greece thiab Macedonia, txwv tsis pub lawv yuav ua li cas thiaj paub cov tshuab no tau tsim thaum lawv xav tsis thoob rau cov neeg Loos. ntawm Thessaloniki thaum kawg VII xyoo pua
Thib tsib: qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ke nrog kev xav ntawm lub hlwb hauv qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv rau peb, peb tuaj yeem tham txog qib siab ntawm kev ua ntoo ntawm cov Slavs.
Yog li, nrog rau ib nrab dugouts, cov tsev saum toj no hauv av nrog cov av hauv av yog ib hom kev haum haum. Ntawm ob peb qhov kev sib hais, kev tiv thaiv hauv Volhynia ze lub zos Volyn sawv tawm. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, nws tau ua los ntawm ntoo thiab muaj cov qauv hauv av, zoo li kev sib hais haum ntawm Khotomel. Cov txheej txheem cav tau sib txuas "hauv lub paw" thiab "hauv daim teb".
Hauv Zimno tib yam, cov seem ntawm cov tshuab dhos ntoo tau pom (Sedov V. V., Aulikh V. V.).
Kuv rov hais dua, nyob rau theem no hauv kev txhim kho cov peev txheej tsim khoom, cov Slavs tuaj yeem pom sai sai cov qauv ua los ntawm ntoo. Hauv BDS, thaum piav txog riam phom siege, lawv cov hlau kuj tau hais. Peb yuav sau txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm hlau ntawm Slavs hauv kab lus tom ntej.
Ram-ram ib
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ram kuj yog riam phom uas feem ntau siv los ntawm cov Slavs thaum lub sijhawm sieges. Uas yog ntuj vim nws qhov yooj yim. Thawj qhov hais txog, thaum cov Slavs siv nws ua ke nrog Avars, hais txog 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 6, thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Thessaloniki. Nov yog li cas Procopius ntawm Caesarea, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm tus thawj coj loj Belisarius, piav txog tus yaj, lossis "ram":
"Tau tsim ib lub tsev me me uas muaj plaub fab, lawv rub cov tawv nqaij ntawm nws los ntawm txhua sab thiab los saum toj no kom lub tshuab no yog lub teeb rau cov neeg uas txav nws, thiab cov neeg sab hauv yuav nyab xeeb thiab, tsawg li sai tau, raug rau xub thiab hmuv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Sab hauv cov qauv no, lwm lub cav tau dai hla saum toj no ntawm kev ywj pheej txav cov saw, sim muab nws, yog tias ua tau, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov qauv. Cov ntug ntawm cov cav no tau ua ntse thiab npog nrog cov hlau tuab, zoo li lub xub ntawm cov xub thiab hmuv, lossis lawv ua cov hlau no, zoo li lub lauj kaub. Lub tsheb no txav ntawm plaub lub log txuas rau txhua tus ncej, thiab tsawg kawg tsib caug tus neeg txav nws los ntawm sab hauv. Thaum lub tshuab no khov kho nrog phab ntsa, tom qab ntawd, txav lub cav, uas kuv tau hais, nrog kev pab los ntawm qee lub cuab yeej, lawv rub nws rov qab, thiab tom qab ntawd tso nws, tsoo phab ntsa nrog lub zog loj. Nrog cov tshuab nquag, nws tuaj yeem yooj yim viav vias thiab rhuav tshem phab ntsa hauv qhov chaw uas nws tsoo …"
Twb tau nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua VI. muaj daim ntawv tshaj tawm tias Slavs siv "ram" nrog "hlau hauv pliaj". Tib lub sijhawm, peb pom tias cov Slavs thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 7.ua ke nrog Lombards, lawv tau siv cov roj ua rog (ua rog) hauv kev ntes Mantua hauv Ltalis. Peb tab tom tham txog Slavs uas nyob hauv Panonia, nyob ib puag ncig tam sim lossis ua ke nrog Avars, thiab yog pab pawg uas tau koom nrog hauv Avar phiaj xwm rau Balkans thiab rau Constantinople thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 7.
Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 7, ChDS tshaj tawm tias Slavs siv qhov nyuaj, txhim kho "rams", "los ntawm lub cev loj loj thiab lub log tig zoo."
Vaub kib
Qhov riam phom siege nrov tom ntej tau hais ntawm Slavs yog "vaub kib". Nov yog cov qauv, nyob hauv qab lub npog uas cov neeg tiv thaiv tau rhuav tshem lub nroog phab ntsa siv cov cuab yeej, ntawm cov uas yog rab taus, neeg coob coob, tuaj nqa phom thiab duav - txhua yam riam phom ib txwm siv los ntawm cov tub rog.
Cov Slavs tuaj yeem rhuav tshem phab ntsa yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm "vaub kib", nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov hneev nti thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog.
Tus vaub kib, raws li Vegetius tau piav qhia nws, “Ua los ntawm cov kab ntoo thiab cov ntoo; kom nws tsis hlawv, nws tau npog nrog daim tawv nqaij tshiab."
Cov Slavs tau npog cov vaub kib rau kev tiv thaiv ntxiv
"Tshwj xeeb cov braids sib tw ua los ntawm cov hmab, willows, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab lwm yam tsob ntoo hloov pauv. Braids tau muab pov rau saum cov vaub kib, lossis tej zaum, lawv tau dai saum cov vaub kib ntawm tus ncej."
(Alexandrovich TSO)
Nov yog qhov "vaub kib" ua los ntawm Slavs zoo li:
"Cov vaub kib tau npog nrog cov tawv nqaij tawv tshiab ntawm cov nyuj thiab ntxhuav, vim tias lawv lub zog, tsis tuaj yeem ua puas, raws li koj paub, tsis yog los ntawm kev pov pob zeb, tsis yog hluav taws lossis dej kub npau npau vim cov tawv nqaij, thiab ntau ntxiv los ntawm ob peb tus neeg muaj riam phom, zoo li ib txwm muaj hmuv thiab hneev."
Peb kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas Slavs tseem siv lwm yam khoom siv. Hauv lawv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau sib xyaw ua kom muaj hluav taws rau phab ntsa thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tiv thaiv cov ntaiv. Ntawm cov riam phom no muaj qhov txawv "gorpeks". Ob qho no tsuas yog cov ceg txheem ntseeg, lossis cov ntse uas tau tsav mus rau hauv phab ntsa kom nce mus rau nws. Tsis muaj xov xwm tseeb txog lawv.
Ib tsob ntoo
Tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm no, Kuv tseem xav hais txog cov khoom siv ntab uas siv hauv kev thaiv. Kev lig kev cai, cov Slavs siv ntoo ib tsob ntoo, tab sis nws tuaj yeem xav tias thaum kawg ntawm xyoo pua 7. Cov tub rog Slavic hauv tebchaws Greece tseem tuaj yeem caij nkoj ntawm cov nkoj uas raug ntes. Thawj thawj zaug, kev siv ntoo ib tsob ntoo loj heev hauv kev ua phem raug siv thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Thessaloniki thaum ntxov 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 7. thiab Constantinople xyoo 626, thaum Slavs tau tawm tsam lub nroog los ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Golden Horn. George Pisida sau:
Thiab lawv nyob ntawd, zoo li yog nuv ntses
tau khi lawv, lawv nthuav tawm lub nkoj hollowed-out."
Ntau qhov kev sib cav tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig qhov chaw uas Slavs tau tsim cov nkoj no. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Constantinople, kev tsim kho tau ua tiav ntawm qhov chaw, vim tias muaj hav zoov txaus nyob hauv cov chaw no niaj hnub no.
Hauv 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 7. thaum lub sijhawm kaw ntawm Thessalonica, pab pawg Slavic uas tau nyob hauv tebchaws Greece thiab Macedonia tau siv "txuas" nkoj. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau siv, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv, tsis yog tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm ua phem, tab sis kuj thaum saib xyuas thaj tsam dej txhawm rau txhawm rau thaiv lub nroog. Yog li, thaum lub sijhawm ua phem, Slavs tau teeb tsa riam phom tiv thaiv ntawm cov nkoj:
"Thiab tam sim ntawd lawv tau mus txog ntawm phab ntsa hauv kab nrog rau riam phom siege, tsheb thiab hluav taws lawv tau npaj - qee qhov raws tag nrho ntug dej hiav txwv hauv kev txuas nrog [nkoj], lwm tus nyob hauv av …"
Cov Slavs siv tib lub tswv yim uas tau piav los ntawm Athenaeus Mechanicus (≈ 1st xyoo pua AD):
"… txuas ob lub nkoj loj, tso lub tshuab no rau lawv thiab tsav nws mus rau ntawm phab ntsa, feem ntau yog huab cua txias."
Ib qho ntxiv, nws tau hais ntxiv tias cov nkoj thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev txav mus los hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv thiab cov qauv raug rhuav tshem, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Constantinople, thaum kev tsis sib haum pib hauv Golden Horn Bay.
Yog li, peb pom tias cov Slavs siv txhua qhov txheej txheem muaj los paub thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias muaj qhov tsis meej pem ntau thaum peb tham txog kev siv tshuab thev naus laus zis. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws tsis tau hloov pauv mus ntev: txij li qub dhau los mus rau (kwv yees li) pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Nws yog qhov qhia tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob ib puag ncig cov hnub ntawm lub neej ntawm polyorketics nto moo tshaj plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam suav rau ntau pua xyoo (Mishulin A. V.).
Slavic fortifications ntawm 6th-8th centuries
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua VI. hauv cov tebchaws Slavic sib txawv, kev tiv thaiv pib tshwm tuaj ntau dua. Tau kawg, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm qub qub tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv rau peb txog kev xav tau hauv zej zog rau kev tsim cov kev tiv thaiv zoo li no, uas ua rau muaj kev sib cav hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim, thaum kev tiv thaiv raug saib tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov chaw tiv thaiv cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tawm tsam, tsis tas yuav tsim nyog: ntxiv rau kev hem thawj sab nraud, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev kawm hauv zej zog, thiab qhov no feem ntau ua tsis tau tiav vim lub xeev keeb kwm cov peev txheej.
Yog tias lub sijhawm ntev qhib hom kev sib hais haum nrog cov kev tiv thaiv tsis tshua muaj yeej ntawm Slavs thaum ntxov, tom qab kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 6. muaj ntau qhov chaw tiv thaiv.
Qhov no, zoo li nws zoo li peb, tau txuas nrog ob lub ntsiab lus: ua ntej, kev tsim ntawm pab pawg hauv pawg neeg, qhov chaw nruab nrab xav tau kev tiv thaiv feem ntau yog lub hauv paus kev ntseeg thiab ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog thiab tswj hwm.
Qhov thib ob, hauv kev txav chaw tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov tub rog xav tau los tsim "chaw ua tub rog". Cov "tub rog" tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv cov lus hais los ntawm lub sijhawm, txij li lawv feem ntau yog cov chaw pabcuam hauv pawg neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig neeg txawv tebchaws, ib yam li kev nce qib ntawm Western Slavs mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Europe lossis sab qaum teb thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov chaw tshiab ntawm Eastern Slavs.
Ukrainian archaeologist B. A. Tymoshchuk tau tsim ib lub sijhawm ntawm cov chaw ruaj khov no, piav qhia peb yam ntawm lawv: chaw nkaum, chaw tswj hwm thiab kev lag luam, chaw nyob.
Cov chaw hauv zej zog muaj cov phab ntsa ntoo, txhawb nrog cov av nplaum nyob sab nraud.
Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw sib tham hauv zej zog no yog Zimno (kev sib hais haum ntawm tus dej Luga, ceg av qab teb sab hnub poob Buka, Volyn, Ukraine).
Tus sau ntawm kev khawb av ntawm Zimnovsk kev sib hais yog V. V. Aulikh ntaus nqi nws pib mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 6, tab sis tom qab ntawd, siv cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Zimno yog vim yog hnub tsis ntxov tshaj li pib ntawm xyoo pua 7.
Tymoshchuk BA sau txog kev tiv thaiv Zimno:
"Lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kab no yog phab ntsa ntoo ua los ntawm cov cav ntoo uas tau muab kab rov tav nruab nrab ntawm cov kab lus. Sab nraum, phab ntsa tiv thaiv tau txhawb ntxiv, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm qhia, nrog cov av nplaum ntau, thiab sab hauv - nrog lub tsev ntev ncaj qha rau ntawm phab ntsa ntoo. Thaum lub qhov hluav taws kub, uas rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, lub rampart tau nthuav dav thiab thaiv cov log uas tau hlawv tawm, vim tias lawv cov seem tseem raug khaws cia zoo. Thaj, los ntawm ib sab ntawm qhov nqes hav nqes hav, cov ntoo tiv thaiv phab ntsa sawv ntawm qhov ntug ntawm qhov chaw thiab tsis tau txhawb ntxiv nrog cov av nplaum ntau (nws tau hloov los ntawm ntuj nqes hav ntawm lub duav). Yog li ntawd, seem ntawm phab ntsa tseem tsis tau dim ntawm no. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kab uas muaj zog tau ntxiv los ntawm nadolb (qis qis), uas tau teeb tsa nyob nruab nrab ntawm txoj kab nqes hav dav. Cov kab uas muaj zog ntawm hom no kuj tau tshawb xyuas ntawm lwm lub chaw sib hais haum, cov chaw hauv zej zog."
Muaj kaum yim xws li cov chaw ruaj khov lossis cov pab pawg hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Carpathian Ukraine, thaj av uas yog koom nrog pawg neeg Duleb.
Nco tseg tias tsis yog txhua thaj chaw nyob los ntawm Slavs ntawm xyoo pua 7. tshawb fawb nrog qhov ua tau zoo, yog li peb tuaj yeem siv txoj hauv kev rov qab los ntawm no.
Tsis muaj kev tshem tawm qhov kev hem thawj sab nraud los ntawm cov txheej txheem, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov chaw ruaj khov tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev tsim kev sib raug zoo tshiab ntawm cov pab pawg hauv pawg thiab kev tawm tsam rau lub zog hauv pab pawg pawg.
Thaum pib ntawm VII caug xyoo. kev tiv thaiv kuj tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Sukovsko-Dzedzitskaya (Lehitskaya) kev coj noj coj ua, ib qho piv txwv uas yog kev tiv thaiv lub tsev fuabtais Szeliga nrog thaj tsam ntawm 5 hectares ntawm tus dej Slupianka, sab laug ntawm Vistula. Lub tsev tiv thaiv muaj ib qho av me me nrog rau pob zeb thiab phab ntsa ntoo thiab tau nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm kaganate (Alekseev S. V.).
Mus rau sab hnub tuaj, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kolochin kev tsim vaj tsev (hav zoov ib feem ntawm thaj av Dniep Kiseli, Cherkasovo, Nikodimovo, Vezhki, Bliznaki, Demidovka, Akatovo, Mogilev Cov kev tiv thaiv tau nyob ntawm lub duav, tau tiv thaiv nrog ramparts thiab ditches (qee zaum tsis yog ib qho), muaj ntau qhov chaw tiv thaiv. Ntoo tau siv los ua kev txhawb nqa rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv. Phab ntsa nyob ntawm ntug thiab ntug tau siv.
Thaum pib ntawm VII caug xyoo. Slavs, nce qib los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau hauv Oder phiab, hauv ib tus neeg txawv tebchaws, tsis paub ib puag ncig, tau tsim lawv cov kev sib hais raws li cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv muaj zog.
Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias rau tus txiv neej ntawm lub sijhawm no, tiag thiab xav txog lwm lub zog zoo li muaj nqi sib npaug ntawm qhov kev hem thawj. Thiab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lawv, suav nrog kev pab tiv thaiv, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau ib puag ncig kev ua phem. Txawm xav txog qhov tseeb tias, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm xav tias, cov cheeb tsam no tau qhuav heev.
Tab sis rau thawj tus neeg nyob hauv Slavic, kev hem thawj tuaj ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Nov yog yuav ua li cas kev sib hais haum ntawm Tornovo (Spree River phiab) tau ploj mus, nyob rau qhov chaw uas cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw tshiab tau txhim kho qhov chaw tiv thaiv tshiab: lub nplhaib uas muaj zog zoo 10-14 m siab, lub ditch 5-8 m dav, cov qauv ua los ntawm cov ncej ntsug thiab log tsheb.
Sorbs (Serbs) tsiv mus rau thaj chaw no, pab pawg neeg Ant, thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 7. tsim cov fortresses muaj zog nruab nrab ntawm Elbe thiab Saale: cov qauv yog lub zog ntawm cov masonry qhuav nrog cov qauv ntoo nyob saum.
Cov Serbs (Sorbs) siv cov txuj ci qiv los ntawm Byzantines hauv Danube ciam teb hauv kev tsim kho cov chaw tiv thaiv.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub nroog nruab nrab ntawm Union of Obodrites tau tsim - Stargrad (tam sim no Oldenburg) thiab Veligrad (Mecklenburg). Nta ntawm nws ntxiv dag zog: thaj tsam 2, 5 sq. km, lub rampart yog 7 m siab, lub hauv paus ntawm lub rampart yog ntoo thav duab, npog nrog "plhaub" ntawm cov thaiv thiab cov ntoo. Qhov kev tsim qauv no yuav dhau los txiav txim siab sai sai hauv kev tsim cov fortresses los ntawm Slavs hauv cov cheeb tsam no.
Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias Vogastisburk fortress, uas thawj Slavic huab tais Samo tau nyob thiab uas tau raug kaw los ntawm Franks ntawm Dagobert I (603-639), yog qhov zoo sib xws tsim hauv kwv yees li 623. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog lub tsev fuabtais no, saib kab lus ntawm "VO" "Thawj lub xeev ntawm Slavs."
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov qauv muaj zog no nyuaj heev rau Franks, kev sim ua kom tshaib plab "tsev fuabtais" ua tsis tiav, txij li, pom tseeb, Slavs tsis yog zaum hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv nkaus xwb, tab sis nquag tawm tsam, uas ua rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tawm hauv lub yeej rog khiav mus.
Peb pom tias qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm Slavs thaum ntxov yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab qub, rau lawv kev tsim kho Slavs muaj peev xwm txaus thiab muaj zog.
Hauv kev xaus, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias tsis yog txhua pawg neeg Slavic muaj txuj ci ntawm kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv, ib yam li qib ntawm "kev tiv thaiv" kev paub tau txawv, thiab qhov no tsis ntseeg tau los ntawm qib sib txawv ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm pab pawg. Pom tseeb, cov uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau lub xeev tau txhim kho tau mus ntxiv.
Tab sis feem ntau, txhua tus Slavs tseem nyob rau theem ntawm pab pawg neeg ntawm kev txhim kho, nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej ntawm lub xeev thaum ntxov.
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