Thaum lub sijhawm "Plaub Hlis Tsov Rog" xyoo 1941, cov tub rog ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yugoslavia tau swb hauv ob peb hnub. Lub nceeg vaj tau tawg, thiab nws thaj chaw tau muab faib ua thaj chaw German, Italis, Hungarian thiab Bulgarian. Lub Xeev ywj pheej ntawm Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) tau tsim los ntawm ib feem ntawm thaj chaw German thiab Italian ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Ib tus lej ntawm lwm qhov, tsis muaj zog, cov menyuam roj hmab quasi-xeev cov qauv kuj tau tshwm sim.
Lub teb chaws Yelemees tsuas yog xav paub txog cov peev txheej tseem ceeb - ore thiab roj, nrog rau kev thauj mus los dawb txuas nrog Greece thiab Romania. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib cav sib cav ntau ntxiv, thiab "Balkan cauldron" pib nqhis dej. Hauv kev ntshai ntawm kev tshem tawm haiv neeg, ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem koom nrog kev tswj hwm huab tais lossis kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam
Lub Koom Txoos Kav Tos Liv ntawm Yugoslavia (CPY) tau tsim tsa hauv Moscow xyoo 1919 thiab txij li tau tsim muaj kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm hauv Yugoslavia xyoo 1929 tau muaj nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tsis raug cai. Tom qab swb ntawm Yugoslavia thiab huab tais lub davhlau thiab tsoomfwv, CPY siv qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm cov pejxeem los txhawb nws txoj haujlwm.
Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg tawm tsam tos kev txiav txim los ntawm Moscow, txij li Stalin thiab Hitler yog phooj ywg nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tom qab kev tawm tsam German ntawm USSR, Stalin tau hais kom tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Yosif Broz Tito kom pib tawm tsam kev tawm tsam txhawm rau txhawm rau hloov lub zog ntawm Wehrmacht los ntawm Soviet-German pem hauv ntej. Los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1941, Tito tau pib koom ua ke pab pawg tsis sib xws, tsim cov tshiab, npaj lawv ua ntej me me, thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua cov riam phom loj dua. Lawv hu lawv tus kheej pab pawg.
Kuj tseem muaj kev txav ntawm cov vaj ntxwv (chetniks), coj los ntawm Colonel Drazha Mikhailovich. Tus tub ceev xwm tsis tau khiav tawm txawv teb chaws, tab sis tseem nyob hauv lub tebchaws thiab koom siab ua vaj tswv kav tebchaws hauv cheeb tsam Ravna Gora.
Cov neeg koom siab koom nrog thiab Chetniks ua tiav hauv kev tsim "thaj av uas muaj kev ywj pheej" nyob rau sab hnub poob Serbia.
Cov tub ceev xwm German me thiab tsis muaj zog tau tsom mus rau feem ntau hauv nroog los tswj kev thauj mus los thiab cov tooj liab. Yog li ntawd, thaum xub thawj lawv tsis mloog zoo rau cov tsis muaj zog ua "laib". Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg German tsis ntseeg kev tswj hwm cov menyuam roj hmab ntawm Serbia, thiab cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam cov neeg ntxeev siab tiag. Cov neeg German tsis nkag siab txog qhov loj ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab sim ua kom hem cov pej xeem nrog rau txim. Tab sis qhov cuam tshuam yog qhov txawv - ntau thiab ntau tus neeg tau mus rau tom hav zoov.
Qhov kawg ntawm lub Cuaj Hli 1941, cov neeg koom tes tau txeeb tau lub nroog Užice yam tsis muaj kev tawm tsam, qhov chaw tsim khoom siv riam phom loj tshaj plaws hauv Yugoslavia. Rau 67 hnub ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm qhov thiaj li hu. Uzhitskaya koom pheej ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsim 21041 phom thiab carbines "Mauser", 2, 7 lab rab phom thiab 90 txhiab rab yaj phom, 18 txhiab rab phom loj, 38 txhiab lub plhaub thiab cov mines. Tsis tas li ntawd, 2 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, 3 rab phom, 200 lub lauj tshib thiab 3,000 lub phom tshuab rab phom raug kho lossis tsim tawm. Tom qab cov neeg German tau paub meej txog qhov kev tawm tsam thiab lawv tau tswj hwm kom rov ua ib feem ntawm thaj av ib feem, nws twb lig dhau lawm. Txog rau lub sijhawm no, cov neeg koom tes twb muaj riam phom ntau dua ntawm lawv qhov kev pov tseg ntau dua li tsoomfwv tsoomfwv cov menyuam roj hmab ua ke. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Uzice, cov neeg koom siab tau rov qab mus rau cov hav zoov hav zoov ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Bosnia. Hauv cheeb tsam no, rov qab los rau lub Plaub Hlis tim 41, plaub pawg ntawm cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe tau tso lawv cov riam phom thiab cuab yeej ua ntej mus tsev. Raws li kev nco txog ntawm cov neeg tim khawv pom, txhua qhov no tau pw ntau hnub nyob ntawm txoj kev thiab tom teb, thiab cov neeg hauv zos tau coj yam lawv xav tau. Cov tib neeg khaws cov riam phom hauv tsev, vam tias yuav tau nyiaj rov qab rau lawv tom qab.
Tsov rog Guerrilla
Xyoo 1938, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yuav los ntawm Yugoslavia txhua xyoo kev tsim bauxite, cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov txhuas. Cov nyiaj loj ntawm bauxite nyob hauv Siroki Brieg cheeb tsam ntawm Herzegovina. Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau Lub Tebchaws Yelemees hla hla Sab Hnub Tuaj Bosnia, uas cov neeg koom nrog uas tau thim rov qab los ntawm Serbia sib sau ua ke.
Cov tub rog Croatian (NDH) thiab kev tiv thaiv tus kheej hauv zej zog (domobran) tsis muaj zog heev thiab tsis muaj riam phom zoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm kev ua phem sab nrauv. Cov Chetniks tseem nyob nruab nrab. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, Cov Neeg Germans thiab Croats (NDH) tau tswj kom thawb cov neeg sab nrauv tawm ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ib pliag, tab sis tom qab cov tub rog tseem tshuav, cov neeg koom siab rov qab los. Thaum kawg, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom muaj zog loj thiab tsav cov neeg koom nrog ntxiv mus rau toj siab ntawm Bosnia.
Lub sijhawm no, Tito, ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm Moscow, sib sau ua ke thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov neeg tawm tsam. Kev sib txuas xov tooj loj tau tsim. Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1941, thawj pab pawg ntawm 1199 tus neeg tua rog tau tsim, uas, raws li kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws, tau hu ua proletarian. Tito tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog ib feem thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Hauv Paus Loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm CPY. Yog li, Tito tau mob siab rau hauv nws txhais tes txhua txoj haujlwm ua tub rog thiab nom tswv. Nws khaws lawv kom txog thaum nws tuag xyoo 1980.
Cov haujlwm "Weiss" thiab "Schwarz"
Hauv ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1942, German cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb tau siv Tito tiag. Tom qab ob peb qhov tseem ceeb tab sis tsis ua tiav kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov neeg sab nrauv hem tias thauj cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov neeg German, nws tau pom meej tias kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam yog ua raws li peb yam:
- mobility;
- kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog;
- tus thawj coj muaj peev xwm.
Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 42nd, kev sib ntaus sib tua tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam roob ntawm sab hnub poob Yugoslavia, tau dhau los ua ntau dua. Nrog rau Tito cov tub rog, nws muaj peev xwm los tsim thawj qhov kev faib ua feem - teeb pom kev me me txog li 3,000 leej neeg.
Tom qab poob ntawm North Africa, cov neeg German ntshai heev ntawm kev tsaws ntawm Anglo-American rog hauv tebchaws Greece, thiab Wehrmacht tau ntsib nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshem tawm tag nrho cov tog neeg. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Hitler lub hauv paus chaw "Hma's Lair" ze Rastenburg thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 18-19, 42, uas yog tus thawj coj txawv tebchaws ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Ltalis thiab Croatia koom nrog, nws tau txiav txim siab ua haujlwm loj hauv lub caij ntuj no ntawm 42- 43 nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov tub rog Italian thiab Croatian. Lawv tau npaj yuav muaj nyob hauv Bosnia, qhov chaw ib puag ncig nrog lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm, chaw khaws khoom, chav nyob tom qab thiab tsev kho mob tau nyob hauv thaj tsam roob siab.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Weiss tau pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1943. Nws koom nrog 14 German, Italian thiab Croatian kev faib ua feem nrog lub zog tag nrho ntawm kwv yees li 90,000 tus txiv neej, ntxiv rau txog 3,000 Chetniks. Cov tub rog koom nrog suav nrog peb pawg nrog ntau dua 32,000 tus neeg sib ntaus. Tom qab cov neeg sab nrauv raug kaw los ntawm txhua sab, ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev poob hnyav thiab nrog rau coob leej raug mob, lawv tau tswj kom tawg tawm ntawm ib puag ncig hauv nws qhov chaw tsis muaj zog - ntawm Neretva River, tuav los ntawm Chetniks.
Tom qab kev ua tiav ntawm Neretva, kwv yees li 16,000 tus neeg koom nrog 4,000 tus raug mob raug thim rov qab mus rau roob Montenegro.
Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, lub zog ntawm Axis lub tebchaws tau muab tso rau hauv thiab rov ua rau 127,000 tus neeg (70,000 tus neeg German, suav nrog ntau tus neeg txawv teb chaws legionnaires, 43,000 Italians, 2,000 Bulgarians, 8,000 Croats thiab 3,000 Chetniks). Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1943, pib ua haujlwm codenamed "Schwarz".
Cov tub rog koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm pab tub rog lub tank, yim pab tub rog loj thiab kaum ob pab tub rog.
Kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus txog rau Lub Rau Hli 15, thiab Tito, nrog lub zog me me, rov tswj tau kom plam tawm ntawm ib puag ncig.
Hunt rau Tito
Thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav ntawm Montenegrin tus dej Sutjeska, cov neeg soj xyuas ntawm pab pawg Lau los ntawm pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm Brandenburg tau qhia qhov chaw ntawm Tito thiab nws lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 4 tau txais kev xaj kom rhuav tshem lawv. Qhov no ua tsis tiav, tab sis qhov no yog thawj zaug uas Tito tus kheej tau dhau los ua lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tawm tsam. Ob peb lub hlis tom qab, xov tooj cua txawj ntse ntawm Brandenburg faib, tom qab decrypting lub intercepted radiograms ntawm Lub Hauv Paus Loj Lub Hauv Paus ntawm cov pab pawg, tshaj tawm tias thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 12, 1943, Tito yuav koom nrog hauv kev sib tham nom tswv hauv Bosnian nroog ntawm Jajce. Tus thawj coj hauv pawg txiav txim siab tshem tawm Tito thiab nws lub hauv paus nrog lub tshuab los ntawm ob pawg tub rog. Xya hnub tom qab, Tito tau txais xov tooj los ntawm Moscow ceeb toom txog kev yuav los sai sai. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, kev tiv thaiv Tito tau tso rau cov tub rog tiv thaiv ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Loj Tshaj Plaws. Ib lub tuam txhab ntawm pab tub rog tau tas li ntawm Tito, thiab lwm tus nyob ze.
Qhov kev hais kom ua ntawm pab tub rog German sib koom lub tswv yim tias kev rhuav tshem Tito yuav ua rau cov tub rog tsis muaj zog ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau, thiab npaj yuav ua qhov no nrog kev pab ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb. Nrog txoj haujlwm no, Kirchner qhov kev tshem tawm tshwj xeeb, kuj los ntawm Brandenburg faib, tau xa mus rau Bosnian Banja Luka. Cov tub rog German tau sim ua qhov tsis muaj tseeb los nrhiav tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg thiab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 15, 1944, lawv tau rov qab los rau qhov chaw faib.
Tom qab ntawd Hitler tus kheej tau xaj kom rhuav tshem lossis ntes Tito thiab tso txoj haujlwm no rau tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog German nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj, Maximilian von Weichs. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, SS Hauptsturmführer Otto Skorzeny, tus kws tshaj lij German lub npe nrov tshaj plaws, nto moo rau kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws kom pub dawb Mussolini, tuaj txog hauv Croatian peev Zagreb.
Yog tias koj ntseeg Skorzeny cov dab neeg, Hitler tus kheej tau muab nws xaj kom pib yos hav zoov Tito, tab sis feem ntau yuav tau xaj los ntawm SS tus thawj coj Himmler lossis qee tus los ntawm cov thawj coj qis.
Skorzeny tau tsav 400 kilometers ntawm Zagreb mus rau Belgrade hauv Mercedes, nrog tsuas yog tus neeg tsav tsheb thiab ob tus tub rog. Tus thawj coj hauv Belgrade tsis ntseeg tias lawv tsis tau pom ib tus neeg koom nrog txoj kev.
Thaum lub sijhawm nug ntawm tus neeg khiav dej num-cuam tshuam Skorzeny, nws tau paub tias Tito nyob hauv ib lub qhov tsua hauv thaj tsam Drvar raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm 6,000 tus tub rog, thiab cov tub rog ntxiv tuaj yeem tuaj txog ntawm nws nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tshaj. Skorzeny ntseeg tias tib txoj hauv kev txhawm rau ntes Tito yuav yog kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev sib cais me me uas yog cov neeg tsis koom nrog. Nws tau hais kom khaws nws cov neeg zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm lub chaw cob qhia hauv Friedenthal thiab "ntsiag to thiab tsis hnov qab" los ua kom Tito tsis zoo. General Rendulich xav txog qhov kev nqis peev no zoo heev, nrog lub sijhawm tsis tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav, thiab Skorzeny tsis lees txais qhov kev thov.
Cov xwm txheej dav dav thaum pib xyoo 1944
Tom qab Ltalis txoj kev swb rau lub Cuaj Hlis 8, 1943, Cov tub rog Italian hauv Balkans tau raug tshem riam phom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau ntawm cov riam phom thiab khoom siv tau poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm cov neeg koom tes. Txij li cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Yugoslavia thiab Albania tau sab laug yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tom qab ntawd thiab, ua ke nrog tim Nkij teb chaws, tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsaws ntawm cov phoojywg sab hnub poob, German cov lus txib raug yuam kom ua sai sai. Tam sim ntawd tom qab Ltalis txoj kev swb, kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb tau xa mus rau thaj chaw muaj kev hem thawj, thiab yog li 14 kev sib cais tau muab pov tseg los ntawm Field Marshal von Weichs tsis pub dhau ib hlis. Txog thaum kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis, lawv cov lej tau nce mus rau 20. Tag nrho cov tub rog German thiab Allied yog 700,000, ntawm uas 270,000 nyob hauv Yugoslavia. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, 1943, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntsuas txhawm rau ua kom muaj xwm txheej ruaj khov hauv Balkans, Hitler tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv hais txog "Kev tsis sib xws ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv cheeb tsam sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj."
Thaum nws tau pom meej tias Allied tsaws hauv Yugoslavia yuav tsum tsis txhob cia siab txog thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 44, von Weichs txiav txim siab siv lub caij ntuj no ntawm 43-44 los tsim txoj siv tiv thaiv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab tib lub sijhawm rau kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov neeg sab nrauv.. Txawm hais tias qee qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm "Pob xob", "Cua daj", "Dav dawb hau", "Panther", "Vainakhtsman" ("Santa Claus" nrog German), qhov teeb meem tsis raug daws. Cov neeg koom nrog tseem tswj hwm thaj chaw loj los ntawm kev thauj mus los tseem ceeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Wehrmacht swb rau Sab Hnub Poob, thaum pib lub Tsib Hlis 44, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau mus txog ciam teb Romanian. Ib qho ntxiv, cov cim ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Western Allies hauv Fab Kis tau nce ntxiv.
Tsis muaj kev txav chaw ntawm pab tub rog nyob hauv roob, qhov twg tsuas yog txoj kev tshis, tsis muaj kev qhia tshwj xeeb nees tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv yog tias lawv tsis muaj lub laub loj thiab txhawb lawv tus kheej rau qhov loj ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog.
Npaj kev ua haujlwm amphibious
Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, von Weichs tau txiav txim siab tam sim nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm "thaj av uas tau dim" hauv Bosnia nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm "cuam tshuam kev ua ub no ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab rhuav tshem cov seem uas seem ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam." Hauv qhov pom ntawm qhov no, nws tau hais qhia rau tus thawj coj ntawm 2 Panzer Army, Colonel General Lotar Rendulich. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham hauv Vrnjacka Banja thaum lub Tsib Hlis 17th, txoj haujlwm no tau codenamed Roesselsprung.
Cov khaub ncaws hloov pauv rau kev ua haujlwm hauv toj siab muaj xim sib txawv ntawm ob sab: tiv thaiv ib qho thiab dawb ntawm lwm qhov. Qhov no tau muab kev camouflage ob qho tib si tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm pob zeb thiab tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm daus.
Kev npaj ua haujlwm tau ua los ntawm XV Mountain Corps ntawm General Ernst von Leiser nrog lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm hauv Knin. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 19, lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm hauv tsev tau nthuav qhia txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas tau lees paub nrog kev hloov pauv me me. Nws yuav tsum koom nrog 20,000 tus neeg. Txoj kev npaj yog raws li hauv qab no.
1. Nyob rau sab hnub poob Bosnia, kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws tau teeb tsa nws lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm - Tito lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab pab tub rog ua tub rog. Muaj tshav dav hlau thiab chaw khaws khoom hauv thaj tsam Bosanski Petrovac. Muaj txog 12,000 tus neeg nyob ntawd nrog riam phom hnyav, rab phom loj thiab riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab ntau lub tso tsheb hlau luam. Txoj hauv kev raug thaiv los ntawm cov kwj deg, cov minefields thiab npaj cov chaw rau neeg nkaum. Yuav tsum muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm 1st Proletarian Division sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Mrkonjic-Grad thiab 6th Division nyob rau sab saud ntawm Unac River.
2. Peb cov tub rog ya dav hlau thiab tub rog yuav tsum rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab hais kom ua thiab cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Drvar. Kev ua tiav ntawm txoj haujlwm no yuav tsum muaj kev txiav txim siab cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua phem rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Adriatic thiab tom qab. Kev npaj kom raug, kev txiav txim siab txiav txim siab thiab ua haujlwm ntawm txhua tus tub rog koom nrog yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb.
3. Pab pawg tswj hwm ntawm 7th SS faib "Tub Vaj Ntxwv Eugen", txhawb los ntawm kev ua phem rau tub rog tub rog tub rog ntawm pab tub rog thib 2 Panzer, yuav tsum hla tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv sab hnub tuaj ntawm tus dej Sana thiab nce mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm ib sab dav ntawm Sana thiab Unac dej. Panzer-Grenadier Kampfgroup nrog cov nqi tsev ntawm lub tuam txhab tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm 202nd Tank Battalion yuav tsum tau nce los ntawm Banja Luka thiab coj tus yuam sij. Pawg thib ob ntawm Kampfgroup ntawm 7th SS Division yog txhawm rau txhawm rau taug txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau los ntawm Jajce thiab ntes Mlinista, qhov twg, ntawm lwm yam, lub tshuab fais fab nyob. Pab tub rog tshawb nrhiav SS thib 105, ntxiv dag zog los ntawm lub tuam txhab tso tsheb hlau luam (kaum lub tank Italian М15 / 42), yuav tsum kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab ntawm tus ncej Livanjsko, txeeb cov khoom pov tseg uas muaj nyob rau ntawd thiab tawm tsam los ntawm Bosansko Grahovo mus rau Drvar txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev thim rov qab ntawm "partisan bands ", lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab pab pawg ua haujlwm rau sab qab teb. Pawg tub rog ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm 369th Croatian faib, subordinate rau 105th SS tus neeg soj xyuas tub rog, yuav tsum ua ntej hla Livno mus rau Glamocko Polje thiab txiav cov yeeb ncuab txoj kev khiav mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Livno qhov kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau lees paub ib qho twg.
4. Nyob rau X-hnub, 373rd Croatian faib, ua ke nrog pab pawg sib ntaus sib tua William, yuav tsum tau nce los ntawm thaj tsam Srb mus rau Drvar thiab tib hnub, ntawm tus nqi, txuas nrog 500th SS paratrooper battalion. Tag nrho cov tub rog hais kom ua qauv thiab cov haujlwm sib koom tes yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem. Tom qab ntes Drvar, qhov kev tawm tsam tseem txuas ntxiv mus rau Bosanski Petrovac. Pab pawg sib ntaus sib tua Lapac nce qib los ntawm Kulen Vakuf mus rau Vrtoce thiab tswj hwm txoj kev Bihac-Vrtoce.
5. Hnub X-Hnub, 92nd Motorized Grenadier Regiment nrog 54th Roob Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm 1st Roob Division thiab 2nd Jaeger Battalion ntawm 1st Self-Defense Regiment ntawm Bihac, subordinate rau nws, yuav tsum tua Bosanski Petrovac los ntawm sab qab teb nrog txoj haujlwm ua tau nrawm tshaj plaws ntawm kev khaws cov tsev khaws khoom thiab tshav dav hlau. Cov haujlwm ntawm pab pawg no tseem ceeb heev. Tsis tas li, ib feem ntawm pab pawg ntawm pawg no tau nce qib ntawm Drvar los koom nrog 500th SS paratrooper pab tub rog thiab pab pawg sib ntaus "William" txhawm rau txiav cov yeeb ncuab txoj kev tawm mus rau sab qaum teb.
6. Thawj pab pawg ntawm "Brandenburg" faib nrog Chetniks cov neeg nyob hauv nws txoj kev nce qib los ntawm Knin hauv kev coj ntawm Bosansko Grahovo los ua kev puas tsuaj ntawm kab Drvar-Prekaja.
7. Thaum sawv ntxov ntxov ntawm X hnub, dhia lub foob pob tawg rau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm, hais kom ua cov lus thiab riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, tom qab ntawd pab tub rog thib 500 tau dhia thiab tsaws ntawm Drvar thiab rhuav tshem Tito lub hauv paus loj.
8, 9, 10. Kev muab khoom, kev sib txuas lus, thiab lwm yam.
11. Hnub "X" lub hauv paus XV. Lub tsev roob nyob hauv Bihac.
Hauv cov ntawv XV. Lub Roob Corps tau khaws qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Air Force hauv Croatia, General Walter Hagen, hnub tim 24 Tsib Hlis 1944. Nws teev cov tub rog huab cua raug xa mus rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Horseback:
- 4th, 5th thiab 6th Squadrons II. pab pawg ntawm 151st pawg tub rog (4., 5., 6./SG151) thiab pab pawg thib 13 sib cais ntawm tib pab pawg (13./SG151). Kev sib xyaw ntawm tsuas yog pab pawg thib 13 tau paub - 6 Ju -87 lub dav hlau;
- Ib IV. Pawg ntawm 27th Fighter Squadron (IV./27JG) - 26 Messerschmitt Bf -109G;
- peb pawg tub rog (lub hauv paus loj, 1st thiab 2nd) ntawm pab pawg foob pob hmo ntuj zaum 7 (Stab. 1., 2./NSGr.7). Kev sib xyaw ntawm pab pawg tau sib xyaw: Heinkel Not-46 (19 daim), Henschel Hs-126 (11 daim). Tus Squadron thib 3, uas muaj 19 Fiat CR-42 tus neeg sib ntaus, tau tsim nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1944 thiab tau lees paub tias yog ua haujlwm nkaus xwb thaum lub Yim Hli, tab sis nws CR-42 tau koom nrog Kev Ua Phem Caij Nyoog;
-lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab cov tub rog thib ob ntawm pab pawg saib xyuas thaj tsam ze ze thib 12 nrog cuaj Bf 109G-6 thiab Bf 109G-8 (Stabs-, 2./NAGr. 12);
-pab tub rog tshawb nrhiav luv-ntau "Croatia" (NASt. Kroatien)-9 Henschel Hs-126B-2 thiab 4 Dornier Do17P-2.
Qhov kev txiav txim tseem muaj ob pawg ntxiv los ntawm txhais tes:
- Kuv pab pawg thib ob ntawm pab tub rog ncaj qha "Immelman" (I./SG 2) - 32 Ju -87D. Lub hauv paus tau qhia ntawm Pleso tshav dav hlau hauv cheeb tsam Zagreb. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tshav dav hlau zoo li tsis tshwm hauv keeb kwm ntawm pab tub rog. Txij thaum Lub Ib Hlis txog Lub Yim Hli 1944, nws tau ua raws ntawm Husi lub tshav dav hlau hauv Hungary thiab, pom tseeb, yog qhov tshwj tseg thiab tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm yog tias tsim nyog;
Pawg II ntawm 51st Fighter Squadron "Melders" (II./51 JG) - 40 Bf 109G fighters Nyob rau lub sijhawm txij Lub Tsib Hlis 27 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 31, 44, nws tau pauv los ntawm Sofia mus rau Serbian Nis. Feem ntau yuav yog, nws tseem nyob hauv qhov tshwj tseg, tab sis nws tsis suav nrog uas nws tau siv los thaiv thaj tsam ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Knight's Ride.
Kev ya dav hlau yuav tsum tua lub hom phiaj hauv thaj tsam Drvar thiab Bosanski Petrovac thaum sawv ntxov ntxov ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 25 ntawm 44th thiab ntxiv kev txhawb nqa kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog hauv av ntawm Drvar. Hauv tag nrho, General Hagen tau faib 222 lub tsheb rau kev ua haujlwm.
Cov tub rog huab cua hauv qab no tau npaj rau kev tsaws, rub lub dav hlau amphibious thiab ntxiv kev pab tub rog:
- Pawg III ntawm 1st Airborne Squadron (III./LLG 1), xa los ntawm Nancy. Cov pab pawg suav nrog 17 "pob khoom" (dav hlau + glider). Ob pab tub rog (thib 7 thiab thib 8) tau nruab nrog Hs-126 tugs thiab DFS-230 tus dav hlau, thiab thib 9 nrog Heinkel He-111 tug tug thiab Gotha Go-242 gliders;
-Pawg tub rog thib 4 ntawm pab pawg II (4. II./LLG 1) ntawm tib pab pawg nrog yim Ju-87 thiab yim DFS-230. Nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm Strasbourg mus rau Luchko tshav dav hlau ze Zagreb. Hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nws tau sau tseg tias pawg thib 5 thiab thib 6 ntawm II kuj tseem nyob hauv Luchko. pab pawg Cov duab German uas muaj sia nyob ntawm lub tshav dav hlau qhia 41 lub dav hlau tsaws. Qhov no yuav yog qhov lees paub tias ntau dua ib pab tub rog tau nyob ntawm Luchko;
- Pab Pawg II ntawm pawg tub rog thauj plaub (II./TG 4) nrog 37 Junkers Ju-52 thauj dav hlau.
Cossacks feem ntau hnav khaub ncaws Soviet thiab hnav riam phom Soviet. Muaj ib tus tub rog Cossack hauv Yugoslavia - pab tub rog "Alexander", muaj npe tom qab nws tus thawj coj, Captain Alexander. Cov tub rog suav nrog ob lub tuam txhab: "dawb", ua los ntawm cov neeg los ntawm Ukraine thiab Belarus, thiab "dub", los ntawm cov neeg los ntawm Caucasus. Lawv cov riam phom Soviet, khaub ncaws hnav thiab lus Lavxias feem ntau ua rau cov neeg tsis nyiam.
Cov tub rog ntawm pawg tub rog tshwj xeeb tau raug cob qhia los ua tus saib xyuas thiab ua kom puas tsuaj. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tus neeg tsis ncaj ncees thiab yog li ntawd yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb. Tsuas yog qee tus ntawm lawv tsis tau tso cai rau lawv tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog cov neeg koom nrog.
Cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm ntawm 500th SS cov tub rog caij dav hlau
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm German kev txawj ntse, thiab cov duab saum huab cua los ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm 2 Panzer Army nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Colonel von Warnbüller, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tawm tsam tau tsim kho kom ntxaws rau 500th SS cov tub rog rog (txhawb nqa los ntawm ob lub tuam txhab ntawm 1st parachute regiment of the 1st parachute - airborne division). Vim tias tsis muaj lub dav hlau, tib lub tsaws ntawm txhua lub zog tsis yooj yim sua. Yog li ntawd, ob lub nthwv dej ntawm lub dav hlau dhia thiab tsaws (los ntawm amphibious gliders) tsaws tau npaj tseg. Raws li txoj kev npaj, 654 paratroopers tsaws hauv Drvar hauv thawj nthwv dej. Ntawm cov no, 314-nrog cov pa taws, los ntawm Ju-52 lub dav hlau, seem 340-los ntawm DFS-230 thiab Do-242 gliders. Lub zog tsaws tau muab faib ua rau pawg nrog cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Pab pawg sib ntaus "Panther" (110 tus neeg hauv rau rau pawg neeg tsawg) yuav tsum ntes "lub nroog". Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog, SS Hauptsturmführer Kurt Rybka, hauv nws daim ntawv xaj piav qhia thaj tsam los ntawm kev ua lag luam qub mus rau Sobica Glavica raws li qhov chaw yuav zoo tshaj rau Tito thiab nws lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm. Hauv cov duab saum huab cua, thaj chaw no tau cim ua xim dawb thiab sau tias "citadel";
- pab pawg "Greifer" (thawb, 40 tus neeg hauv peb pawg neeg) yuav tsum ntes lossis rhuav tshem cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tub rog Askiv lub luag haujlwm;
- pab pawg "Stuermer" (tua lub dav hlau, 50 tus neeg hauv ob pab pawg) yuav tsum ntes lossis rhuav tshem cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Soviet lub hom phiaj tub rog;
- pab pawg "Brecher" (tsoo, 50 tus neeg hauv plaub pawg) yuav tsum ntes lossis rhuav tshem cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Asmeskas lub hom phiaj tub rog;
- pab pawg "Draufgaenger" (daredevils, 70 tus neeg hauv peb pawg neeg) yuav tsum ntes qhov kev sib tshuam nruab nrab thiab xov tooj cua. 20 tus neeg hauv pab pawg no yog cov kws tshaj lij kev sib txuas lus, encryptors thiab txhais lus. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau ntes cov pab pawg ciphers;
- pab pawg "Beisser" (tom, 20 tus neeg) yuav tsum txeeb thiab tshawb xyuas cov tsev hauv Jaruge.
Parachutists tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no nrog cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- pab pawg "Blau" (xiav, 100 tus neeg hauv peb pawg neeg) tswj hwm txoj hauv kev mus rau Drvar los ntawm Mokronoge thiab Shipovlyan thiab ua ke nrog pab pawg "ntsuab" txiav tawm txoj kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg koom hauv cov lus qhia no;
- pab pawg "Gruen" (ntsuab, 95 tus neeg hauv plaub pawg) tau xav kom nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Drvar thiab tus choj hla Unac thiab ua ke nrog pab pawg "xiav" los tuav txoj haujlwm no;
- Pab pawg "Rot" (liab, tshwj tseg ntawm tus thawj coj hauv pab tub rog, 85 tus neeg hauv peb pawg neeg) yog los tuav haujlwm hauv Shobic-Glavica ("citadel") thiab tsim kev sib cuag nrog pab pawg "ntsuab", "xiav", "panther" thiab "nres dav hlau".
Cov tub rog hais kom ua nrog cov neeg tshwj tseg 19 tus neeg tau tsaws ua ke nrog pab pawg Reds.
Qhov nthwv dej thib ob ntawm 171 paratroopers tau tawm ntawm Zaluzani lub tshav dav hlau ntawm kev hais kom ua ntawm tus thawj tub rog thiab dhia mus rau sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Shobich-Glavits, tshwj tsis yog lwm qhov kev xaj ua raws.
Position NOAU
Lub hauv paus loj ntawm NOAU tau nyob hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm tus taw ntawm Gradine roob sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Mandica Feem ntau tus choj hla tus dej Unac.
Cov Tub Rog Ruaj Ntseg Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Lub Hauv Paus Loj Lub Tuam Thawj yog lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv ncaj qha ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Loj Tshaj Plaws, cov tub rog txawv tebchaws thiab lwm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm. Nws suav nrog plaub lub tuam txhab, pab tub rog tub rog thiab ib lub tuam txhab tiv thaiv dav hlau phom tshuab - tsuas yog 400 tus neeg. Hauv lub zos Trninicha - Breg, lub nkoj ua rog ntawm 1st Proletarian Corps tau nyob, uas muaj peb lub nkoj Italian ntes (ob lub L6 / 40 thiab ib CV L3) thiab lub tsheb tiv thaiv AV -41. Hauv Drvar nws tus kheej muaj ntau lub tsev haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Loj Tshaj Plaws, cov tub ceev xwm hauv cheeb tsam thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm "thaj chaw uas muaj kev ywj pheej". Kuj tseem muaj tsev kho mob, ntau lub tsev khaws khoom, chav qhia ua haujlwm, ua yeeb yam, tsev luam ntawv, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv lub zos Shipovlyany, 2 kilometers ntawm Drvar, muaj tub ceev xwm lub tsev kawm ntawv (127 tus tub rog). Hauv tag nrho, muaj kwv yees li 1000 tus neeg tua rog hauv Drvar thiab nws ib puag ncig tam sim.
Hauv cheeb tsam Drvar, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej "Nees Caij", cov koom haum loj loj tau nyob:
- 1st pawg neeg proletarian - 1st thiab 6th faib;
- ib feem ntawm pawg tub rog thib 5- thib plaub thiab ib feem ntawm kev faib ua feem 39, kev cais tawm ib feem: Livansko-Duvansky, Glamochsky thiab Drvarsko-Petrovatsky;
- ib feem ntawm pawg neeg thib 8 - pawg thib 9 thiab pab pawg Grahovsko -Peuljski
Qhov NOAJ hais kom ua, raws li kev paub dhau los, xav tias kev tawm tsam German yuav txhim kho raws txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog ntawm 1st Proletarian thiab cov tub rog thib 5 tau thaiv txoj hauv kev mus rau Drvar.
Lub zog ntawm 1st Proletarian Division tau nyob raws li hauv qab no:
- 1st Proletarian Brigade thaiv txoj kab ntawm Mlinishte;
- Pawg tub rog thib 13 "Rade Koncar" - ntawm Qhov Ntsuas.
Ob pawg tub rog tau xa tawm kev saib xyuas ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm Bugojno thiab Mrkonich-Grad.
Thib Peb Krainsky Proletarian Brigade thaiv Livno - Glamoch lem.
Cov Tub Rog ntawm 6th Lik Proletarian Division "Nikola Tesla" tau ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
Pab tub rog thib 1 thaiv txoj kev qhia rau Martin Brod;
- Pab tub rog thib 2 - Srb - Drvar;
- Pab tub rog thib 3 - Gracac - Resanovci - Drvar.
Lawv cov neeg soj xyuas saib Bihac - Lapac - Knin txoj kev.
Qhov thib plaub "Krajinskaya" faib nrog peb pawg tub rog, tab sis tsuas yog ob leeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus rau Drvar: thib 6 thiab thib 8. Ob leeg npog qhov kev taw qhia rau Bosanska Petrovac: 6th - los ntawm Bihac, thiab 8th - los ntawm Bosanska Krupa.
Pawg Dalmatian 9 tseem suav nrog peb pawg tub rog - pawg tub rog thib 3, 4 thiab 13. Lawv tiv thaiv cov hauv qab no:
- Pab tub rog thib 3 - Knin - Bosansko Grahovo;
- 4th - Vrlika - Crni Lug;
- 13th - Livno - Bosansko Grahovo.
Kev qhia tshwj xeeb:
• Lub cav fais fab: 3 × 725 hp.
• Qhov siab tshaj plaws: 275 km / h
• Ntau yam ua tau zoo: 1300 km
• Qhov hnyav tag nrho: 5750 kg
• Qhov hnyav nce mus li qub: 10500 kg
• Crew: 2-3 tus neeg.
• Neeg nrog caij muaj peev xwm: 20 tus neeg. (lossis 13 paratroopers nrog cov cuab yeej ua rog tag nrho).
• Ntev: 18, 9 m.
• Wingspan: 29, 3 m.
• Qhov siab: 5.55 m.
Kev qhia tshwj xeeb:
- siab tshaj plaws ceev: 280 km / h;
- ceev rub: 180 km / h;
hnyav tag nrho: 680 kg;
- qhov hnyav tshaj: 2100 kg;
- neeg coob: 1 tus kws tsav dav hlau;
- neeg muaj peev xwm: 8 paratroopers;
- riam phom: txog 3 phom phom cal. 7.92 hli.
Qhov kawg ua raws …
