Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 10, 1731, nrog rau kev kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus ntawm kev yeem nkag ntawm Western Kazakhstan (Younger Zhuz) rau hauv Lavxias lub xeev tau ntau pua xyoo, mus txog qhov tsis muaj npe Belovezhskaya lub rooj sib tham, kev sib koom siab thiab sib koom ua ke ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm Kazakhs nrog Lavxias thiab lwm haiv neeg ntawm Russia tau txiav txim siab.
Qhov xwm txheej no tau pab txhawb kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Kazakhstan, qhov kawg ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg hauv zej zog nyob rau ntawd. Nws tseem ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb sab nraud ntawm thaj av Kazakhstan thiab tau cawm Kazakhs los ntawm kev ua qhev los ntawm Dzungarian cov tub rog-xeev feudal thiab Manchu-Suav Qing faj tim teb chaws. Kazakh Khanate tau tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Nws tau muab faib ua peb zhuzes (cheeb tsam): Senior (Semirechye), Middle (Central, Northern, Northern and part part East. Kazakhstan) and Junior (Western Kazakhstan). Xyoo 1726, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis sib xws thiab ua rau muaj kev ua phem ntau ntxiv tiv thaiv Kazakhstan los ntawm Dzungaria, yog ib tus neeg kav tebchaws Kazakh, Khan Abdulkhair, sawv cev ntawm Tus Hluas Zhuz, tig mus rau tsoomfwv Lavxias nrog thov kom dhau los ua pej xeem. Xyoo 1731 qhov kev thov no tau tso cai. Hauv 30-40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ib feem loj ntawm Middle Zhuz thiab qee thaj av ntawm Tus Txwj Laug koom nrog Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub sixties ntawm XIX caug xyoo. yeem yeem nkag ntawm Kazakhstan mus rau hauv lub xeev Lavxias dhau lawm.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv cov pab pawg ntawm haiv neeg Kazakh thiab lawv cov khoom tau ua hauv 40-60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th los ntawm Lavxias tiv thaiv tub rog tiv thaiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov fortresses ntawm Yamyshevskaya (nrhiav tau hauv 1716), Zhelezinskaya (xyoo 1717), Semipalatinskaya (hauv 1718) …), Ust-Kamenogorsk (xyoo 1720), Bukhtarminskaya (xyoo 1761) thiab lwm yam. Ib ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv ciam teb yog tiv thaiv kev kov yeej av ntawm Lavxias thiab Kazakh los ntawm Dzungar Khanate, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm Qing Tuam Tshoj. Kazakhs tau muab nrog txhua yam kev txhawb nqa hauv kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam txawv teb chaws. Fortresses yog tib lub sijhawm txhawb lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias lub xeev rau nthuav kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo nrog nomads thiab nthuav tawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Russia ntawm lawv. Kev tsim kho ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv tub rog nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob ntawm Siberia, ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Russia thiab Kazakhstan, tau txiav txim siab ntau los ntawm lub xeev Lavxias-Dzhungar thiab Kazakh-Dzhungar kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau qhov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam ciam teb Suav. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias Suav cov tub ceev xwm tau sim ua rau qhov xwm txheej hnyav ntxiv hauv thaj av ntawm Central Asia nrog kev pab los ntawm txhua yam kev xav, txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Dzungaria.
Kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm thaj av Kazakhstan tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Dzungarian huntai-ji (Khan) Galdan-Tseren hauv 1738-1741. Thaum tau hla ciam teb ntawm Nruab Nrab Zhuz thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv nws qhov tshwm sim hauv Kazakh auls, lawv tau caum cov neeg nyob hauv kev khiav mus rau Orsk fortress. Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Lavxias tus thawj coj tub rog hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Kazakhs uas tau ua neeg xam xaj Meskas yuam Dzungars kom thim rov qab. Tom qab ntawd, cov kev xav tau rau kev pabcuam ciam teb hauv cov teeb meem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv thiab ceeb toom ntawm txhua qhov kev ua phem ntawm Dzungar pab tub rog tau nce ntxiv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Siberian lub xeev tus thawj tswj hwm P. Buturlin, cov thawj coj ntawm cov ciam teb tiv thaiv kab lus tau hais tias: "… yog los ntawm lawv, Zemgorian Kalmyks (Dzungars), yuav ua dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees, tom qab ntawd ntxaws ntxaws cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm rau lub tuam tsev ua haujlwm hauv xeev kom sai li sai tau."
Xyoo 1840, Siberian cov tub ceev xwm ciam teb tau ua cov kauj ruam txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog tiv thaiv kab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Irtysh, kev tsim kho thaj chaw ntawm Bolsheretsky, Inberisky, Beterinsky, me ntsis tom qab Vorovsky, Verblyuzhsky thiab lwm tus tau pib. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1741, Cossack cov tub ceev xwm tau txav mus rau sab hnub poob los ntawm Tara, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub rog nyob hauv nroog nws tus kheej tau muaj zog.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 20, 1742, Senate tau txiav txim siab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv cov neeg Kazakh thiab tiv thaiv thaj tsam ciam teb los ntawm Dzungars. Nws tau xav txog, tshwj xeeb, txhawm rau nce cov tub rog nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ciam teb, uas yuav tsum yog "kev kawm ntawm khans thiab sultans nrog lawv cov neeg, kom ntau li ntau tau los tiv thaiv." Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, ib lub chaw tshwj xeeb tau xa mus rau Dzungaria nrog txoj haujlwm piav qhia rau khan cov tub ceev xwm txog qhov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv Kazakhstan txuas nrog nws nkag mus rau hauv lub xeev Lavxias. Nws kuj tau xaj kom tshaj tawm rau Galdan-Tseren, "tias nws, paub txog kev ua pej xeem Kazakh, yuav tsis ua rau lawv puas tsuaj ntxiv thiab yuav tsis xa nws cov tub rog tawm tsam lawv." Qhov tshwm sim yog kev tso tawm los ntawm kev poob cev qhev ntawm Lavxias lus Sultan A6lai, raug ntes ua ntej qhov no los ntawm Dzungars thaum lawv nkag mus rau Nruab Nrab Zhuz thaum pib xyoo 1742. Kev pom zoo tau ua tiav ntawm qee qhov kev txwv ntawm Dzungar thov rau Kazakhs ntawm no zhuz (Cov pejxeem Kazakh tau raug zam los ntawm kev them se rau Dzungar Khan).
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej hauv thaj tsam uas muaj ciam teb nrog Dzungaria txuas ntxiv mus tsis muaj kev cia siab. Western Mongols, Oirats, uas tuaj rau xyoo 1744, tshaj tawm Galdan-Tseren lub hom phiaj xa tub rog mus rau Ust-Kamenogorsk thiab Semipalatinsk fortresses thiab rau Kolyvan factories. Thiab qhov tseeb, tsis ntev los no tau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev los ntawm Oirat kev sib cais ntawm Altai cov mines. Cov neeg nyob ze ua tsov rog tau paub zoo txog cov tub rog Lavxias tsawg nyob rau thaj tsam ciam teb, uas piav qhia lawv qhov kev tawm tsam.
Ua raws li qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, tsoomfwv Lavxias tau xaj lub taub hau ntawm Orenburg commission I. I. Neplyuev, xa peb cov tub rog mus rau Siberia "ntawm qhov nrawm tshaj plaws." Lawv tau pauv mus rau thaj tsam ciam teb thiab lwm pawg tub rog, thiab tau ntsuas los txhim kho cov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm Upper Irtysh. Cov lus txib dav dav ntawm cov tub rog ciam teb tau tso rau Major General I. V. Kinderman. Cov kev ntsuas ntsuas tau pab txhawm rau kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm Western Siberia thiab Kazakhstan, qhib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhs thiab Lavxias. Qhov no tau nkag siab zoo los ntawm cov neeg Kazakh. Ib tus ntawm sultans ntawm Middle Zhuz, Barak, thaum sib tham nrog Dzungar tus sawv cev, uas tau sim tig nws tawm tsam Russia, tau hais tias los ntawm kev tsim kho cov chaw tiv thaiv Lavxias thiab los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, tsis muaj kev ua txhaum thiab cuam tshuam, tab sis tsuas yog tau txais txiaj ntsig.
Nws tau paub tias kev tiv thaiv ntawm Kazakhs los ntawm Dzungarian kev ua phem tau ua los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias yam tsis siv tub rog. Ob tog, Russia thiab Dzungaria, zam kev qhib kev tsis sib haum xeeb, nyiam daws qhov feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tham sib haum xeeb. Cov thawj coj ntawm Dzungar lawv tus kheej qee zaum txawm nrhiav kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Lavxias cov tub ceev xwm thiab lawv txoj kev pab cuam nrog rau qhov kev hem thawj loj zuj zus los ntawm Qing Tuam Tshoj.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxiv dag zog rau Russia txoj haujlwm ntawm Central Asia ciam teb tau ua los ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm South Siberia los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, suav nrog thaj tsam Altai thiab Irtysh.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv Lavxias hauv kev txhim kho Lavxias-Kazakh kev sib raug zoo thiab hauv kev tiv thaiv Kazakhs los ntawm kev tawm tsam sab nraud tshwj xeeb yog nce ntxiv tom qab swb thiab rhuav tshem ntawm Dzungar xeev los ntawm Qing pab tub rog, uas thaum pib ntawm 1755, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Qianlong huab tais, raws li ib feem ntawm ob pab tub rog Suav, tau tawm tsam khanate. Cov neeg Suav tau ua phem rau Dzungars, "ntxeev siab rau lawv kom tua hluav taws thiab ntaj." Ntau tus neeg raug kaw raug muag mus ua qhev. Ntau txhiab txhiab tsev neeg Dzungarian tau khiav mus rau Volga rau lawv cov phooj ywg hauv pab pawg neeg - Volga Kalmyks.
Tsoomfwv Lavxias tau siv kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv Suav los ntawm kev nkag mus rau thaj tsam ciam teb uas Kazakh thiab lwm pab pawg neeg tau ncig. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb no, kev tiv thaiv ntawm Siberian cov lag luam mining thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov pej xeem Lavxias, suav nrog Kazakhs, tau tso siab rau Siberian tus tswv xeev V. A. Myatlev. Nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua, ntxiv cov ntsiab lus muaj zog ntxiv, cov tub ceev xwm tshiab tau nyiam los ua tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog. Txhawm rau txhawm rau ntxiv cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Sab Qab Teb Siberian fortresses hauv 1763-1764, ntau tus nees thiab ko taw tawm ntawm Cov Neeg Qub Qub tau tsim. Lawv tau xa mus rau tus thawj coj ntawm Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress los ua haujlwm. Tus naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm Don Cossacks thiab txog li 150 tawm Cossacks raug xa mus rau Siberian txoj kab tiv thaiv.
Ib feem ntawm Dzungars raug suav los ntawm Suav tau raug yuam kom khiav mus rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv ciam teb Lavxias. Ob peb ntawm lawv, tau tuaj rau Yamyshevskaya, Semipalatinskaya, Ust-Kamenogorsk thiab lwm lub chaw tiv thaiv thiab rov ua xyem xyav, ua kom tau txais kev ua pej xeem Lavxias thiab yog li ntawd, zam kev tua neeg ntawm Qing pab tub rog thiab sib cav nrog cov tub rog Kazakh. Lub sijhawm ntawd, ntau tus Kazakhs xav tias muaj lub siab xav ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab rau Dzungars vim yog tub sab nyob rau xyoo dhau los.
Kev txaus siab lees paub kev ua pej xeem Lavxias los ntawm ib feem ntawm pab pawg neeg Oirat tau tshwm sim txawm tias ua ntej kev swb ntawm Dzungaria, rov qab rau xyoo 1840s. Tam sim no lawv tau sib sau ua ke rau pawg tiv thaiv ciam teb. Thaum Lub Xya Hli thiab Lub Cuaj Hli 1756, tus tswv xeev Siberian V. A. Myatlev ceeb toom rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txawv Tebchaws hais tias ntau tus Dzungars raug tsim txom los ntawm cov neeg Suav nrhiav chaw nkaum nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab steppe fortifications.
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk, Yamysheiskaya thiab lwm lub fortresses dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus uas, raws li txoj cai, Dzungars tau cog lus cog lus ntawm kev ua pej xeem Lavxias. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 7, 1758, Siberian Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws-General F. I. Soymonov ceeb toom rau Xeev Lub Tsev Kawm Qib Siab tias nws tau lees txais 5187 tus neeg Kalmyk cov neeg tawg rog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm lub siab, thiab nrog lawv txog nees nkaum txhiab tus nyuj sib txawv. Qee tus ntawm cov neeg no tau nyob hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv ciam teb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, 6 Tomut (Kalmyk) khans tuaj rau Semipalatinsk fortress kom thov kev ua pej xeem Lavxias: Zaman, Manut, Sheereng, Uryankhai, Norbo-Chirik thiab Lousant.
Txawm tias Amursana, uas ua npau suav tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm Dzungar Khanate, tau raug kev txom nyem ntau dhau, khiav nrog nws cov neeg mus rau Semipalatinsk fortress thaum Lub Rau Hli 27, 1757 thiab thov nyob nraim yeej ncuab, ntshai tsam Suav yuav raug txim. Nws thov tau tso cai.
Yog li ntawd, thaum Lub Xya Hli 1758, cov neeg Suav sib cais tam sim ntawd tau tshwm sim hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress, uas, rattling nrog riam phom, nrhiav kev rov qab los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog Dzungarian. Cov thawj coj ntawm lub fortresses tau teb cov lus thov ntawm Zins nrog kev txiav txim siab tsis kam lees. Yog li, Dzungars, uas tsis ntev los no tau thov kom rhuav tshem cov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia thiab Kazakhstan, tom qab kev ua phem ntawm Qing Empire raug yuam kom nrhiav kev cawm seej sab nraum lawv cov phab ntsa. Lub siab xav ntawm ntau tus neeg ntawm Central Asia, tshwj xeeb yog Dzungars, kom lees txais kev ua pej xeem Lavxias ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm tsoomfwv Suav, uas tau teeb tsa kev nyuaj siab thiab sim ua phem rau cov uas xav mus nyob hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Russia.
Hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1758, lub xeev muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Central Asia, Dzungaria, tsis muaj nyob. Nws tau hloov pauv mus rau Suav kev tswj hwm huab tais Suav - Xinjiang (ciam teb tshiab), tsom feem ntau tiv thaiv Kazakhstan. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias lub xeev Oirat (Dzungar), uas thaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm Manchu-Suav nthuav dav nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Central Asia, tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev kov yeej. Kev ua phem phem li no tsis tau ntsib ntau hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg, txawm hais tias tsoomfwv Qing tawv ncauj tau sim qhia qhov kev swb ntawm Dzungar Khanate raws li kev txiav txim siab tawm tsam cov neeg ntxeev siab.
Cov Kazakhs nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj lub zog txaus los teeb tsa kev tawm tsam rau Manchu-Suav cov tub rog, txawm hais tias muaj qee kis thaum Kazakh cov tub rog tau sim npaj kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg tawm tsam, tab sis raug swb. Lub caij no, Qing cov tub ceev xwm, tau txeeb Dzungaria thiab East Turkestan, nrhiav tsis tsuas yog khaws cov av no raws li lawv txoj cai, tabsis tseem yuav thawb cov Kazakhs tawm ntawm Xinjiang. Kuj tseem muaj kev hem thawj tiag tiag rau Lavxias cov khoom hauv Altai. Txhua yam no yog qhov laj thawj rau tsoomfwv Lavxias siv ntau qhov kev ntsuas txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog tiv thaiv thaj av loj.
Xyoo 1760, cov thawj coj ntawm Upper Irtysh thiab lwm lub zog tiv thaiv raug xaj kom nyob hauv thaj av los ntawm Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress mus rau Lake Teletskoye los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Xyoo 1763, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj General I. I. Springer. Nws yuav tsum txiav txim siab ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov khoom ntiag tug sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm Suav. Hauv tib lub xyoo, Bukhtarma fortress tau tsim los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Bukh-tarma dej, ua tiav kev tsim ntawm Irtysh txoj kab tiv thaiv. Nws, zoo li lwm txoj kab tiv thaiv nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Siberia, kuj suav nrog Lavxias kev cog qoob loo cog qoob loo, uas tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua lag luam, ob tus neeg Lavxias thiab Kazakhs.
Hauv qhov xaus, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias Yamyshevskaya, Ust-Kamenogorskaya, Semipalatinskaya, Bukhtarminskaya thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv tub rog Lavxias, tau tsim thaum tsim kho thaj tsam sab qab teb hnub poob ntawm Siberia nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv Kazakhs los ntawm kev ntes los ntawm Dzungaria, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm Qing Tuam Tshoj. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, muaj cov phom loj thiab cov tub rog niaj hnub yuam cov neeg nyob ze kom tsis txhob ua tub rog ncaj qha ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ciam teb.
Thiab cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv tau ua rau kom nrawm ntawm kev yeem nkag ntawm Kazakhstan mus rau Russia - txheej txheem keeb kwm uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyob ntsiag to thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov neeg Kazakh.
