Kev sib ntaus sib tua no yog ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Tsov Rog Burgundian. Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1476, nyob ze ntawm lub fortress Murten (hauv Fab Kis - Morat) hauv Swiss canton ntawm Bern, Swiss pab tub rog thiab pab tub rog ntawm Duke ntawm Burgundy Charles the Bold tau ntsib. Kev swb yav dhau los tau qhia nws tsis muaj dab tsi, thiab nws rov hu xov tooj rau Swiss. Qhov no dhau los ua nws qhov yuam kev, vim nws kuj tau poob qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no nrog lawv. Los ntawm txoj kev, zaj dab neeg nrog Murten yog ib qho piv txwv meej ntawm qhov ua siab tawv tawv raug txim thiab tsis muaj kev ua siab loj rau tus kheej yeej qhov kev paub thiab kev txawj ua haujlwm.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Murten. Panorama ntawm Ludwig Braun. "Tsov rog Burgundian raug tua."
Siege ntawm Murten
Thiab nws tau tshwm sim uas tsis tshua muaj kev rov qab los ntawm kev swb ntawm Granson, Charles the Bold tau txiav txim siab ntxiv kom koom nrog kev sib ntaus nrog Swiss thiab, tau sib sau ua rog tshiab, nws tau nkag mus rau lawv thaj chaw thaum Lub Rau Hli 1476. Twb tau nyob rau lub Rau Hli 9, nws pab tub rog tau siege rau lub fortress ntawm Murten, cia li 25 kilometers ntawm Bern. Nws yuav yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua mus rau Bern nws tus kheej, tab sis Karl, thaj, txiav txim siab tsis tawm ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tub rog nyob tom qab nws, yog li nws xub txiav txim siab coj Murten. Lub nroog tau tiv thaiv los ntawm tub ceev xwm ntawm 1580 tus neeg sib ntaus, yog li nws zoo li tsis muaj kev tawm tsam hnyav rau Charles pab tub rog, muaj riam phom loj!
Kev kos duab los ntawm 1879-80 piav qhia txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Murten. Louis Midart: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? Cov peev ntawm Central Library ntawm lub nroog Soloturn.
Cov Burgundians pib los ntawm kev ntuav ib qho chaw nyob ib puag ncig Murten, tom qab ntawd lawv tso cov foob pob rau nws, txhawb qhov khoob nruab nrab ntawm lawv nrog tus pas nrig thiab pib tua lawv ntawm phab ntsa hauv nroog. Ntawd yog, lawv tau ua ib yam li Julius Caesar tau ua nyob rau hauv nws lub sijhawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Alesia: lawv tau teeb tsa tus lej ntsuas tus nqi nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, txhim kho cov phom loj rau nws, thiab thaum mus txog ntawm Swiss pab tub rog, 1, 5 -2 km ntawm lub nroog, lawv tau tsim kab ib puag ncig (txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis txuas ntxiv mus), uas tiv thaiv lawv cov tub rog sab nraud. Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Rau Hli 12, lawv tau mus ua phem rau lwm tus, tab sis nws tau tawm tsam, txij li kev txhawb nqa tuaj txog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv, tuaj txog hla lub pas dej. Karl nkag siab tias Swiss pab tub rog tab tom yuav los rau Murten qhov kev pab. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tau rov kho lub fortress, tab sis txwv nws tus kheej rau kev tua phom, thiab pib npaj rau kev tawm tsam nrog cov yeeb ncuab. Cov Burgundians tau siv ob peb hnub nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab, cia siab tias cov Swiss tab tom yuav los ze. Lub tswb tau tshaj tawm ob peb zaug, thiab cov tub rog tau tsim nyob tom qab lub qhov rooj txhawm rau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, tab sis Swiss tsis tshwm sim, thiab cov Burgundians rov qab los rau hauv lub yeej rog. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 21, Karl tus kheej tau ua tus saib xyuas qhov chaw ntawm Swiss thiab txiav txim siab tias lawv yuav tsis mus tua nws.
Charles the Bold (Karl the Bold), Duke of Burgundy (1433-1477). Kev pleev xim los ntawm Roger van der Weyden (puag ncig 1460).
Tus Swiss tau ua dab tsi?
Thaum kawm txog tus yeeb ncuab qhov kev ua, thaum Lub Rau Hli 10, Bern tshaj tawm kev tawm tsam. Twb tau nyob rau lub Rau Hli 11, Berne cov chav pib tuaj txog ntawm cov ciam teb thiab hnub tom ntej lawv tau pib koom nrog kev tawm tsam nrog Burgundians. Hnub Wednesday, Lub Rau Hli 19, Bernese cov tub rog (5-6 txhiab tus neeg) tau pw hav zoov hauv Ulmitz, tsuas yog 5 km ntawm txoj haujlwm rau pem hauv ntej ntawm pab tub rog Burgundian. Cov tub rog ntawm lawv cov phoojywg kuj tau pib los ze rau ntawm no: Basel cov tub rog (ntawm 2,000 tus tub rog thiab 100 tus tub rog caij nees) thiab cov tub rog caij nkoj los ntawm Alsace raws li cov lus txib ntawm Duke René ntawm Lorraine thiab Oswald von Thierstein, uas yog tus pabcuam rau Baili ntawm Upper Alsace.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Murten. Me me los ntawm Lucerne Chronicle ntawm Schilling Tus Hluas, 1513. Zurich Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li ib tus ntawm cov neeg koom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, Jörg Molbinger, uas tawm tsam hauv cov tub rog siab tawv, muaj 26,000 tus tub rog koom nrog, uas ntau dua 1,800 yog cov neeg caij nees. Hans von Kagenek, lwm tus koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no thiab tseem tau tawm tsam hauv cov tub rog, hu tus lej me dua - 1,100 tus neeg caij nees.
René II, Duke ntawm Lorraine. Lorraine Tsev khaws puav pheej.
Lub vanguard (vorhut lossis forhut) ntawm Swiss tau hais los ntawm Hauptmann Hans von Golwill ntawm Aargau. Nws suav nrog crossbowmen thiab kuj txias, thiab ib nrab yog pikemen. Tag nrho cov avant-garde tau mus txog 5,000 tus neeg. Kagenek sau hais tias muaj "Bernese, Friburians thiab Swiss" hauv nws.
Lub kaus mom Milanese 1440 Nyhav 4196 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Lub zog loj (Gevalthaufen), hais los ntawm ntau tus Hauptmann, ntawm qhov uas Hans Waldmann sawv tawm, yog "kev sib ntaus sib tua" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "hmuv" lossis "hedgehog" nrog pikemen nyob ib puag ncig, sawv hauv 4 qib, thiab xub nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Muaj los ntawm 10 txog 12 txhiab tus neeg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Armor los ntawm 1480. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Tus tiv thaiv tom qab (nahhut) tau hais los ntawm Hauptmann Kaspar Hartenstein los ntawm Lucerne. Nws muaj 5-6 txhiab tus tub rog, ua tub rog zoo ib yam. Hauv qhov sib nrug nruab nrab ntawm tus vanguard thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb, cov tub rog tsiv mus.
Lub kaus mom hlau 1475 Nyhav 3374 Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kos Duab, New York.
Lub caij no, nws tau pib los nag, los ntawm qhov uas cov phoojywg tsis muaj chaw nkaum. Ib qho ntxiv, Zurich cov neeg tau cia siab, thiab lawv tuaj txog hmo ntuj, txawm hais tias lawv tau qaug zog los ntawm txoj kev nyuaj nyuaj kawg. Lub rooj sab laj ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau sib sau tam sim ntawd thiab cov lus txib tau muab rau Wilhelm Herter von Gertenegg, uas dhau los ua "tus thawj Hauptmann".
Sallet lub kaus mom hlau 1475 Nyhav 2778 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Kev txhim kho cov hlau tsim ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau nyob rau lub sijhawm no kev tsim khoom ntau yam ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo ib yam thiab, tshwj xeeb, lub kaus mom hlau sallet, uas tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Swiss thiab Burgundy. Txij li cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws, cov ntoo khaub lig ntau xim yuav tsum tau xaws ntawm cov khaub ncaws kom paub tus kheej.
Kev soj ntsuam tau ua tiav thaum sawv ntxov hnub Saturday sawv ntxov. 500 tus tub rog caij tsheb thiab 800 tus tub rog caij nkoj raws li Herter thiab Waldmann tau mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Burgundians. Lawv tau mus txog Burgundian txoj haujlwm, tab sis tom qab ntawd thim rov qab hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj peev xwm pom ob qho teeb meem ua los ntawm Burgundians thiab qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov phom loj.
Sib ntaus sib tua daim ntawv qhia.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua nws tus kheej pib sai tom qab tav su. Petermann Etterlin, yog ib tus Hauptmann tus thawj coj ntawm Swiss avant-garde, tom qab ntawv sau hauv nws "Keeb Kwm" tias lawv tau sib sau ua ke, thiab ntau tus tub rog tsis muaj sijhawm noj tshais. Ntawd yog, txawm tias tom qab ntawd lawv tau pw ntev thiab tau noj lig, txawm hais tias tej zaum qhov laj thawj rau qhov no yog nag thiab txoj kev mus lig ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lawv Zurich. Ua qhov zoo li nws tuaj yeem ua tau, cov phoojywg tau sib sau ua ib kab thiab tawm hauv lub yeej rog, tabsis tsis mus ib mais ntxiv, vim tias lawv tau nres ntawm ntug hav zoov, sib sau ua rog, thiab tom qab ntawd Oswald von Tirstein tau coj qhov tseeb tias ob qho tib si Rene ntawm Lorraine, thiab nrog nws ntau Nws knighted 100 tus neeg siab zoo. Yog li hais lus, nws tau tsa lawv txoj kev coj ncaj ncees, rau kev tuag raws li tus tub rog tsis zoo li kev tuag yooj yim … raws li "tus tswv av nplua nuj"!
Swiss halberd hnyav 2320 g Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York.
Hoob kawm sib ntaus
Tom qab ntawd, mus rau lub suab nrov ntawm nruas, cov tub rog Swiss, txhawb ntxiv los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov txiv neej nees ntawm caj npab ntawm Dukes ntawm Lorraine thiab Austria, tau pib tawm tsam qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Burgundians. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau tshaj tawm tias Karl Bold tsis muaj kev txawj ntse! Koj pom, nws tsis xav tias lawv yuav tawm tsam, vim nws tau los nag ntau hnub ua ntej. Lawv hais tias, txoj kev yuav nyuaj dhau, thiab yog li ntawd, Swiss yuav tsis tuaj yeem txav mus rau lub nroog. Qhov tseeb tias tus yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem taug kev hauv cov teb, ntawm cov nyom thiab txoj kev nyuaj yuav tsis tso nws tseg, qee qhov nws yooj yim tsis tshwm sim rau tus neeg siab tawv duke, thiab nws tsis xav tias xa cov neeg soj xyuas.
Plate Mitten 1450 Ltalis. Nyhav 331.7 g. Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kos Duab, New York.
Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Swiss suav nrog peb kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm rab hmuv thiab hneev tua phom, ntawm qhov uas muaj cov tub rog (tsawg kawg 1,800 tus neeg) thiab xub. Hauv thawj kab muaj ob qhov kev sib ntaus thiab cov neeg caij nees ntawm caj npab, hauv qhov thib ob. Ntxiv mus, kev tawm tsam ntawm Swiss tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tau xav txog rau Burgundians. Ntxiv mus, Karl nws tus kheej tau tawm tsam nrog kev tsis ntseeg siab rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm nws cov neeg tiv thaiv, yog li nws tsis tau hais tam sim kom tshaj tawm lub tswb tub rog, vim tias lub sijhawm ntau tau ploj, yog li muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Burgundy pollex. Nyhav 2976.7 g. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov Burgundians tuaj yeem qhib qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm lawv cov foob pob thiab cov phom me me thiab yog li tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm Swiss. Tab sis lawv tsis ntshai hlo li, tab sis tawm los ntawm hauv qab cov phom loj, tig 180 degrees, rov kho dua thiab … tsuas yog hloov pauv qhov kev tawm tsam. Txhua yam no ua tau zoo qhia txog kev ua tub rog siab ntawm Swiss thiab lawv txoj kev qhuab qhia thiab tib lub sijhawm qhia txog qib qis ntawm kev ua tub rog kos duab ntawm Karl the Bold thiab nws cov neeg koom nrog. Txhua yam zoo ib yam, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai los rov tsim dua ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab nyob ze nws. Tom qab tag nrho, Karl tuaj yeem (thiab yuav tsum, hauv kev xav!) Xa nws cov tub rog mus rau kev tawm tsam.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Murten. Panorama ntawm Ludwig Braun "Attack ntawm Lorraine thiab Austrian cavalry".
Gendarmes ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Cov cuab yeej ua rog los ntawm lub sijhawm no tau dhau los ua qhov muaj zog thiab zoo kawg nkaus uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb ploj mus.
Guisarma 1490 Nyhav 2097.9 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis ua, thiab kev rov txhim kho nws tus kheej tau ua sai heev uas Burgundians tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov hluav taws ntawm lawv cov phom loj, lossis tsis tsim lawv tus kheej lub zog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub zog hnyav tau ua rau Karl cov tub rog, uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, pom dab tsi tshwm sim los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Murten ib puag ncig, nws cov tub rog tau qhib lub rooj vag thiab tsoo lub nraub qaum ntawm pab tub rog Burgundian. Ntawm no dua cov lus nug tshwm sim: vim li cas Burgundian cov foob pob tsis tau tsom mus rau lub rooj vag ntawm lub nroog. Zoo, tsuas yog rooj plaub?! Cov neeg tua phom ntawm cov foob pob foob pob, qhov twg lub nroog nyuam qhuav raug rho tawm? Tom qab tag nrho, nws tau pom tseeb tias thaum muaj kev tawm tsam "los ntawm thaj chaw" cov tub rog yuav tsum mus rau qhov kev sib tw? Tab sis, pom tseeb, txhua yam no tsuas yog tsis pom tseeb rau Karl the Bold, vim li cas txhua yam tau tshwm sim raws nraim qhov no thiab tsis yog li ntawd. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsuas muaj 6 txog 8 txhiab tus neeg raug tua nyob hauv nws pab tub rog, thiab duke nws tus kheej tau txaj muag los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ntxiv mus, ib tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv tau ntiav los ntawm nws yog ntawm cov neeg poob, thiab cov tub rog tsis nyiam cov lus txib no thiab feem ntau tsis tau ntiav rau cov neeg poob lawm.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Murten. Panorama ntawm Ludwig Brown "Burgundian Camp thiab English Archers".
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Murten. Panorama ntawm Ludwig Braun. "Davhlau ntawm Burgundian Army".
Yog li, Tsov rog ntawm Murten ib zaug ntxiv qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo ntawm Swiss cov tub rog. Txawj siv thaj av, nws tuaj yeem ua tiav kev tawm tsam ntawm txawm tias tub rog caij nees nrog kev pab ntawm phom. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tes, ua tsaug rau nws cov plaub hau, nws muaj tus lej zoo ntawm cov tub rog nrog cov pike ntev.
"Karl lub Bold khiav tawm tom qab Tsov Rog ntawm Murten." Eugene Burnand xyoo 1895
Tib daim duab nthuav tawm raws li daim duab hauv Niva magazine. Yog, tom qab ntawd, kom pom cov duab tha xim, ib tus yuav tsum tau mus ncig. Txog tam sim no, nws txaus kom tau hauv Is Taws Nem.
Qhov txaus siab, qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau tshoov siab German tus kws pleev xim Ludwig Braun los tsim lub ntsej muag "Tsov rog ntawm Murten hauv 1476", uas nws pleev xim rau xyoo 1893. Qhov loj heev canvas 10 los ntawm 100 m ua rau tib lub sijhawm nrog nws qhov ci ntsa iab thiab nthuav dav. Muaj tseeb tiag, nws tau sau ua "style romantic", uas yog vim li cas cov neeg hauv tib neeg tau ua yeeb yaj kiab ntau dhau, thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg zoo li ua ntu zus. Tab sis ua raws li nws yuav ua tau, qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm kev kos duab.
