Soviet lub chaw sib txuas peb-theem foob pob hluav taws "Gnome" yog qhov kev txhim kho tshwj xeeb ntawm 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tab sis txog niaj hnub no nws yog thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws uas tso cai, siv thawj theem ramjet, tsis yog tawm tsam lwm lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj tseem coj tus nqi thauj mus rau qis qis.
Hauv 50s lig. Tsoomfwv ntawm USSR tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm rau cov tub rog: los tsim lub xov tooj ntawm tes sib cuam tshuam ntau yam, hloov kho kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov tub rog thiab coj mus rau qhov siab tshaj qhov tso cai thauj ntawm cov choj (cov tswv yim, ntxiv dag zog) hauv USSR - qhov hnyav ntawm tag nrho cov nyom yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 65 tons.
Kev txwv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm qhov nyuaj txiav txim siab qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm 32-35 tons (qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom thauj khoom tsis yog kwv yees li sib npaug ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws). Kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov yooj yim-rau-ua haujlwm yooj yim yog thiab tseem siv cov cav ua kom muaj zog.
Txawm li cas los xij, TTRD muaj qhov tsis zoo - qhov kev xav tshwj xeeb qis dua li cov kua.
Raws li, txhua lwm yam sib npaug, xav tau roj ntau ntxiv kom ua tiav tib yam, lub foob pob hluav taws yuav hnyav dua.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, RT-1 lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim los lawm, nrog rau qhov hnyav ntawm 34 tons, ya ntawm 2400 km, thiab RT-2, feem-51 tons thiab 10000 km. qhov no yog ntau heev, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom hnyav tsis ntau tshaj 32 tons!
Txoj cai ntawm 2.06.1958 nyob rau hauv No. 708-336 ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm USSR tau txheeb xyuas cov npe ntawm ntau lub tsev haujlwm uas yuav pib txhim kho rau cov cuaj luaj no. Ntawm lawv yog KB: Koroleva, Makeeva, Tyurin, Tsirulnikova thiab Yangel.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov pa ua kua-propellant lossis cov khoom siv tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm qhov txwv qhov hnyav. Auj, uas tau tshaj tawm rau saum.
Cov haujlwm tau raug kaw los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pab Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm USSR No. 138-48 ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 5, 1960.
Txawm li cas los xij, Boris Shavyrin, uas tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau txoj kev txhim kho, tau thov kom muaj kev hloov pauv tshiab -
siv lub cav ramjet khov-propellant ua thawj theem.
Thaum lub sijhawm piav qhia, tus tsim qauv tshuaj khib zoo tshaj plaws B. I. Shavyrin tau taw qhia KBM-DESIGN BUREAU NTAWV TSHUAB ENGINEERING (Kolomna). coj mus rau KBM tom qab kev tuag ntawm B. I. Shavyrin xyoo 1965 thiab txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev txhim kho.
Shavyrin tsis tau nyob ib hnub ua ntej thawj qhov kev xeem zaum zaum
Lub tswv yim no tau mus txog D. A. Ustinov thiab txaus siab rau nws tias nws tau npaj ua ntej rau R&D.
Raws li qee qhov chaw hauv Sab Hnub Poob, PR-90 luv-range ballistic missile (BR) tau ua raws li qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm "Gnome".
Shavyrin yuav luag ua rau "Gnome" txawm tias muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thiab ua tiav yav tom ntej, tab sis twb tau raws li cov txheej txheem txheej txheem.
Nws tau thov kom tso thawj zaug, ncaj qha mus rau theem ua ntej ntawm ib qho tom ntej. Qhov thib ob, qhov tseeb ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws, nrog lub taub hau ntsaws rau hauv nws cov ntu ntu. Thiab hauv davhlau, thaum sib cais, lub cav tseem ceeb yuav rub thawj theem los ntawm qhov thib ob.
Rau txhua qhov tseem ceeb, qhov no yuav luag puas lub tswv yim hauv lub paj: txawm tias qhov tseeb tias "foob pob" foob pob hluav taws tau thov los ntawm Obert xyoo 1929, thiab cov phiaj xwm zoo li no tau ua tiav rau niaj hnub no tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv submarine. Cov phiaj xwm zoo sib xws tau siv rau ntawm Makeevskaya R-39 / RSM-52 (qhov nce toj tau muab tso rau hauv txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws, tab sis muaj nws tshwm sim hauv qab dej thaum muaj Archimedean quab yuam thiab qhov nruab nrab txaus txaus).
Tom qab ntawd, xaiv ntau qhov kev xaiv tshwj xeeb tau xaiv.
Cov kev xaiv hauv paus tau xav tias:
mobile, hiav txwv, suav nrog ntawm ekranoplanes tsim (qauv nkoj 'Caspian Monster') thiab zais kuv.
Cov roj tau zoo rau thawj lub cav tau tsim los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj hauv kev coj ua ntawm Nikolai Silin. Cov khoom tiv thaiv cov khoom siv nrawm tau tsim los ntawm ANII HT nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Yakov Savchenko. Kev sib xyaw ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv tus nqi thib ob thiab qib peb tau tsim los ntawm NII-125 raws li kev coj ntawm Boris Zhukov.
Lub foob pob hluav taws tau nruab nrog lub tshuab ua hmoov siab. Nws tau nyob hauv ib lub thawv ib nrab, uas tau ntim nrog chav tua hluav taws (lub cev ntawm WFD chav sib txuas yog ib feem ntawm cov thawv tsim). Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qhov hnyav ntawm tag nrho cov nyom.
Lub foob pob hluav taws tus kheej tau muab tso rau ntawm lub chassis ntawm lub tank hnyav. PU tau tsim los ntawm KB-3 ntawm Leningrad Kirovsky cog raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Joseph Kotin. Lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim los ntawm TsKB-34 raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Evgeny Rudyak. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim ntawm kev kov yeej kev tiv thaiv foob pob hluav taws tau tsim hauv NII-108. Kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (TsSHAG) nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Ilya Pogozhev.
Lub rooj zaum lub cav rau kev sim hauv Turaevo muaj lub cev hlau. Tom qab ntawd, hauv Khotkovo Central Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Tshwj Xeeb Engineering, lub cev fiberglass tau tsim.
Lub taub hau ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tus thawj tsim qauv ntawm KBM kev taw qhia, tus neeg qhuas ntawm Lub Xeev Khoom Plig, Tus Neeg Koom Tes RARAN Oleg Mamalyga rov hais dua qhov kev xeem:
Kev sib xyaw ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv tus nqi thib ob thiab qib peb tau tsim los ntawm NII-125 raws li kev coj ntawm Boris Zhukov. Lub foob pob hluav taws tau nruab nrog lub tshuab ua hmoov siab. Nws tau nyob hauv ib lub thawv ib nrab, uas tau ntim nrog chav tua hluav taws (lub cev ntawm WFD chav sib txuas yog ib feem ntawm cov thawv tsim). Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qhov hnyav. Lub foob pob hluav taws tus kheej tau tso rau ntawm lub chassis ntawm T-10 lub tank hnyav. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws yuav tsum yog kwv yees li 60 tons. PU tau tsim los ntawm KB-3 ntawm Leningrad Kirovsky cog raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Joseph Kotin. Lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim los ntawm TsKB-34 raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Evgeny Rudyak. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim ntawm kev kov yeej kev tiv thaiv foob pob hluav taws tau tsim hauv NII-108. Kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (TsSHAG) nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Ilya Pogozhev.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev pib tsim khoom loj, nws tau npaj rau xa tawm, raws li ntau qhov chaw, los ntawm 10 txog 20 lub xov tooj txawb rov siv tau. Lub sijhawm foob pob hluav taws ntawm TPU yog li 10 xyoo.
Lub gnome yog lub foob pob peb theem. Plaub tus neeg nrawm TT, nyob ntawm txoj kab sab nraud ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb, ua kom ICBM nrawm dua Mach 1.75. Lub sijhawm no, lub tshuab ramjet txhawb nqa tau pib, uas, ua haujlwm los ntawm 60 txog 70 vib nas this, ua kom nrawm dua lub foob pob hluav taws raws qhov kev pom zoo aerodynamic mus rau qhov nrawm ntawm 5.5 Mach. Nyob rau theem kawg, lub cav turbojet zoo ib yam ntawm cov theem tom ntej tau muab BG hnyav 535 kg yuav luag nrawm nrawm. Nws tau kwv yees tias lub taub hau tuaj yeem muaj lub tshuab fais fab nuclear nrog lub zog nce txog 0.5 megaton.
Kev tsim kho tsis paub yog vim li cas tau tso tseg thaum kawg xyoo 1965. Gnome ICBM tsis tau xa mus rau riam phom.
Nov yog qhov Sergei Aleksandrov tau sau txog qhov no (Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Cov Hluas N 2 '2000 "Lub npe zoo li no", xam phaj nrog S. Invincible):
Tej zaum, kev txhim kho thiab thev naus laus zis tsis tau hnov qab:
PS
Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin (Plaub Hlis 27 (Tsib Hlis 10) 1902, Yaroslavl - Lub Kaum Hli 9, 1965, Moscow)
Nws kawm tiav los ntawm Yaroslavl cov kws qhia ua haujlwm yav tsaus ntuj (1925), tom qab ntawd MVTU im. NE Bauman (1930) nrog qib kawm hauv cov kws kho tshuab rau rab phom loj. Nws ua haujlwm ua tus kws tsim khoom hauv chav tsim khoom ntawm Koom Haum Cannon-Riam Phom-Machine-Gun, tib lub sijhawm nws tau koom nrog hauv kev qhia ua haujlwm, qhia kev kawm tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Moscow Technical University.
Nyob rau hnub ua ntej Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, Tib Neeg Txoj Cai Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Xeev tau qhib rooj plaub txhaum plaub rau Shavyrin ntawm kev liam ntawm "kev ua phem, ua phem thiab txhob txwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj khib," qhov kev txiav txim rau nws raug ntes tau kos npe los ntawm Cov Neeg Commissar rau Lub Xeev Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Tus Kws Lij Choj General. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm Tib Neeg Tus Kws Lij Choj rau Armaments BL Vannikov, nws tsis raug txim.
Sergei Pavlovich Invincible (yug Cuaj hlis 13, 1921, Ryazan).
Nws kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Hauv Xyoo 1945 nrog qib kawm hauv "kws kho tshuab tshuab rau mos txwv", lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj txoj haujlwm - "Ntev -ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv rau tso tsheb hlau luam"
Nws ntseeg tias Sergei Pavlovich tau tawm ntawm KBM nws tus kheej - yog li qhia nws qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tshem tawm ntawm Oka txoj haujlwm - raws li Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Intermediate -Range thiab Short -Range Missiles, thiab tsis muaj txoj hauv kev poob hauv qab nws.
KWB- lub taub hau kev lag luam rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm-cov cuab yeej zoo, tiv thaiv lub tank thiab tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, nrog rau lub phiaj xwm tiv thaiv foob pob tsis zoo.
Tam sim no, Nikolai Gushchin yog lub taub hau thiab tus thawj tsim qauv ntawm lub tuam txhab lag luam hauv lub xeev "Tsim Kev Lag Luam rau Mechanical Engineering".
Khoom:
"Npauj Npaim" 2K15. 3M6 [UA-1. Snapper], "Npauj Npaim" 2K16. 3M6 [UA-1. Snapper], "Menyuam" 9K11. 3M14 [AT-3A. Sagger A], "Menyuam" 9K14. 9M14 [AT-3A. Sagger A], "Baby-M" 9K14M. 9M14M [AT-3V. Sagger B], "Baby-P" 9K14P. 9M14P [AT-3S. Sagger C], "Menyuam" 9K14. 9M14-2 [AT-3A. Sagger A], "Shturm-B" 9K113. 9M114 [UA-6. Muab kauv], "Sturm-S" 9K113. 9M114 [UA-6. Muab kauv], "Ua phem" "Ua phem" 9-120, "Chrysanthemum" 9-123
Strela-2 9K32. 9M32 [SAZGrail], "Strela-2M" 9K32M. 9M32M [SAZGrail], "Strela-3" 9K34. 9M36 [UA-14. Gremlin], "Strela-3M" 9K34M. 9M36M [SA-14. Gremlin], "Koob-1" 9M39 [SA16. Gimlet] Koob 9M313 [SA18. Gimlet], "Igla" 9-313 (dav hlau version)
"Tochka" (OTR-21). 9 tx79. 9M79 [SS-21. Scarab], "Point-R" (OTP-21) 9K79 [SS-21. Scarab], "Tochka-U" (OTP-21). 9K79-1. 9M721 [SS-21. Scarab]
"Oka" (OTR-23). 9M714 [SS-23. Kab laug sab], "Oka-U" (OTR-25) [SS-X-26] thiab tus phab ej ntawm zaj dab neeg "Gnome".
