Tus maum faus nws tus tswv hauv siab thiab maj mam muab nws hnia.
Kamal hais tias, Muaj ob peb ntawm peb muaj zog, tab sis nws tau ua siab ncaj rau ib leeg …
Yog li cia tus tub sab nyiag nqa qhov khoom plig, kuv lub ntsej muag nrog turquoise, Thiab kuv lub taub hau yog nyiaj, thiab kuv lub eeb, thiab kuv daim ntaub zoo li lub txaj."
(Rudyard Kipling "Ballad ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Poob")
Ntawm no peb digress me ntsis los ntawm cov ncauj lus tseeb ntawm "knights ntawm nomadic faj tim teb chaws" thiab pom seb hom kab lis kev cai twg lawv koom nrog thiab nws txhais li cas rau lawv. Ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, cov no yog, ntawm chav kawm, "steppe dwellers" uas, zoo li "cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov", ua haujlwm nrog thaj av nkaus xwb. Av - haiv neeg ib txwm muaj hav, roob, hav zoov - rau cov tib neeg, qhov ntawd yog txhua yam. Yog li no, hom kab lis kev cai no hu ua "continental". Nws tau tawm tsam los ntawm hom kev coj noj coj ua uas tau txais lub npe "Atlantic". "Atlantists" nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Nov yog kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj. Thiab ob qho ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no yog rov qab rau ib leeg. Thawj yog tus yam ntxwv xenophobia tshaj tawm, vim tias ib tus neeg sab nrauv yog tus muaj peev xwm ua yeeb ncuab lossis tus sawv cev ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Yog li ruaj khov nrog "ib tus kheej qhov nyuaj", tsis kam ua rau pom ntawm kev coj noj coj ua txawv teb chaws, tab sis ua siab dawb rau cov phooj ywg uas tau sim sijhawm. "Atlantists" yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ua siab ntev, yam uas cov neeg hauv hiav txwv tsis tuaj yeem tsaws ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv txawv teb chaws thiab ua lag luam nrog cov neeg hauv zos. Tab sis kuj tseem dag thiab dag - nyiag cov neeg qaug zog, kom muaj zog … muag cov nyiaj nyiag los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov neeg zej zog tsis muaj zog. Phoenicians, Greeks, Vikings yog cov sawv cev ntawm "Atlantic kab lis kev cai". Cov nomads ntawm cov kauj ruam thiab peb cov poj koob yawm txwv - Slavs - yog cov sawv cev ntawm kev coj noj coj ua txuas ntxiv mus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vector ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm ethnos tuaj yeem hloov pauv lub sijhawm, zoo li nws kab lis kev cai, txawm hais tias qee yam los ntawm yav dhau los ib txwm nyob. Continental Russians los ua lub siab tawv navigators thiab sai. Seljuk thiab Ottoman nomads tau dhau los ua neeg nyob tsis tswm Turkish. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias cov neeg Nyij Pooj, txawm hais tias lawv nyob ntawm ib kob nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm dej hiav txwv, yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv los ntawm Altai, ua rau ntau dua rau kev coj noj coj ua txuas ntxiv. Lawv nyiam caij nees thiab hneev taw. Tab sis lawv kuj muaj poj niam amu divers. Tab sis peb Pomors - cov neeg tsav nkoj ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Russia, uas tau ntau pua xyoo caij nkoj rau "cov hniav" mus rau Grumant thiab kub rau Mangazeya - "Atlantists", yog vim li cas thiaj li sib txawv Kev ntseeg qub thiab kev coj noj coj ua khiav mus rau lawv kom dim. Lawv ua siab ntev tau paub. Yog li ntau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg nomadic yuav pom meej dua rau peb yog tias peb saib lawv ncaj qha los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lawv cov tswv cuab ntawm cov tebchaws ib txwm muaj.
Mongolian horsemen tawm tsam ib leeg. "Jami at-tavarih" ("Sau cov keeb kwm") Rashid ad-din Fazlullah Hamadani. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 14th. Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin.
Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tseem siv rau ntau yam ntawm lawv cov kev coj ua kom dawb huv. Piv txwv li, cov neeg nomadic tsis tau qhuas txog lub meej mom ntawm tus tub rog tiag tiag li kev ua siab dawb - qhov zoo tiag tiag? Tsis yog cov neeg piav dab neeg qhuas txog kev ua phem ntawm cov phab ej sab hnub tuaj - qhov tseeb, tib Rolands thiab Lancelot los ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob? Tsis yog kagans, khans, emir ntawm Sab Hnub Poob puag ncig lawv tus kheej nrog lawv cov neeg koom nrog - tib pab tub rog uas ua tsov rog, plunder thiab khoom plig yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua neej nyob? Peb tuaj yeem pom tib lub tshav puam ntawm tus huab tais barbarian nyob rau sab Hnub Poob, thiab ntawm qee tus nomadic kagan nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tau kawg, tsis tuaj yeem tab sis ua rau pom qhov muag.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Mongols thiab Suav (1211)."Jami at-tavarih" ("Sau cov keeb kwm") Rashid ad-din Fazlullah Hamadani. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 14th. National Library ntawm Fabkis.
Xyoo 630, Suav tus kws tshaj lij Xuan Zang, mus ntsib lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Turkic kagan, qhov uas nws tau txais tos nrog tus sawv cev sawv cev los ntawm Byzantium, Mesopatamia, Central Asia thiab Russia, ua rau peb xav tsis thoob. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog phau ntawv nyeem ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus kav ntawm ib pawg neeg nomadic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws nplua nuj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig txaus.
Ib lub nroog raug kaw los ntawm Mongols. Cov duab me me ntawm nplooj ntawv "Jami at-tavarih" ("Sau cov keeb kwm") ntawm Rashid ad-din Fazlullah Hamadani 1306. Tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Edinburgh Library.
… Türkic kagan tsis zaum hauv lub nroog uas muaj neeg coob thiab muaj plua plav. Nws lub chaw pw hav zoov, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm qhov chaw muaj zog, nyob hauv hav uas muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub nplhaib ntawm roob uas npog nrog cov dej khov mus ib txhis. Lub tsheb thauj khoom nruab nrog cov tub lag luam lag luam tuaj yeem mus ntawm no raws txoj kev hauv roob hauv cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis cov yeeb ncuab tsis tuaj yeem mus rau lub yeej rog ntawm Turkic kagan. Hauv lub qhov tsua nqaim, cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog yuav raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov tub rog txawm tias yog pab pawg me.
Genghis Khan Ib Kev pleev xim los ntawm tus kws kos duab Suav tsis paub ntawm Qin dynasty. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Brooklyn)
Lub hauv paus ntawm kagan yog neeg coob heev. Hauv nruab nrab, ntawm ntau qhov xav tias lub tsheb loj, sawv ib lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub, qhwv nrog paj. Nws "ci thiab ua rau lub qhov muag pom." Muaj mats ntawm qhov nkag. Tus kagan nws tus kheej zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv ci ntsa iab thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb muaj nqi. Cov tub qhe tuav lub xub pwg saum nws, npog nws los ntawm tshav ntuj. Kagan yog tub rog, nws nyuam qhuav rov los ntawm kev yos hav zoov. Kev yos hav zoov rau kagan yog kev lom zem thiab kev ua tub rog. Tam sim no nws hnav khaub ncaws xoob xoob. Lub caftan, ris tsho hnav thiab riam phom raug tshem tawm, lub kaus mom thiab lub kaus mom hlau tau poob. Lub taub hau tau qhib, tsuas yog lub hauv pliaj tau khi nrog cov kab lo lo lo lo ntxhuav nrog qhov kawg poob qis tom qab. Tsuas yog cov neeg ntseeg hauv cov khaub ncaws hnav sawv ntawm ob sab ntawm nws lub zwm txwv, thiab tom qab nws yog pab tub rog tiv thaiv. Kagan tau txais qhua - cov tub lag luam, tus sawv cev sawv cev, cov neeg mus ncig ua si. Lawv tau hla kev tua hluav taws ntawm qhov cub kom ntxuav lawv tus kheej ua ntej ntsib nrog kagan. Kagan caw cov qhua tuaj noj mov nrog nws. Cov pluas noj pib nrog cawv, tom qab ntawd txhoov cov menyuam yaj thiab nqaij nyug. Tus tswj hwm hnav cov qhua uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov plaub hau rog lossis lub ram lub taub hau, cov qhua ntawm qib qis tau txais brisket lossis lub xub pwg hniav. Cov pluas noj raug ntxuav nrog cawv los ntawm lub tais uas dhau ntawm txhais tes mus rau tes ntawm cov neeg nyob ze thiab hwm tshaj plaws. Ib tug Suav thiab Uighur, Sogdian thiab Byzantine haus nrog kagan, yog tias kagan nyiam lawv cov khoom plig thiab muab. Pluas mov nrog suab paj nruag. Nyob ib puag ncig "los ntawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj, nws hnov lub suab nrov nrov," Xuan Zang hais ntxiv, thiab txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv tias "txawm tias nws muaj suab nrov, nws ua rau lawv pob ntseg, ua rau lawv lub siab thiab lub siab zoo siab." Kev noj mov nrog cov qhua yog kev lis kev cai. Lub kagan qhia kev saib xyuas thiab saib xyuas rau cov qhua. Ib tus neeg ntawm Buddha yuav pom zaub mov me me tau npaj rau nws - ncuav ncuav, mis nyuj mis, qab zib, zib ntab thiab txiv hmab. Nws tuaj yeem tsis lees txais cawv thiab tau txais cov dej ntshiab los ntawm toj roob hauv hav hauv lub tais.
Tus kav yog caij tus ntxhw. "Jami at-tavarih" ("Sau cov keeb kwm") Rashid ad-din Fazlullah Hamadani. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 14th. Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin.
Cov nees, nees, yaj, ntxhuav noj ib ncig ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ntawm kagan. Txhua qhov txhia chaw tau khiav tawm cov tsheb laij teb uas cov tub rog Kagan nyob. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv, hais tias Xuan Zang, tias "lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem npog lawv tag nrho." Thiab tag nrho cov pawg neeg nomads, mloog lus rau lub sijhawm ua rau lawv tus thawj coj, ntawm nws lo lus, ua rau lawv cov nees, yog li los ntawm cov roob siab ntawm Tien Shan, zoo li av qeeg, maj nroos mus rau hauv cov kwj ha thiab hav zoov.
Lub kaus mom hlau Turkish ntawm xyoo pua 17th thaum ntxov. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Nws tseem sib piv riam phom ntawm nomads thiab Europeans. Zoo li cov tub rog sab hnub poob, cov neeg nyob sab Hnub Tuaj nyob rau lub sijhawm no tseem muaj cov ntaj ncaj, feem ntau hnav cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv ua los ntawm tawv lossis hlau plaques thiab daim hlau xaws rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Raws li rau lub kaus mom hlau, cov nomads tau ua rau lawv zoo li lub ntsej muag nrog lub qhov ntswg. Nws yog txaus kom xa mus rau cov duab paub zoo ntawm "ntaub pua plag los ntawm Bayeux", qhov twg cov duab ntawm kev kov yeej Askiv los ntawm Norman Duke William tau muab tso rau ntawm daim ntaub 70-meter, kom pom thawj zaug tias txawm nyob hauv 1066 cov riam phom ntawm Cov tub rog sab hnub poob thiab Sab Hnub Poob tau zoo sib xws, txawm hais tias lawv sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis muaj hneev nyob rau yav dhau los thiab nws muaj nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb thaum kawg. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "ntaub pua plag ntawm Bayeux", hneev tuaj yeem pom hauv txhais tes ntawm 29 tus tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, 23 ntawm lawv tau piav qhia ntawm tus ciam teb, sab nraum thaj chaw tseem ceeb, uas qhia meej txog lawv lub luag haujlwm thib ob, txawm tias muaj ntau tus tub rog nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw tseem ceeb raug kaw nrog cov xub. Nyob ntawd koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom plaub tus tub rog Norman ko taw hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab nrog hneev nyob hauv lawv txhais tes thiab ib tus Saxon tus hneev taw, hnav tag "nyob hauv tsev". Tsuas muaj ib tus nees hneev taw xwb. Nws kuj tsis muaj cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab ua raws qab cov Saxon Norman cov tub rog uas tsis muaj hneev. Nws tsis zoo li qhov no yog qhov tsis nco qab ntawm cov neeg ua paj ntaub: txhua lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov riam phom tau nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntaub pua plag hauv qhov nthuav dav txaus thiab tau ua paj ntaub zoo heev.
Kev kov yeej Baghdad los ntawm Mongols hauv 1258 "Jami at-tavarih" ("Sau cov keeb kwm") Rashid ad-din Fazlullah Hamadani. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 14th. Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin.
Qhov no tsis yog qhov peb pom hauv qhov me me ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj. Cov tub rog Mongolian, piv txwv li, txhua tus nrog hneev, txawm hais tias lawv ib txwm tsis siv hauv cov duab. Qhov zoo siab, cov ntoo ntoo ntawm ko taw Mongols saib zoo ib yam li cov neeg caij nees Norman knights ntawm "ntaub pua plag los ntawm Bayeux". Thaj, qhov tseem ceeb uas nyiam cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm nyob deb ntawd yog lawv qhov pheej yig … Nws hloov tawm tias nyob hauv qhov chaw los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Pacific mus rau tebchaws Askiv, cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm IV-VIII ib puas xyoo thiab txawm txog rau XI xyoo pua muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo sib xws, nthuav tawm ua tsaug rau kev sib tw ntawm pab pawg neeg nomadic nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Qub.
Lub kaus mom hlau Turkish 1500 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Sphero -conical lub kaus mom hlau, saw xa ntawv - txhua yam no tau paub nyob rau sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj. Hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj, ntxiv rau, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau siv los ntawm cov tawv tawv tawv hnav, uas tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv Europe. Cov cuab yeej nees hnyav tsis tau siv nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, tab sis nws tau siv dav hauv Suav teb thiab Byzantium, thiab nruab nrab ntawm ob lub xeev no - hauv pab tub rog ntawm Sassanids thiab ntawm cov nomads uas tau ua rog nrog lawv. Lub eeb yooj yim nrog hneev siab thiab hneev taw, tsim los ntawm Suav, uas yog cov neeg caij tsheb tsis tseem ceeb, tau pab hloov pauv cov txheej txheem kev sib ntaus. Muaj cov tsheb kauj vab zoo li no, cov neeg caij nees tsis tsuas yog raug tua los ntawm tus nees galloping, tab sis tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog ntaus nrog rab hmuv.
Saber Turkish ntawm xyoo pua 17th. Ntev 88.9 cm (hniav). Qhov hnyav 1928 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua tsaug rau kev sib tsoo, qhov raug ntawm lub tshuab txiav tau nce, uas ua rau qhov tseeb tias ntaj hnyav maj mam hloov lub saber sib zog. Yog li tsis yog tsuas yog lub tebchaws muaj hwj chim loj, tab sis kuj tseem yog cov pab pawg neeg nomadic uas nyob hauv hav zoov nthuav dav ntawm Eurasia hauv III-VI ib puas xyoo AD, muaj lawv "tub rog". Lawv tau ua haujlwm tsis zoo dua hauv kev ua tub rog rau Sab Hnub Poob thiab, ib yam li "cov tub rog los ntawm" Shahnameh ", siv dav hneev.
Mongolian tus tub kawm Kaulees. "Jami at-tavarih" ("Sau cov keeb kwm") Rashid ad-din Fazlullah Hamadani. Thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 14th. Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin.
