Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws

Video: Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws
Video: Kev Chim Ntawm Neeg Thiab Dab|💜Daim 114❤️|Kev Hlub Tsis Yog Thawj Tug | Dab Neeg Hmoob 3D | Pov Dag. 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Leej twg xav cawm nws txoj sia, Tsis coj tus neeg dawb huv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig.

Kuv npaj txhij tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua

Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau tus Tswv Khetos.

Rau txhua tus uas nws lub siab tsis huv, Leej twg nkaum hauv lawv thaj av

Lub qhov rooj ntawm ntuj raug kaw

Thiab peb tau ntsib los ntawm Vajtswv hauv lub vaj kaj siab.

(Friedrich von Hausen. Txhais los ntawm V. Mikushevich.)

Rau peb, Lub Tebchaws Roman Dawb Huv yeej ib txwm yog Tebchaws Yelemees. Thiab yog tias lub tebchaws Yelemes, ces lawv yog neeg German. Thiab txij li cov neeg German, tom qab ntawd cov neeg tawg rog, thiab cov neeg tawg rog - peb paub qhov no txawm tias los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Alexander Nevsky", thiab lawv tsuas yog koom nrog qhov tseeb tias lawv tau tawm tsam nrog Novgorod thiab Pskov. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog txhais lus yooj yim heev ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, vim tias lub tebchaws no tsis tau muaj kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm haiv neeg lossis hauv zej zog. Nov yog kev ntseeg, kev ntseeg yog tib yam rau txhua tus, thiab nws tsuas yog txoj kev ntseeg no uas koom ua ke koom nrog lub xeev no rau lub sijhawm tam sim no. Thiab nyob rau XII-XIII ib-paus xyoo. nws suav nrog plaub lub xeev ib zaug: lub tebchaws Yelemes, lub tebchaws Bohemia thiab Moravia, lub tebchaws Burgundy, lossis Arles, thiab lub tebchaws Ltalis, suav nrog Papal States. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 962 los ntawm tus vaj ntxwv German Otto I the Great, tab sis txij thaum pib los nws yog kev tsim lub xeev tsis tsim nyog, thiab txawm tias huab tais lub hwj chim hauv nws tsis yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, tab sis xaiv tau! Muaj tseeb, los ntawm 1134 muaj peb lub nceeg vaj nyob hauv Tebchaws Roman Dawb Huv: Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Ltalis thiab Burgundy. Tsuas yog los ntawm 1135, lub nceeg vaj ntawm Bohemia kuj tau nkag mus rau nws, raws li txoj cai lij choj uas yog, txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog tswj hwm hauv 1212).

Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Ntu 8. Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws

Xya tus neeg xaiv tsa tau xaiv huab tais Henry VII ntawm Luxembourg. Los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis: Archbishops ntawm Cologne, Mainz thiab Trier, Dukes ntawm Palatinate thiab Saxony, Margrave ntawm Brandenburg, King ntawm Bohemia. (Teeb duab ntawm parchment los ntawm 1341; niaj hnub no hauv Lub Xeev Tsoom Fwv Tseem Ceeb Hauv Xeev Archives hauv Koblenz, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees).

Lub teb chaws Yelemees nws tus kheej tau sawv los ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm Louis tus German, tsim los ntawm Carolingian cov ntawv cog lus ntawm Verdun (843) thiab Mersen (870). Nws suav nrog niaj hnub no sab hnub poob Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Netherlands, sab hnub tuaj Belgium, Luxembourg, thiab ntau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Fabkis. Nyob ntawm ciam teb sab hnub tuaj, los ntawm 1100, Cov Cim lossis Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Billungs, Nordmark thiab Thuringia nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab Lub Peb Hlis ntawm Austria nkag mus rau Tebchaws. Nyob rau sab qab teb, Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees suav nrog sab hnub tuaj Switzerland, ntau lub tebchaws Austria niaj hnub no, thiab feem ntau ntawm Slovenia.

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Duab ntawm Emperor Frederick II los ntawm nws phau ntawv "De arte venandi cum avibus" ("Ntawm kev kos duab ntawm kev yos hav zoov nrog noog"), lig xyoo pua 13th. (Vatican Library, Rome). Tej zaum tus vaj ntxwv uas muaj tswv yim tshaj plaws thiab txawv txawv nyob hauv Europe ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Nws tsis lees paub qhov kev ntseeg ntawm tus dab ntub ntawm xib teg, vim nws ntseeg tias Khetos tsis tuaj yeem raug ntsia hlau rau saum tus ntoo khaub lig li no, tab sis yuav tsum tau tsav cov ntsia hlau rau hauv lub dab teg!

Cov ciam teb no tseem tsis tau hloov pauv ntau xyoo, tshwj tsis yog kev koom ua ke ntawm Pomerania, Polish Silesia thiab, ib ntus, qee thaj tsam Baltic, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm Teutonic knights hauv xyoo pua 13th. Txawm li cas los xij, twb dhau los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XII xyoo pua, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm huab tais lub hwj chim ua vaj ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees poob qis, thiab kev sib cais hauv nroog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ntxiv dag zog. Qhov no, nyeg, muaj qhov cuam tshuam txog kev nom tswv thiab tub rog. Yog li ntawd, peb, piv txwv li, yuav tsum tau cais Ltalis mus rau hauv ib cheeb tsam cais thiab txiav txim siab dab tsi hauv nws thaj av tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tw, sib cais los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv ib puag ncig sab qaum teb.

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Germanic knights 1200 Daim duab Graham Turner.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm "Cov tub rog German" ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, lossis theej lub sijhawm kawm, yog muaj nyob ntawm lawv loj, tab sis feem ntau kawm tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj tub rog txaus txaus, uas tsis muaj tam sim no nyob hauv Askiv lossis nyob Fabkis. Ntawd yog, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv ntau lub tebchaws German tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev, thiab ntau tus neeg ua liaj ua teb no yog cov tub rog, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog. Raws li lub zog ntawm huab tais-huab tais tsis muaj zog, cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv feudal tsis kam ua kom tiav lawv cov tub rog lub luag haujlwm. Cia peb hais - txawm tias tsis txaus siab dua li cov neeg tseem ceeb feudal ntawm Fabkis thiab Askiv. Yog li ntawd, zoo li hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Fab Kis, txhua lub sijhawm no muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nce lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog, thiab kev ua tub rog nws tus kheej tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 12th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Ntau tus neeg ua tub rog ntawm Lub Tebchaws tau muab los ntawm Brabant, Netherlands, nyob ze Flanders thiab, ntawm chav kawm, Genoa, uas tau muab cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov neeg hla. Ntxiv mus, feem ntau ntawm "cov tub rog" no yog cov tub rog. Cov tub rog tub rog, muaj riam phom, hmuv nuv ntses thiab lwm yam riam phom thiab txiav polearms ntawm cov tub rog, tau siv nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Ntxiv mus, qhov pom ntawm cov cuab yeej phom ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj ntawm cov tub rog German, tej zaum, yog ib feem teb rau qhov kev hem thawj los ntawm cov tub rog, tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm cov neeg hla hneev.

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Knights thiab ko taw tub rog ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Roman 1216 -1226 Txhuv. Graham Turner.

Ntawd yog qhov xav tsis thoob, "cov tub rog nyob deb nroog" hauv tebchaws Yelemes muaj nyob ntev dua li nyob hauv Fabkis ib puag ncig, txawm hais tias lub luag haujlwm txuas ntxiv ntawm cov tub rog yuav tsum muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroog hauv German, uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg thiab nyiaj txiag hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman. Lub nroog cov tub rog sai dhau los ua cov cuab yeej zoo dua qub, raws li qhia los ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm tib lub nroog Flemish cov tub rog uas ua tiav kev tawm tsam Fab Kis cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe nyob rau tiam 14th (peb yeej thiab peb yeej tawm ntawm rau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua loj ntawm 1302 thiab 1382). Ib qho ntxiv, kev siv phom loj thaum ntxov hauv tebchaws Yelemes tau cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog cov nroog xws li Metz, Aachen, Deventer, Soest, Frankfurt am Main thiab Cologne, nrog rau cov nroog nyob ze Fabkis Flanders. Txhua qhov ua ntej tshaj plaws hais txog kev siv phom hauv Rhineland thiab Meuse. Tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog Styria nyob rau sab hnub tuaj sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws German. Txawm hais tias tseem muaj ua ntej dhau los, tab sis tsis meej pem hais txog kom tau txais riam phom hla ciam teb ntawm Ltalis, txawm hais tias nws, tau kawg, txhua lub sijhawm no nyob hauv Lub Tebchaws.

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Qhov me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Genealogy of the Kings of England ua ntej Edward I 1275-1300" (Bodleian Library, Oxford) Cov lus piv txwv no cuam tshuam txog ntau yam cuab yeej ua rog thiab riam phom koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, nrog rau ntau yam kev sib ntaus. Tsuas yog cov nyiaj ntsuab ntsuab, lub rooj zaum lub rooj zaum thiab pam pam nees zoo ib yam rau txhua tus, txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua tus muaj qhov kawg.

Ntawd yog, kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev txhim kho kev ua tub rog hauv lawv. Piv txwv li, txij li nws thaj tsam sab hnub poob tau nyob hauv nroog loj, cov tub rog hauv nroog thiab cov tub rog sib cais uas cov kws txiav txim plaub ntug tau xaiv los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv lawv. Cov cheeb tsam uas kev ua liaj ua teb tau tsim muaj cov qauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm "tub rog" - cov tub rog caij nkoj thiab cov tub qhe nrog, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm me me ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb feem ntau haum rau kev ua tub rog. Hauv Swiss toj roob hauv pes, nyob rau Frisian Islands tuaj, hauv hav dej Dietmarschen lossis ntawm thaj chaw sab hnub tuaj ntawm Weser, cov tub rog tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tab sis ntawm no qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog lawv kev nyob ib leeg hauv zej zog thiab kev lag luam. Cov tsos ntawm cov neeg hla tus ntoo khaub lig nyob hauv qee qhov ntawm sab qab teb lub teb chaws Yelemees tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe, Hungary lossis Balkans, txij li nws tau los ntawm qhov ntawd cov neeg caij nees tuaj ntawm no uas paub yuav ua li cas tua tsis tsuas yog siv riam phom zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj tua los ntawm hneev taw ncaj qha los ntawm tus nees.

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Cov tub rog zoo nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV thaum ntxov. nyob rau hauv "lub kaus mom hlau", ntaub thaiv npog-greaves thiab nrog tus cleaver-felchen (falsechion) hauv nws txhais tes. Me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau “Abridged Divine Stories), 1300 -1310, Amiens, Fabkis. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Pierpont Morgan thiab Tsev Qiv Ntawv, New York)

Raws li rau Bohemia thiab Moravia, ob qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam no thaum pib ntawm XI xyoo pua tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Poland, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Lub Tebchaws Roman Dawb Huv. Ob qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj hmoo ntawm lub tebchaws, txawm hais tias lawv tsis tu ncua muab cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua rau nws cov vaj ntxwv.

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Kev tiv thaiv zoo sib xws rau lub taub hau los ntawm 1300 txog 1350. tau hnav los ntawm ntau tus tub rog ntawm Western Europe. Phau Ntawv Keeb Kwm, 1300-1350 (National Library ntawm Fabkis, Paris)

Bohemia nyob rau hauv muaj zog, yuav luag dhau, German tub rog cuam tshuam thoob plaws hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Ntxiv mus, qhov no tau pom tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb, uas siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam caij nees thiab nees, zoo ib yam li cov neeg German. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, kev ua tub rog ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj ntawm Bohemian feudal lords yog ib txwm muaj hnub nyoog qub piv rau qhov tau pom nyob hauv cov xeev German nyob sib ze txog rau xyoo pua XIV. Qhov txaus siab, hneev nyob hauv cov tebchaws no tsis nrov npaum li rab hneev, thiab rab phom kuj tuaj txog hauv tebchaws Czech nrog qee qhov qeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, txawm tias cov khoom cuav tau khaws cia hauv Czech cov tsev khaws puav pheej hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 14th.

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Cov txheej txheem qhia tau zoo ntawm kushin hmuv. Phau Ntawv Nkauj ntawm Poj huab tais Mary, 1310-1320 (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London)

Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Arles, tseem hu ua Kingdom of Burgundy, tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 10 los ntawm Burgundy thiab Provence, uas, nyeg, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Cov Lus Cog Tseg ntawm Verdun tau kos npe hauv 843. Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, lub tebchaws, suav nrog tam sim no yog sab hnub poob Switzerland, Fabkis sab hnub tuaj ntawm Rhone thiab Sauns, thiab ntau thaj chaw sab hnub poob ntawm cov dej no, tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Tebchaws. Thaum lub sijhawm 13th thiab thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, feem ntau ntawm sab qab teb ntawm lub nceeg vaj tau maj mam nqus los ntawm Fabkis. Thiab Burgundy zoo li tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ua tub rog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog khaws cov neeg ua liaj ua teb me me nyob hauv Swiss toj siab. Raws li rau kev muaj hwj chim feudal, nws tau muaj zog Fabkis, German thiab Italian cuam tshuam.

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"Kev tua neeg ntawm Thomas Aquinas". Miniature los ntawm Luttrell's Psalter, 1320-1340 (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London)

Ib yam li lwm thaj chaw sab hnub poob ntawm Tebchaws, nrog rau Ltalis, cov tub rog feudal ntawm no yuav tsum tau txais kev them nyiaj yog tias lawv raug xa tawm sab nraud lawv tus kheej. Raws li lwm qhov, ntawm no ntau thiab ntau dua tso siab rau cov tub rog, thiab tib tus neeg hla hneev taw, piv txwv li, tau nrhiav neeg hauv tebchaws Ltalis, thiab cov tub rog nyob hauv Spain. Mounted crossbowmen, qhia nyob rau xyoo pua 13th, ntseeg tias tau them nyiaj rau cov kws tshaj lij. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj cov crossbows tsis tau sau tseg ntawm Swiss txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Tab sis tom qab ntawd rab phom no tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub nroog Swiss.

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"Knights ntawm Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws thaum lub Peb Hlis." Cov duab los ntawm "Li Fet de Romain" ("Tsab ntawv mus rau Loos"), Ltalis, Naples. 1324-133 ib xyoo (National Library ntawm Fabkis, Paris)

Cov neeg peasantry roob ntawm Switzerland niaj hnub no, nyob hauv German duchy ntawm Swabia thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Burgundian lub nceeg vaj, tom qab ntawd tau tsim qee qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj npe nrov ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig ntawm cov hnub nyoog nruab nrab. Ntau tus neeg Swiss tau ua haujlwm ua tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis thaum ntxov raws li xyoo pua 13th, qhov uas lawv tau paub txog cov kev ua tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv xav tsis thoob rau Tebchaws Europe, ua ntej los ntawm kev tiv thaiv lawv lub tebchaws nyob hauv roob los ntawm cov tub rog caij nees, thiab tom qab ntawd dhau los ua cov tub rog tua rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo pua 14th. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov txaus siab tias thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua lawv vam khom feem ntau ntawm cov ntoo, thiab tsuas yog nyob hauv nruab nrab lossis thaum kawg ntawm XIV xyoo pua lawv tau ntxiv rau lawv nrog rab hmuv ntev.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.

2. Oakeshott, E. Lub Archaeology ntawm Riam phom. Caj npab thiab Armor los ntawm Prehistory rau Hnub Nyoog ntawm Chivalry. L.: Xovxwm Boydell, 1999.

3. Edge, D., Paddock, JM Caj npab thiab cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov tub rog nruab nrab. Ib qho piv txwv keeb kwm ntawm Riam phom hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog. Avenel, New Jersey, 1996.

4. Benjamin, A. German Knighthood 1050-1300. (Oxford University Press Academic Monograph Reprints), 1999.

5. Gravet, C. German Medieval Armies 1000-1300. London: Osprey (Men-at-Arms # 310), 1997.

6. Verbruggen, JF The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages from the Yim Century to 1340. Amsterdam - N. Y. Oxford, 1977.

Pom zoo: