Lawv nyob ntawm sab tes laug ntawm cov chaw no
Cov hlau ntawm Khaliba kovachi. Ntshai lawv!
Lawv yog cov tsiv thiab tsis ua phooj ywg rau cov qhua …
(Aeschylus. Prometheus raug kaw. Txhais los ntawm A. Piotrovsky)
Assyrian nyem los ntawm Khorsabad piav qhia cov neeg nqa lub tsheb nees ntawm lawv lub xub pwg nyom. Ua tib zoo mloog rau lawv cov ntaj luv ntsaws rau hauv lawv cov menyuam. Txiav txim los ntawm cov duab, lawv cov hniav yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov hlau, vim tias cov tooj daj ntawm cov duab no tsis pom. OK. 710bc ua (Louvre, Paris)
Hlau los ntawm txhua qhov chaw
Tam sim no cia peb nco tias muaj ntau qhov pov thawj tias hlau tau paub rau tib neeg txij li Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb. Ntawd yog, nws yog cov hlau zoo ib yam, muaj ntau cov npib tsib xee, thiab … siv los ua txhua yam tib yam hlau hlaws dai ntawm Herzean kab lis kev cai thiab rab ntaj hlau nto moo uas pom hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun, uas twb tau tham txog ntawm no lawm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais tias cov hlau no, zoo li cov tooj liab ib txwm muaj, qiv nws tus kheej kom ua tau zoo hauv lub xeev txias.
Lwm qhov kev pab Assyrian los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Askiv hauv London. Cov hneev taw tau pom meej rau ntawm nws, nrog ntaj ntev thiab nyias ntuag nyob rau hauv rab phom nrog curls-volutes thaum kawg ntsaws rau hauv lawv cov menyuam. Ib zaug ntxiv, cov hniav yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov hlau (hlau), txij li cov tooj dag ntawm cov tuab no yuav khoov ntawm thawj lub tshuab. Ntawd yog, nws pom tseeb tias twb tau nyob hauv IX - VIII BC. Cov neeg Axilias paub hlau thiab lawv tsim nws los ntawm qhov ntsuas uas tso cai rau lawv kom muab lawv cov tub rog tag nrho nrog ntaj hlau.
Kev pab piav qhia txog kev yos hav zoov ntawm Assyrian tus huab tais Ashurnazirpal II (875-860 BC) (Tsev khaws puav pheej Askiv, London) Txiav txim los ntawm nws, cov tub rog caij tsheb nees kuj tseem muaj riam ntaj ntawm cov qauv siv tib yam li cov hneev taw, uas yog, lawv cov khoom tau loj heev.
Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau pom cov khoom hlau ua los ntawm cov hlau loj hauv Iran (6th - 4th txhiab BC), Iraq (5th millennium BC), thiab Egypt (4th millennium BC). Hauv Middle East, tib neeg tau paub cov hlau ib txwm kwv yees nyob rau xyoo thib 3-thib ob txhiab xyoo BC, thiab hauv Mesopotamia lawv tau paub nws nyob rau lub sijhawm Dynastic thaum ntxov (thib peb txhiab xyoo BC), uas tau lees paub los ntawm kev pom hauv Ur thaum ub. Lawv kuj tseem pom nyob hauv kev faus ntawm cov kab lis kev cai Eurasian xws li Yamnaya nyob rau yav qab teb Urals thiab Afanasyevskaya nyob rau yav Qab Teb Siberia (III txhiab xyoo BC). Nws tau paub rau Eskimos thiab Isdias Asmesliskas ntawm thaj tsam sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm North America, nrog rau hauv Suav teb ntawm Zhou dynasty (1045 - 221 BC). Hauv Mycenaean Tim Nkij teb chaws, hlau tau paub, tab sis tsuas yog ua cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tau siv los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Hittites ntawm lub tsheb nees ua rog. Ntaj luv nrog rab hneev nti zoo li lub ntsej muag tseem pom tom qab tus hneev taw txoj siv. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anatolian Civilization, Ankara)
Lwm qhov pib-piav qhia txog Hittite lub tsheb nees ua rog. Ib rab hmuv tau tshwm sim hauv nws cov khoom siv. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)
Txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Amarna cov ntaub ntawv, hlau tau xa mus rau vaj ntxwv Amenhotep IV ua khoom plig los ntawm cov neeg Hittites los ntawm lub tebchaws Mittani, uas nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Asia Me Me. Cov hlau hauv cov txheej txheej thib ob txhiab xyoo BC tau pom nyob hauv Assyria thiab Babylon. Thaum xub thawj, cov hlau kuj tseem muaj nuj nqis ntawm no nws qhov hnyav hauv kub thiab tau suav tias yog kev ua tsov rog muaj nuj nqis los ntawm Syria. Hauv cov ntawv ntawm XIX - XVIII ib puas xyoo. BC, pom nyob hauv qhov puas tsuaj ntawm Assyrian kev lag luam pawg ntawm Kultepe hauv Central Anatolia, muaj cov hlau kim heev uas tau muag tsuas yog hauv qhov me me thiab yog yim zaug kim tshaj li kub. Hauv lub tsev huab tais ntawm Assyrian tus vaj ntxwv Sargon, cov ntsiav tshuaj kuj tseem pom tias hais txog ntau yam khoom plig, suav nrog cov hlau xa mus rau qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tsim nws lub tsev. Tab sis, raws li cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, hlau tsis tau hais nyob ntawm no ntxiv lawm, txawm hais tias nyob hauv ib chav ntawm lub tsev no lawv pom tag nrho cov chaw khaws cov hlau tawg. Hauv Cyprus thiab Crete, kuj tseem muaj cov khoom cuav ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab yos rov qab los txog rau thaum pib tiam thib ob txhiab xyoo BC. Txawm hais tias ntawm qhov pom muaj nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Bronze Hnub Nyoog Sab Hnub Tuaj muaj ntau yam khoom siv hlau ntau dua, txawm hais tias lawv muaj qhov me me - cov no yog koob, koob, koob.
Cov riam phom tooj liab uas yog cov neeg nyob hauv Anatolia ntawm Hnub Nyoog Bronze. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)
Puas yog hlau tsim Hittite?
Ntawd yog, txhua qhov no tso cai rau peb kom xaus tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau hlau tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Anatolia. Nws ntseeg tias cov neeg Hittites uas nyob ntawm no muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, tab sis lawv tau khaws lawv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntev. Qhov tseeb, ntau cov khoom siv hlau tau pom ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Anatolia, tab sis nws nyuaj heev kom paub seb lawv puas yog neeg hauv paus, lossis seb lawv tau coj tuaj ntawm no los ntawm qhov chaw twg, txawm tias txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Txawm hais tias peb paub tias hauv Hittite cov ntawv muaj lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb rau hlau, thiab, pom tseeb, lawv paub yuav ua haujlwm nrog nws twb nyob ib puag ncig 1800 BC, raws li muaj pov thawj, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm Hittite huab tais Anitta, qhov twg muaj nws tau sau hais tias lub zwm txwv hlau thiab tus pas tuav hlau tau nthuav tawm rau nws raws li lub cim ntawm kev mloog lus. Hauv tsab ntawv los ntawm Hittite tus vaj ntxwv Hattussili III (1250 BC) mus rau Assyrian tus vaj ntxwv Salmansar Kuv nws tseem tau hais tias rau kev tsim cov hlau "tam sim no tsis yog lub sijhawm zoo thiab nws tsis nyob hauv cov khw muag khoom muaj koob muaj npe tam sim no, tab sis yuav, tau kawg, tau txais ". Tsis tas li ntawd, Vajntxwv Hittite qhia tias nws tab tom xa rab riam hlau mus rau nws tus npoj yaig Asxias ua khoom plig. Ntawd yog, nws pom tseeb tias cov Hittites tsis tsuas yog paub cov hlau, tab sis kuj muag nws rau cov neeg Axilias, tab sis lawv tsuas yog tsim lawv hauv qhov txwv.
Cov kav hlau txais xov dag ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai. Tseem tooj. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Nroog Hallein hauv Salzburg, Austria)
Txij li thaum XIII caug xyoo. BC hlau nyob rau sab hnub tuaj pib kis sai dua. Nyob rau hauv XII caug xyoo. BC nws twb dhau los ua neeg paub hauv Syria thiab Palestine, thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. yuav luag tag nrho hloov tooj liab ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsim riam phom thiab cuab yeej. Thiab tsis ntev txog XII-XII ib puas xyoo. BC hauv Cyprus lossis Palestine, tib neeg tseem yog tus paub siv tshuab carburizing thiab tua cov hlau. Ancient Armenia kuj tseem suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas cov hlau tau kis thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 9th. BC, txawm hais tias nws tau paub tias thawj cov khoom siv hlau tau tshwm sim hauv Transcaucasia nyob rau tiam 15th - 14th centuries. BC, raws li lawv tau pom hauv kev faus neeg lub sijhawm no. Hauv lub xeev Urartu, cov khoom siv hlau kuj tau siv dav. Cov paib ntawm cov hlau hlau tau pom hauv Taishebaini.
Lub kaus mom hlau ua koob tsheej ntawm Urartian huab tais Sarduri II. Tshawb pom thaum tshawb pom lub nroog Teishebaini ntawm Karmir-Blur toj. (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm ntawm Armenia, Yerevan)
Urartian tooj liab siv tau pom nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub nroog Van. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)
* Txog tam sim no, nws tau ntseeg tias pab pawg Dorian tau coj hlau mus rau tim Nkij teb chaws (uas, los ntawm txoj kev, feem ntau piav qhia lawv txoj kev yeej ntawm Achaeans, uas muaj riam phom tooj liab). Archaeology tseem tsis tau muab pov thawj pom tseeb ntawm qhov kev xav no. Yog li, theej, cov kev xav hauv qab no yuav muaj tseeb ntau dua: cov neeg Greek tau lees paub qhov zais cia ntawm kev zom thiab ua cov hlau los ntawm ib tus neeg los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze sab hnub tuaj, piv txwv li, ib ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv Asia Me Me - hais, tib yam Khalibs - phooj ywg ntawm cov Trojans uas paub qhov kev zais no twb tau nyob hauv II txhiab xyoo BC. NS.
