Nws tsis nyuaj rau pom, tam sim no yog lub ntsiab lus nyiam ntawm kev tshaj tawm Ukrainian, uas cov neeg Lavxias, lawv hais, yog Mongolo-Tatars lossis qee yam zoo li Horde, Asians; thiab los ntawm qhov no nws tau txiav txim siab tias lawv yog cov neeg hauv chav kawm thib ob nrog txhua qhov tshwm sim tom ntej. Cov lus iab liam yog kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg, tsis txaus ntseeg, sib koom ua ke nrog cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Nazi kev tshaj tawm, tab sis nkag tau yooj yim los ntawm Lavxias kev ywj pheej ib yam. Thiab lub hauv paus rau hom kev tshaj tawm no yog qhov tseeb ntawm Mongol-Tatar quab yuam nyob hauv Russia thaum Lub Caij Nyoog Nruab Nrab. (Kuv nco tseg tam sim ntawd tias txoj cai ntawm Europeans, tib neeg Askiv, tsis yog hauv Indies, tab sis kuj nyob sab Europe Ireland, muab piv txwv ntawm kev lim hiam, kev ntxeev siab, kev dag ntxias, kev ua phem, uas txawm tias cov neeg Mongol-Tatar kov yeej tsis tuaj yeem mus txog.
Kuv twb tau kov qhov tsis raug ntawm cov lus liam no hauv kuv daim ntawv hauv "Dab tsi yog qhov tseeb 'ib feem ntawm Asia' thiab dab tsi tsis yog." Qhov tshwj xeeb piquancy ntawm cov kev liam no yog muab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "Square". Tab sis ntawm thaj chaw uas tam sim no Ukraine nyob, Mongol-Tatar tus quab tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj plaws thiab tawm ntawm qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Tam sim no kuv yuav tsis kov rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas Horde (qhov twg yog lub sijhawm hu ua barymta, "kev ua tsov rog ntawm txhua tus tawm tsam txhua tus", nrog nws cov kev tawm tsam, hloov pauv nrog lub sijhawm muaj zog muaj zog thiab raug nyiag kom raug ntawm cov pej xeem tsis nyob hauv nws tswj) cuam tshuam rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Ukraine. Txog tam sim no, Kuv tau suav sau cov ntaub ntawv me me ntawm Horde tus quab ntawm thaj av ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, qhov uas yog qhov uas tebchaws Ukraine thiab lub xeev Ukrainian tau tsim ntau pua xyoo tom qab …
Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob Russia thaum ntxov 40s. Xyoo pua 13th tau raug Batu ntxeem tau - thiab ntawm no nws tau dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj ntau dua thiab tau ntsib nrog kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog ntau dua li nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Russia. Cov thawj ntawm South-Western Russia, uas, tsis zoo li cov thawj ntawm North-Eastern Russia, tsis muab kev sib ntaus sib tua ib leeg rau cov neeg kov yeej, tau lees paub sai sai lub zog ntawm Karakorum, khan zoo, thiab tom qab ntawd Golden Horde Sarai. Incl. nto moo Daniil Galitsky (tseem yog Volynsky), uas nyiam tawm mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Batu kev ntxeem tau mus rau Poland thiab Hungary, thiab xyoo 1245 tau mus rau lub khan lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm kom tau txais daim ntawv lo rau Galician tus thawj tswj hwm, uas tsuas yog tom qab uas tau dhau los ua tsis raug cai nws. [1]
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm tus quab nyob rau sab qab teb-Sab Hnub Poob Russia yog txoj cai tswj kav mus sij hawm ntev ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Khan-nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj-Sab Hnub Poob nws tau raug txiav tawm sai vim muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nroog tom qab uas cov thawj coj sawv. Ib qho ntxiv, Tatar feudal lords ncaj qha ncig thaj tsam loj ntawm Sab Qab Teb-Sab Hnub Poob Russia, uas tsis tau pom dua nyob rau sab qaum teb Sab Hnub Tuaj Russia. V. V. Mavrodin sau hais tias: "Thaum 40s - 50s, tag nrho thaj av Chernigov -Seversk thiab Pereyaslavl raug ntes los ntawm Tatars, thiab Pereyaslavl, pom tseeb, poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab ncaj qha rau ntawm Tatars; lub Tatar chambul ntawm Kuremsy (Kuremshy) sawv hauv lub nroog … Pereyaslavl tig mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Tatar khan nyob rau sab qab teb steppes; mus rau nws qhov chaw ruaj khov, los ntawm qhov uas khan tus tswv xeev tau txiav txim rau yav qab teb Russia … Ib yam li hauv qee thaj tsam ntawm Txoj Cai Nyiaj Txiag, hauv thaj av Pereyaslavl, Tatar cov thawj coj thiab cov thawj coj tub rog tau txiav txim thaj av, sau khoom plig rau lawv tus kheej, thiab tej zaum yuam kom cov pej xeem mus khawb av. rau lawv tus kheej thiab tseb cov noob, hlub los ntawm Tatars … Xav tias Tatars tiag tiag tau muab ib feem ntawm sab laug-sab av mus rau hauv cov nyom. yog Tatar kev tswj hwm ("kev tsaus ntuj") thiab Tatar feudal lords nyob rau sab laug-Bank Ukraine … Tsev neeg … hauv 1278 tau pauv mus rau kev ncaj ncees ntawm Temnik Nogai. " [2]
Kwv yees li ib puas xyoo tom qab, cov av no tau suav nrog hauv Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tawm tsam tub rog ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian, uas twb nyob hauv 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th koom nrog kev tua nyob rau thaj tsam Dnieper. [3] Cov av ntawm Volodymyr-Volynsky, Galich thiab Kiev tau txuas rau Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. XIV xyoo pua. Volyn, Podolsk (ua ke nrog Pereyaslavl) thiab thaj av Chernigov-Seversk hauv 40-60s. tib lub xyoo pua Ntxiv mus, Tatar feudal thaj av tseem muaj nyob rau qee qhov ntawm lawv - piv txwv li, ntawm Sula, Psle thiab Vorskla (Cov neeg ncig tebchaws uas tsiv los ntawm Caucasus nyob hauv Sniporod ntawm tus dej Sula - puas yog lawv tsis muab lub npe "Cherkasy" rau cov pejxeem ntawm thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, uas lawv tau hu ua Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv 16-17 xyoo pua).
Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm sau tseg nyob rau xyoo 1331 nyob rau hauv Kiev tus tub huabtais Fyodor ntawm Horde Baskak, uas saib xyuas kev ua tiav ntawm vassal thiab cov luag num. [4] Tus tub huabtais, ua ke nrog Baskak, mob siab rau koom nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg taug kev, piv txwv li, ntawm Novgorod tus npis sov Vasily, uas tau rov qab los ntawm Vladimir-Volynsky los ntawm Kiev. "Poikha Vasily yog tus tswv los ntawm Cheeb Tsam; zoo li lawv tau los txog ze Chernigov, thiab los ntawm kev qhia dab ntxwg nyoog, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Fyodor ntawm Kiev tau tsav tsheb nrog tsib caug tus neeg uas yog neeg siab phem, thiab Novgorodians, tau ceev faj thiab npaj tawm tsam lawv tus kheej, kev ua phem me me tsis ua phem rau lawv; tab sis tus tub huabtais yuav coj kev txaj muag thiab tsav mus, tab sis nws yuav tsis khiav ntawm tus Tswv ntawm kev tua: nws tau poob nws tus nees. " [5]
Kev them nyiaj ntawm khoom plig los ntawm thaj av Kiev txuas ntxiv nyob rau ib nrab ntawm ob ntawm 14th thiab 15th caug xyoo. [6]. Lub nroog Kiev nws tus kheej, uas tau txais lub npe Mankerman los ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv tuaj sab hnub tuaj, tau nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ncaj qha ntawm nomads ntawm Bek-Yaryk caj ces.
"Timur tus kov yeej … hais lus tawm tsam sab xis ntawm Jochi-khan ulus, tau txav mus rau qhov chaw tsis muaj qhov txwv mus rau tus dej Uzi (Dnieper) … Thaum mus txog ntawm tus dej Uzi (Dnieper), nws tau nyiag Bek-Yaryk-oglan thiab cov neeg ntawm Uzbek ulus uas nyob ntawd thiab kov yeej lawv feem ntau, yog li ntawd tsuas yog ob peb tus, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd tsuas muaj ib tus nees xwb, thiaj li dim tau. " [7]
"Ua raws txoj cai tis ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog mus rau tus dej Uzi, Timur rov coj mus tua (ilgar) rau hauv pab tub rog thiab, mus txog thaj tsam Mankermen raws li txoj kev ntawm Uzi River, plundered cheeb tsam Bek-Yaryk thiab lawv tag nrho kev lag luam, tshwj tsis yog qee leej uas muaj txoj sia nyob. " [yim]
M. K. Lyubavsky sau tseg tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th Olgerd ua tsis tau "emancipate Kiev cheeb tsam los ntawm cov Tatars", thiab "thaum lub zog khan lub zog tau rov qab los hauv Horde thiab kev sib cav tsis tau tso tseg, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Olgerdovich yuav tsum tau them se rau lawv li yav tas los., thiab "ntawm nws cov npib peb ntsib Tatar tamga, uas tau ua haujlwm ib txwm hais txog kev ua pej xeem cuam tshuam nrog Tatar khan." [cuaj]
"Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qee lub sijhawm tom qab, nws ua raws li cov pej xeem ntawm thaj av Podolsk txuas ntxiv them se rau cov neeg Horde", thiab tamga tau muab tso rau ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntawm Vladimir Olgerdovich - "lub cim ntawm lub hwj chim siab tshaj ntawm lub Khan " [kaum]
Daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm tus kav Podolsk Alexander Koriatovich mus rau Smotrytsky Dominican lub tsev teev ntuj hnub tim 17 Lub Peb Hlis 1375 qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau them Horde khoom plig los ntawm cov neeg hauv tsev teev ntuj: "Yog tias txhua lub tebchaws muaj khoom plig los ntawm Tatars, tom qab ntawd tib neeg ntawm dati kuj muaj nyiaj. " [kaum ib]
Hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev lis kev cai ntawm Kev Txiav Txim, cov thawj coj ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Russia uas tau coj ua neeg pej xeem Lithuanian, zoo li tus thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian lawv tus kheej, hu ua Horde tributarii, uas yog, cov ceg av qab teb. [12]
Kev lees paub ncaj qha ntawm kev them nyiaj se rau Horde yog daim ntawv lo ntawm Great Khan Toktamysh rau Grand Duke of Lithuania Yagailo los ntawm 1392-1393: "Tom qab sau cov tawm ntawm peb cov pej xeem cov nyiaj tau los, muab lawv rau cov sawv cev sawv cev ntawm txoj kev. rau kev xa mus rau lub txhab nyiaj. [13]
Yog li, tau txeeb cov av ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob Russia, cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian tau pib sau thiab them se rau Horde, hu ua, zoo li nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia, "tawm". Thiab kev them nqi se yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev vam khom ntawm qhov no lossis tus thawj coj ntawm khan tus nqi.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm ntawm thaj av Lavxias qub uas yog ib feem ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania tsis txwv rau "kev them nyiaj tawm". [kaum plaub]
Kev pom zoo ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lithuanian nrog tus huab tais Polish Casimir los ntawm 1352, hais txog kev ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv qab: "… Txawm tias Tatars yuav mus rau Poles, tom qab ntawd cov neeg Lavxias yuav haus dej los ntawm Tatars …" 15]
Raws li kev koom nrog kev tawm tsam ua ib feem ntawm Horde pab tub rog, thaj av Lavxias, uas poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Lithuania, tau nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm phem tshaj li Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj Russia. Raws li Daniil Romanovich Galitsky thiab Roman Mikhailovich Chernigovsky tau muab lawv cov tub rog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Tatar-Mongols mus rau sab hnub poob, yog li cov neeg Lithuanian cov thawj ib puas xyoo tom qab.
Yog li, nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, thaj av Lavxias, uas dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, tau ua tiav tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Horde, thiab Mongol-Tatar tus quab muaj qhov tseeb hnyav dua li nyob rau sab qaum teb sab Hnub Tuaj Russia, qhov twg tsoomfwv Basque nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis nco qab lawm, thiab qhov tseeb tsis muaj kev ua tub rog (tsuas yog ib ntu zoo li no tau sau tseg, hauv 1270s).
Tsuas yog kev lees paub los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian ntawm txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm Sarai rau tebchaws Russia tuaj yeem ua kom Lithuania suav nrog qhov tom kawg hauv thaj tsam ntawm nws txoj kev tswj hwm. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no tau ua tiav raws li daim ntawv lo tau txais los ntawm Lithuanian Grand Duke ntawm Russia thaj av, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm Lithuanian. Tub huabtais Lithuanian yuav tsum xa tus sawv cev sawv cev -kilichey kom tau txais kev nqis peev, lossis khan nws tus kheej tuaj yeem xa tus sawv cev zoo li no - piv txwv yog Tokhtamysh daim ntawv lo rau tus huab tais Polish Vladislav II Jagiello.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tom qab kev yeej ntawm Tokhtamysh thiab Vytautas los ntawm Murza Edigei (leej twg, los ntawm txoj kev, yog qhov sib piv ntawm Mamai) hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Vorskla, muaj ib hom Asiaticization ntawm Lithuania. Cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Golden Horde nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, Horde cov neeg sib cais loj tau koom nrog yuav luag txhua qhov kev tawm tsam tub rog ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, ua txog li ib nrab ntawm cov tub rog Lithuanian, suav nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam cov neeg European, xws li Teutonic Order, thiab hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm, thawj Pskov. [16] Cov
Yog li hauv 1426 Vitovt, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tag nrho International, Polish, Lithuanian thiab Tatar regiments, tau sim ua kom kov yeej thaj tsam Pskov thib ob. Pskovites tawm tsam nrog lawv lub zog kawg. Novgorod, zoo li ib txwm muaj, ntshai, tab sis hluas Vasily II tau hem Lithuania nrog kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tus tub huabtais Lithuanian tau pom zoo kom muaj kev thaj yeeb, tau txais kev them se los ntawm Pskov.
Nyob rau hauv Khan Seyid-Muhammad (1442-1455), hauv kev nyiam ntawm Horde Loj, yasak tau txais los ntawm cheeb tsam Kiev, sau los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm Tatar ncaj qha-"daragi" uas nyob hauv lub nroog Kanev, Cherkasy, Pov. [17] Cov
"Daim ntawv sau sau tawm ntawm cov neeg tuag ntawm cov neeg tuag ntawm cov neeg ntawm Gorodetsky povet" (sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lig lig 15th thiab thaum ntxov 16th caug xyoo ntawm kev tso cai tshwj xeeb rau cov tub rog chav kawm ntawm zemyans, ib tus neeg nyob ze) muaj cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no txog kev zam los ntawm kev them se rau Horde: "Peb yog poj huab tais Anna Shvitrygailova. Lawv tso Tatarshchyna esmo 15 grosz thiab tus neeg yos hav zoov penny Moshlyak qub thiab nws cov menyuam. Lawv tsis xav tau ib yam dab tsi los muab rau lawv, tsuas yog ua haujlwm rau lawv li nees, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv yog kev ua neeg siab dawb. " [kaum yim]
Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania txuas ntxiv tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Golden Horde, dhau mus rau nws cov xeev ua tiav.
Tau kov yeej Great Horde hauv 1502, Khan Mengli-Girey pib txiav txim siab nws tus kheej ua tus Horde loj thiab Dzhuchiev ulus, suzerain ntawm txhua thaj av yav dhau los hauv qab Horde.
Hais txog kev sib raug zoo ib txwm muaj feem cuam tshuam, Crimean Khan xav kom rov kho qhov tau txais khoom plig los ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, vim nws yog "hauv Sedekhmat nyob rau hauv tsar" [19], kev them nyiaj ntawm "khoom plig" thiab "tawm" hauv tib yam ntim: thiab cia peb ua haujlwm tawm ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no. " [nees nkaum]
Cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian, feem ntau, tsis mloog, lawv tsuas yog nrhiav kev tsim cai lij choj ntxiv rau lawv txoj kev vam khom. Kev them nyiaj rau Crimean Horde hu ua "kev nco" (khoom plig), uas tau sau "los ntawm ob qho khoom ntawm peb li ntawm Lyadsky (thaj chaw niaj hnub no ntawm Belarus) thiab los ntawm Lithuania." Tus huab tais Polish Sigismund (1508) tshaj tawm nrog kev dag ntxias zoo tias kev ua koob tsheej tau xa "… tsis yog los ntawm peb thaj av los ntawm tus sawv cev sawv cev, txawm yog los ntawm peb tus neeg, zoo li nws tau tshwm sim ua ntej …". [21] Cov
Crimean Khanate tsis tawm tsam cov lus hloov pauv, qhov tseem ceeb yog them, los ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev, thiab txhua xyoo.
AA Gorsky taw qhia tias "thaum kawg ntawm lub 15th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, Crimean khans, uas tau txiav txim siab lawv tus kheej cov Horde, txuas ntxiv cov ntawv rau Grand Dukes ntawm Lithuania ntawm thaj av Lavxias, thiab lawv tseem them nyiaj. khoom plig - nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum Grand Duchy Moscow tsis ua qhov ntawd ntxiv lawm! " [22] Cov
Thaum lub sij hawm Smolensk ua tsov ua rog, ib tus neeg saib xyuas Crimean tus phooj ywg zoo rau Moscow, Appak-Murza, tau sau ntawv mus rau Grand Duke ntawm Txhua Tus Russia Vasily III: yuav tsum; tshwj tsis yog koj xa nws cov nyiaj khaws cia tib yam li huab tais xa, ces nws yuav muab cov nroog no rau koj. Thiab ua li cas lawv thiaj tsis ua phooj ywg nrog huab tais? Ob lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij ntuj no, cov txhab nyiaj los ntawm huab tais, zoo li dej ntws, ntws tsis tu ncua, thiab mus rau qhov me me thiab qhov loj - rau txhua tus”. [22a]
Yog tias Lithuania tsis ua raws li kev them nyiaj se, tom qab ntawd Crimean Khanate tau ua "kev kawm" raug tua. Thiab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Poland-Lithuania tau teeb tsa tsis zoo, vim yog kev tswj hwm ntawm oligarchy, uas tsis txaus siab xav daws teeb meem hauv tebchaws. Muscovite Rus tsim cov kab thais, tsim cov kab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb nrog Wild Field, nce qib los ntawm hav zoov-steppe mus rau steppe, nce qhov tob ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas tub ceev xwm thiab kev pabcuam hauv zej zog, ua kom muaj kev ua tub rog ntau dua rau kev nqis tes ua nws "ukraines", txhawm rau tiv thaiv kab kev tiv thaiv thiab kev loj hlob hauv nroog ciam teb, xa cov tub rog mus rau cov neeg ntxeev siab, me ntsis los ntawm qhov nyem qhov Crimeans mus rau Perekop thiab txo tus naj npawb ntawm kev tua. [23] Poland-Lithuania, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj kev vam ua ntej kev tawm tsam ntawm Crimeans; kev tiv thaiv raws li cov tsev fuabtais tsis tshua muaj thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev fuabtais tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam; tag nrho nws lub zog, tub rog thiab kev tshaj tawm, tau siv rau hauv kev tawm tsam Moscow Rus.
"Qhov no tsis yog lub nroog, tab sis yog nqos peb cov ntshav," Michalon Litvin (Ventslav Mikolaevich) piav txog Crimean qhev-ua lag luam Kafa. Tus kws sau ntawv Lithuanian no qhia txog qhov tsawg ntawm kev khiav dim ntawm cov neeg raug kaw ntawm Litvin los ntawm Crimean kev poob cev qhev - hauv kev sib piv nrog cov neeg raug kaw los ntawm Moscow Rus. Kev ua qhev Crimean saib tsis muaj qhov phem rau cov neeg Lithuanian ntau dua li lub neej nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm cov neeg siab zoo. "Yog tias tus neeg siab phem tua tus npuaj teg, tom qab ntawd nws hais tias nws tua tus dev, vim hais tias cov neeg siab zoo suav tias cov neeg (cov neeg ua liaj ua teb) yog dev," tus kws sau ntawv nyob nruab nrab xyoo pua 16th hais. Modzhevsky. [24] "Peb ua nyob rau hauv kev ua qhev tsis tu ncua rau peb cov neeg, tsis tau los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tsis yog los ntawm kev yuav khoom, tsis yog los ntawm tus neeg txawv, tab sis rau peb pawg neeg thiab kev ntseeg, cov menyuam ntsuag, cov neeg txom nyem, nyob rau hauv net los ntawm kev sib yuav nrog qhev; peb siv peb lub hwj chim hla lawv rau kev phem, tsim txom lawv, ua rau lawv tsis zoo, tua lawv yam tsis muaj kev sim, ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg me me, "Mikhalon Litvin npau taws.
Cov poj niam thiab txiv neej yawg tau hloov pauv lawv cov vaj tse rau cov neeg xaum, uas tau nyem tag nrho cov kua txiv tawm ntawm cov neeg ua teb, thiab nyob hauv cov tsev fuabtais muaj zog uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm Tatar xub. Michalon Litvin tshuav cov lus piav qhia txog kev ua neeg siab dawb lub neej - cov neeg siab zoo tau siv sijhawm haus dej haus cawv, thaum Tatars tau xaws cov neeg hla lub zos thiab tsav lawv mus rau Crimea. [25] Cov
Thaum thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. cov khoom sib dhos ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania tas li sau cov khoom sau ntawm Horde khoom plig. Smolensk bourgeoisie los ntawm "nyiaj" thiab "Horde thiab lwm yam" kev them nyiaj raug zam tsuas yog ib zaug, hauv 1502 [26] Los ntawm 1501, "horde" tha xim tau khaws cia raws li Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Ntawm cov nroog ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, yuav tsum them khoom plig rau Crimean Khanate, ntxiv rau kev lees paub lub zog ntawm Dzhuchiev ulus ntawm Smolensk, Vladimir-Volynsky thiab lwm tus, xws li Lithuanian lub nroog dawb huv li Troki, Vilna, uas tsis yog pib suav nrog tus lej ntawm thaj av nyob ntawm Horde, suav nrog. [27] Cov
Tam sim no cov khoom plig-Horde tau khaws tsis tu ncua hauv cov txhab nyiaj ntawm Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania tam sim no los ntawm thaj chaw, uas, txiav txim los ntawm cov peev txheej muaj sia nyob, hauv 13-14 xyoo pua, yav dhau los tsis tau them se rau Horde txhua. Yog li lub luag haujlwm them "Horde" los ntawm thaj av Privilensk raws li "kev coj ua qub" tau sau tseg hauv kev ua ntawm 1537 [28]
Ntxiv mus, cov tub ceev xwm Polish-Lithuanian tau rov qab mus rau Tatars "cov tub qhe" uas tau khiav tawm lossis raug tshem tawm los ntawm Cossacks, nrog rau kev rau txim ntawm qhov ua txhaum, qee yam tau teev tseg los ntawm Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Alexander thiab King Sigismund I. Thiab tom qab kev sib koom ua ke Polish-Lithuanian ntawm 1569, tus naj npawb ntawm cov xaj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth rau kev rau txim hnyav ntawm "taub hau" tsuas yog nce; Cossacks, uas cuam tshuam loj heev rau Tatar lossis Turkish cov tub ceev xwm, tau raug tua. Cas nws nyob nrog Cossack tus thawj coj Ivan Podkova thaum pib ntawm kev kav ntawm Stefan Batory. [29] Cov
Lub sijhawm kawg Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania thiab Tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Poland tau txais daim ntawv lo rau kev kav los ntawm Khan 130 xyoo tom qab Moscow ua nws (1432). [peb caug]
Horde raids thiab Horde khoom plig tau tshaj tawm ntawm kev tsim txom uas cov neeg Lithuanian kov yeej, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tswv Polish, coj mus rau cov pej xeem ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob Russia. Qhov kawg tau ua kev koom tes loj rau kev tsim kev nom kev tswv Russophobic Ukrainians, uas rov tsim lub ntiaj teb kev pom thiab keeb kwm nco txog ntawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau yav qab teb sab hnub poob sab hnub poob Russia.
