Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German

Cov txheej txheem:

Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German
Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German

Video: Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German

Video: Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German
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Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias xyoo 1240, tib lub sijhawm raws li kev tawm tsam Swedish, kev ntxeem tau ntawm Novgorod-Pskov thaj av los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Teutonic Order tau pib. Ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias los tawm tsam cov neeg Swedes, xyoo 1240 lawv tau ntes cov nroog ntawm Izborsk thiab Pskov thiab pib nce mus rau Novgorod.

Xyoo 1240, Livonian cov tub rog, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov tub rog tshem tawm los ntawm yav dhau los cov neeg nyob hauv nroog Yuryev thiab Bear's Head, tau pib ua phem rau Pskov thaj av. Kev sib koom ua rog yog tus tub huabtais Lavxias Yaroslav Vladimirovich, ib zaug raug ntiab tawm ntawm Pskov. Ua ntej, cov tub rog coj Pskov ciam teb tiv thaiv Izborsk. Pskov cov tub rog tau nrawm nrawm rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tawg. Pskov voivode Gavrila Borislavich raug tua, ntau Pskovians poob, lwm tus raug kaw, thiab tseem lwm tus tau khiav tawm. Nyob rau hauv cov footsteps ntawm retreating Pskovites, German knights tsoo rau hauv Pskov posad, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem nqa lub pob zeb ruaj khov, uas ntau dua ib zaug nres tus yeeb ncuab. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg ntxeev siab los ntawm cov tub hluas, coj los ntawm tus kav nroog Tverdila Ivankovich, tau los pab cov neeg kov yeej. Lawv tso cov neeg Germans mus rau Pskov Krom (Kremlin) thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1240. Qee tus Pskov boyars, tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev txiav txim siab no, tau khiav nrog lawv tsev neeg mus rau Novgorod.

Yog li, kev sib cav nrog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Yaroslavich cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Veliky Novgorod. Tau ua Pskov thiab Izborsk lawv cov hauv paus, Livonian cov tub rog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no ntawm 1240-1241. tau ntxeem tau Novgorod cov khoom Chud thiab Vod, ua rau lawv puas tsuaj, tau ua khoom plig rau cov neeg nyob hauv. Tom qab kev txeeb ntawm thaj av Pskov, cov tub rog-cov neeg tawg rog pib txhim kho lawv tus kheej hauv thaj chaw uas muaj neeg nyob. Qhov no yog lawv li kev coj ua ib txwm muaj: ntawm thaj chaw uas tau txais los ntawm cov neeg ua phem, Sab Hnub Poob cov tub rog tam sim sawv ntawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv, lub tsev fuabtais thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv, txhawm rau tso siab rau lawv kom ua mus ntxiv. Ntawm lub roob siab thiab pob zeb nyob hauv Koporye lub tsev teev ntuj, lawv tau tsim lub tsev fuabtais uas muaj cov phab ntsa siab thiab muaj zog, uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev nce qib ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Tsis ntev tom qab, cov neeg tawg rog tau ntes Tesovo, ib qho kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv thaj av Novgorod, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd nws twb yog pob zeb pov rau Novgorod nws tus kheej. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, cov tub rog tau mus txog Luga thiab ua tsis ncaj rau qhov lawv tau nyiag ntawm txoj kev 30 mais los ntawm Novgorod. Ib txhij nrog cov tub rog, txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm lawv, Lithuanians tau pib tua Novgorod volosts. Lawv tau ua kom zoo dua ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm Novgorod Rus thiab plundered Lavxias teb sab av.

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias Novgorodians tau ceeb toom. Qhov Kev Txiav Txim yog lub zog muaj zog thiab muaj zog uas tsis txaus ntseeg tau rhuav tshem thaj av sab hnub tuaj, hloov cov pej xeem hauv nroog nrog hluav taws thiab ntaj mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv. Nyob rau lub ntsej muag ntawm kev hem thawj uas yuav tshwm sim, Novgorodians zoo ib yam yuam tus tub "tus tswv" hu rau kev pab los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander. Tus kav Novgorod Spiridon nws tus kheej mus rau nws hauv Pereslavl, uas nug tus tub huabtais kom hnov qab nws qhov kev tsis txaus siab yav dhau los thiab coj Novgorod pab tub rog tawm tsam cov tub rog German. Alexander rov qab mus rau Novgorod, qhov uas nws tau txais tos nrog kev lom zem nrov.

Xyoo 1241, Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, nrog pab pawg tseem ceeb thiab cov tub rog los ntawm Novgorodians, cov neeg nyob hauv Ladoga, Izhora thiab Karelians coj lub Koporye fortress los ntawm cua daj cua dub thiab tso lub Vodskaya av ntawm Veliky Novgorod los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Gulf ntawm Finland. Lub fortress tau tawg, cov tub rog uas raug ntes raug xa mus rau Novgorod, thiab cov neeg ntxeev siab uas tau ua haujlwm nrog lawv tau raug dai. Tam sim no txoj haujlwm tau sawv ntawm kev tso Pskov. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau tawm tsam ntxiv nrog tus yeeb ncuab muaj zog, kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tub rog tsim los tsis txaus, thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau hu xov tooj los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei Yaroslavich nrog nws cov txheeb ze, cov neeg nyob hauv Vladimir thiab Suzdal.

Cov tub rog Novgorod-Vladimir tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam kom dim Pskov thaum lub caij ntuj no ntawm 1241-1242. Alexander Yaroslavich ua nrawm nrawm ib yam. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau nce mus txog qhov raug yuam kom taug kev mus rau ze lub nroog thiab txiav txhua txoj kev mus rau Livonia. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntev, ua raws li kev ua phem rau ntawm lub zog muaj zog. Cov tub rog tub rog tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus kev ua phem ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thiab raug swb, cov uas muaj sia nyob tau tso lawv txhais tes. Pskov traitorous boyars raug tua. Tom qab ntawd Izborsk kuj raug tso tawm. Yog li, cov tub rog Lavxias koom siab tau tso lub nroog Pskov thiab Izborsk los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog.

Kev poob ntawm lub zog muaj zog nrog cov tub rog ruaj khov tuaj ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob rau kev coj ntawm Livonian Order. Lub caij no, Alexander Nevsky tau hloov pauv kev ua phem rau thaj av ntawm pawg neeg Estonian, kov yeej los ntawm cov kwv tij. Tus thawj coj Lavxias tau ua raws ib lub hom phiaj - yuam kom cov yeeb ncuab mus dhau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev fuabtais knightly mus rau hauv qhov chaw qhib rau kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab txawm tias ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov xeev German. Qhov kev xam no yog qhov tseeb.

Yog li, Alexander tau rov ua thaj chaw uas cov tub rog tsoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam tseem tsis tau tiav, raws li Kev Txiav Txim tau khaws nws lub zog nyob. Kev sib ntaus sib tua txiav txim siab ua ntej, uas yog los txiav txim siab qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Ob tog pib npaj rau kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua thiab tshaj tawm qhov kev sib sau tshiab ntawm pab tub rog. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv kev tso tawm Pskov, thiab Teutonic thiab Livonian knighthood - hauv Derpt -Yuriev. Yeej hauv kev ua tsov rog txiav txim siab txoj hmoo ntawm North-Western Russia.

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Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov. Artist V. A. Serov

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov

Tus Xib Hwb ntawm Kev Txiav Txim, tus npis sov ntawm Dorpat, Riga thiab Ezel, koom ua ke tag nrho cov tub rog uas lawv muaj rau kev ua rog nrog Veliky Novgorod. Raws li lawv txoj kev coj noj coj ua, Livonian cov tub rog thiab lawv cov tub rog, cov tub rog ntawm cov npisov thiab cov neeg sib cais ntawm cov npisov Catholic ntawm Baltic xeev, Danish cov tub rog sawv los. Knights-adventurers, mercenaries tau tuaj txog. Estonians, Livs thiab cov tub rog ko taw los ntawm lwm haiv neeg ua qhev los ntawm cov neeg German kov yeej tau raug yuam kom ua tub rog pab. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1242, ib pab tub rog ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua, suav nrog cov tub rog caij nees thiab cov tub rog (hneev taw) los ntawm Livs, kov yeej los ntawm Chudi thiab lwm tus, tau tsiv mus rau Russia. 12 txhiab tus tub rog tub rog tau raug coj los ntawm tus lwm thawj ntawm Teutonic Order A. von Velven. Cov tub rog Lavxias suav nrog 15-17 txhiab tus neeg.

Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias cov tub rog lawv tus kheej tau tsawg. Tab sis txhua tus tub rog coj tus thiaj li hu ua. hmuv "- chav muaj tswv yim, kev cais me me, uas suav nrog tus tub rog nws tus kheej, nws ntaus, tiv thaiv tus kheej, tus ntaj, hmuv, hmuv, hneev thiab cov tub qhe. Raws li txoj cai, tus tub rog nplua nuj yog, ntau tus tub rog nws suav "hmuv".

Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Yaroslavich tau coj pab tub rog Lavxias raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Lake Pskov "nrog kev saib xyuas." Ib qho kev saib xyuas loj ntawm lub teeb cavalry tau xa mus rau tom ntej raws li cov lus txib ntawm Domash Tverdislavich thiab Tver tus tswv xeev Kerbet. Nws yuav tsum tau nrhiav seb qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Livonian Order yog thiab lawv yuav mus rau Novgorod li cas. Ntawm Estonian lub zos Hammast (Mooste), Lavxias "tus saib xyuas" tau tawm tsam nrog cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Livonian cov tub rog. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj tau tshwm sim, uas qhov kev sib cais ntawm Lavxias tau swb thiab rov qab los rau nws tus kheej. Tam sim no tus tub huabtais tuaj yeem hais nrog qhov tseeb tias cov yeeb ncuab yuav tawm tsam kev hla hla dej khov ntawm Lake Peipsi. Alexander txiav txim siab coj kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ntawd.

Alexander Yaroslavich txiav txim siab muab kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau nws tus kheej. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Novgorodsky nyob ntawm qhov nqaim ntawm Peipsi thiab Pskov pas dej nrog nws cov tub rog. Txoj hauj lwm no ua tau zoo heev. Cov Crusaders, taug kev ntawm cov dej khov ntawm tus dej khov. Emajõgi mus rau lub pas dej, tuaj yeem mus rau Novgorod hla hla Lake Peipsi mus rau sab qaum teb, lossis Pskov - raws ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Lake Pskov mus rau sab qab teb. Hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej no, tus tub huabtais Lavxias tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab, txav mus los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj. Yog tias cov tub rog txiav txim siab ua ncaj qha thiab sim kov yeej txoj kev nruj nyob hauv qhov chaw nqaim tshaj, uas yog Teploe Ozero, tom qab ntawd lawv yuav ncaj qha mus rau Novgorod-Vladimir pab tub rog.

Raws li cov qauv qub, qhov kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thiab cov neeg tawg rog tau tshwm sim ze Voroniy Kamen, nyob ib sab rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb ntawm Lake Peipsi. Txoj haujlwm xaiv tau coj mus rau hauv tus as khauj ntau li ntau tau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm thaj chaw thiab muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam ntawm Lavxias tus thawj coj. Qab peb cov tub rog yog lub txhab nyiaj ntau dhau nrog cov hav zoov tuab nrog cov nqes hav, uas tsis suav nrog qhov ua tau hla ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cavalry. Txoj cai flank tau tiv thaiv los ntawm thaj tsam dej hu ua Sigovitsa. Ntawm no, vim qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab muaj coob tus springs, cov dej khov tau yooj yim heev. Cov neeg hauv nroog paub txog qhov no thiab, tsis ntseeg, qhia rau Alexander. Thaum kawg, sab laug flank tau tiv thaiv los ntawm lub siab nqaum hav promontory, los ntawm qhov chaw uas ib tug dav panorama qhib mus rau lwm yam ntug dej hiav txwv.

Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German
Yuav ua li cas Alexander Yaroslavich kov yeej cov tub rog German

Cov tub rog Lavxias mus rau Lake Peipsi. Chronicle me me

Coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tub rog, thaum cov tub rog, tso siab rau qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv cov nees "armist nrig", feem ntau yog ua tawm tsam sab xub ntiag nrog cov npoo, hu ua Russia "npua", Alexander Nevsky nyob ruaj khov. nws pab tub rog nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm Lake Peipsi. Kev npaj cov tub rog yog ib txwm muaj rau Russia: "chelo" (nruab nrab cov tub rog) thiab cov tub rog sab laug thiab sab xis. Cov hneev taw (cov tub rog pem hauv ntej) sawv nyob rau pem hauv ntej, leej twg yuav tsum tau, yog tias ua tau, ua rau cov yeeb ncuab txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab ua rau tsis muaj zog thawj zaug txaus ntshai ntawm cov tub rog. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog tias Alexander txiav txim siab ua kom tsis muaj zog hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj hwm ntawm sab xis thiab sab tes laug, tus tub huabtais tau faib cov tub rog mus rau ob pawg thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub nraub qaum ntawm cov tub rog. Qab ntawm "lub puab tsaig" (cov tub rog ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua) muaj qhov tshwj tseg, tus tub huabtais pab tub rog. Yog li, Alexander tau npaj los khi tus yeeb ncuab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nruab nrab, thiab thaum cov tub rog tau raug tsoo, kom ua rau lub ntsej muag tawg los ntawm cov flanks thiab hla dhau tom qab.

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Tau qhov twg los: Beskrovny L. G. Atlas ntawm daim duab qhia chaw thiab kab kos ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm tub rog

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 5, 1242, thaum hnub tuaj, tus tub rog lub ntsej muag tau pib ua phem. Cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau ntsib tus yeeb ncuab nrog tus da dej. Lavxias hnyav hneev yog cov riam phom txaus ntshai thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau tus yeeb ncuab. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tub rog rab riam txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev tawm tsam. Maj mam, cov kws tshawb nrhiav thim rov qab rau qib ntawm cov tub rog thiab, thaum kawg, koom nrog nws hauv kev tsim ib leeg. Cov tub rog tau nkag mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Novgorod ko taw pab tub rog. Kev tua neeg hnyav thiab ntshav pib. Tom qab thawj ramming tshuab nrog hmuv, ntaj, axes, maces, hammers, tsov rog rauj, thiab lwm yam. Tus kws kho mob hais txog qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb no rau cov tub rog Lavxias: "Ob tus neeg German thiab lwm tus tau thawb lawv txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov tub rog raws li npua."

Cov tub rog tau npaj txhij ua kev zoo siab rau kev yeej, tab sis cov neeg German zoo siab thaum ntxov. Hloov chaw ntawm maneuver, lawv pom ua ntej lawv lub ntug dej tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv rau cov tub rog. Thiab cov seem ntawm cov tub rog loj tau tuag, tab sis lawv txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, ua rau cov yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog. Lub sijhawm no, ob lub tis ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog tau poob rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm tus tub rog lub ntsej muag, thiab los ntawm lub nraub qaum, tom qab tau ua lub voj voog puag ncig, cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander ntaus. "Thiab muaj qhov kev phem ntawm qhov phem thiab zoo los ntawm German thiab chudi, thiab tsis ntshai los ntawm hmuv ntawm kev tawg, thiab lub suab ntawm ntaj txiav, thiab tsis pom dej khov, npog nrog cov ntshav."

Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav ntxiv mus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj qhov hloov pauv hauv kev nyiam ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Cov tub rog knightly tau nyob ib puag ncig, muaj neeg coob thiab pib ua txhaum nws qhov kev txiav txim. Novgorodians, uas tau nyob ib puag ncig, huddled hauv pawg ntawm cov tub rog, tau rub los ntawm lawv cov nees nrog nuv. Lawv tsoo ob txhais ceg ntawm nees, txiav cov leeg. Cov neeg tawg rog uas ploj lawm, hnav cov ris tsho hnyav, tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus taw cov tub rog Lavxias. Txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav nrog cov txiav thiab lwm yam riam phom thiab tsoo.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau xaus nrog kev yeej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Cov tub rog tub rog caij nkoj (bollards) thiab cov neeg muaj sia nyob tau khiav tawm. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog knightly tau tsav los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias mus rau Sigovitsa. Cov dej khov uas tawg tsis tuaj yeem sawv nws thiab tsoo hauv qab qhov hnyav ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv thiab lawv cov nees. Cov tub rog mus hauv qab dej khov, thiab tsis muaj kev khiav dim rau lawv.

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Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov. V. M. Nazaruk UA

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua

Yog li qhov kev tawm tsam thib ob tiv thaiv Russia raug kev puas tsuaj loj. Livonian "Rhymed Chronicle" hais tias 20 tus kwv tij-tub rog tau raug tua nyob rau hauv Kev Sib Tw Dej khov thiab 6 tau raug kaw. Cov Keeb Kwm ntawm Teutonic Order "Die jungere Hochmeisterchronik" qhia txog kev tuag ntawm 70 tus tub rog Knight. Cov kev poob no tsis suav nrog cov tub rog uas tsis muaj sia nyob thiab lwm yam Kev Ua Tub Rog. Hauv Thawj Novgorod Chronicle, qhov kev poob ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tau nthuav tawm raws li hauv qab no: "thiab … cov chudi poob beschisla, thiab Cov lej 400, thiab 50 nrog cov yash ob txhais tes thiab coj lawv mus rau Novgorod." Thaum lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntawm tus tub huabtais nkag mus rau Pskov (raws li lwm qhov chaw hauv Novgorod), 50 German "txhob txwm ua tus tswv xeev" ua raws tus nees ntawm Prince Alexander Nevsky ntawm ko taw. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias kev poob ntawm cov tub rog zoo ib yam, bollards, cov tub rog nyob ntawm pab pawg Finnish tau siab dua. Lavxias tsis paub.

Kev swb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi yuam Livonian Order kom thov kom muaj kev thaj yeeb: "Qhov peb nkag mus nrog ntaj … peb thim ntawm txhua yam; Muaj pes tsawg leej tau coj koj cov neeg raug kaw, peb yuav pauv lawv: peb yuav tso koj li, thiab koj yuav tso peb li nyob rau hauv. " Rau lub nroog Yuryev (Dorpat), Qhov Kev Txiav Txim cog lus tias yuav them nyiaj rau Novgorod "Yuryev qhov khoom plig". Raws li kev cog lus kev thaj yeeb xaus ob peb hlis tom qab, Kev Txiav Txim tau tso tseg txhua qhov kev thov rau thaj av Lavxias thiab xa thaj chaw uas nws tau txeeb ua ntej. Ua tsaug rau kev txiav txim siab ua tub rog yeej, cov neeg tawg rog raug kev txom nyem hnyav, thiab Kev Txiav Txim tau poob nws lub zog. Ib pliag, qhov peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm Kev Txiav Txim tau qaug zog. Tsuas yog 10 xyoo tom qab, cov tub rog tau sim rov ntes Pskov.

Yog li, Alexander Yaroslavich nres qhov kev sib cav sib ceg loj heev nyob rau sab hnub poob ciam teb ntawm Russia. Tus tub huabtais Lavxias tau kov yeej cov neeg Swedes thiab cov tub rog German. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias txawm tias tsov rog 1240-1242. tsis dhau los ua qhov kawg ntawm Novgorod thiab Kev Txiav Txim, tab sis lawv cov ciam teb hauv Baltics tsis dhau qhov kev hloov pauv pom tau rau peb ib puas xyoo - txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th.

Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm VP Pashuto: "… Kev yeej ntawm Lake Peipsi - Tsov Rog Ntawm Cov Dej - yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus ntawm Russia thiab cov tib neeg cuam tshuam nrog nws; nws cawm lawv los ntawm kev quab yuam txawv teb chaws. Thawj thawj zaug, kev txwv tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua phem "ua phem rau sab hnub tuaj" ntawm cov thawj coj German, uas tau kav ntev dua ib puas xyoo."

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Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov. Qhov me me ntawm Obverse Chronicle Arch, ib nrab xyoo pua 16th

Hauv tebchaws Lavxias, hnub uas yeej hauv Kev Sib Tw Dej khov yog kev tsis txawj tuag raws li Hnub Kev Ua Tub Rog Zoo ntawm Russia - Hnub ntawm kev yeej ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Nevsky hla cov tub rog German ntawm Lake Peipsi. Hauv Tsoom Fwv Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 13, 1995 No. 32-FZ "Nyob rau hnub ntawm kev ua tub rog lub yeeb koob (hnub yeej) ntawm Russia", 13 hnub tau ntxiv rau hnub tiag ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Plaub Hlis 5 thiab hnub tim tau qhia rau lub Plaub Hlis 18, 1242. Ntawd yog, hnub yeej ntawm Lake Peipsi yog 5 Lub Plaub Hlis raws li cov qauv qub, ua kev zoo siab rau lub Plaub Hlis 18, sib xws rau nws raws li tus qauv tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no (XX-XXI ib tiam). Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov qub (Julian) thiab tshiab (Gregorian) style hauv XIII xyoo pua yuav yog 7 hnub.

Xyoo 1992, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub zos Kobylye Gorodische, Gdovskiy koog tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau qhov chaw ze li sai tau mus rau qhov chaw hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cov Dej khov, lub tsev teev ntuj tooj liab rau Alexander Nevsky tau teeb tsa ze ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Tus Thawj Tub Rog Michael. Lub monument rau pawg neeg ntawm Alexander Nevsky tau tsim tsa xyoo 1993 ntawm Mount Sokolikha hauv Pskov.

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Painting by V. A Serov "Nkag mus rau Alexander Nevsky rau Pskov"

Alexander kov yeej Lithuania

Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, kev thaj yeeb thiab kev thaj yeeb tau kav hauv Swedish-Novgorod thiab Novgorod-kev sib raug zoo. Cov tub rog Swedish thiab German tau yaim lawv qhov txhab. Tab sis cov pab pawg neeg Lithuanian, tseem tawg, tab sis pom lawv lub zog tom qab 1236, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 22, ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Saule (Siauliai), cov ntaj tau swb los ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians (hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, Magister Volguin von Namburgh (Folquin von Winterstatt) thiab feem ntau ntawm cov kwv tij tub rog tau poob), ua rau lawv cov kev tawm tsam ntau ntxiv rau txhua thaj av uas nyob ib sab ntawm lawv, suav nrog Novgorod ciam teb. Cov kev tawm tsam no tau ua raws lub hom phiaj uas xav tsis thoob thiab ua rau muaj kev ntxub ntuj. Cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab tau teb nrog kev ua pauj rau txim rau kev tawm tsam.

Tsis ntev tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov, tus yeej ntawm Western chivalry yuav tsum rov mus dua. Kev cais cov nees ntawm Lithuanians tau pib "sib ntaus" Novgorod volosts, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov ciam teb. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Yaroslavich tau sau nws cov tub rog tam sim ntawd thiab nrog cua tshuab nrawm tsoo xya lub tebchaws Lithuanian tawm ntawm cov ciam teb. Kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam tau ua tiav nrog cov txuj ci zoo - "ntau tus thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian raug ntaus lossis raug kaw."

Qhov kawg ntawm 1245, pab tub rog, coj los ntawm yim tus thawj coj Lithuanian, tau mus rau Bezhetsk thiab Torzhok. Cov neeg nyob hauv Torzhok, coj los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav Vladimirovich, tawm tsam Lithuania, tab sis swb lawm. Cov neeg Lithuanians, ntes tau tag nrho loj thiab lwm yam khoom siv, tig mus tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog ntawm thaj tsam sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Vladimir-Suzdal-Tverichi thiab Dmitrovites yeej cov Lithuanians nyob ze Toropets. Cov neeg Lithuanians kaw lawv tus kheej hauv nroog. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander Nevsky tuaj ntawm no nrog Novgorodians. Toropets raug cua daj cua dub, thiab txhua tus neeg Lithuanians, suav nrog tus thawj coj, tau raug tua pov tseg. Txhua tus neeg raug kaw Lavxias tau raug tso tawm.

Hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm Toropets, Alexander tau rov sib koom nrog Novgorodians hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv. Nws tawm tswv yim txuas ntxiv kev sib tw thiab rau txim rau qhov pom. Novgorod cov tub rog nrog tus tswv nroog thiab tysyatskiy, Vladyka cov tub rog, coj los ntawm tus npisov, tau mus tsev. Alexander thiab nws cov neeg raug kaw thaum pib ntawm 1246 tau hla Smolensk thaj av mus rau ciam teb Lithuanian, tawm tsam cov neeg Lithuanian uas nyob ze Zizhich thiab kov yeej lawv.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian tau nyob ntsiag to ib pliag. Dhau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, cov neeg Lithuanians tsis tau tawm tsam cov khoom ntawm Alexander. Yog li, Alexander Yaroslavich tau yeej "kev tiv thaiv me me ua tsov rog" nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze Lithuania, tsis muaj kev ua tsov rog ntawm kev kov yeej. Muaj qhov lull ntawm ciam teb ntawm thaj av Novgorod thiab Pskov.

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Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv 1. Novgorod thawj phau ntawv hais txog kev hloov kho cov laus thiab cov hluas. M. L., 1950

Txog 6750 [1242]. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleksandr yuav mus ntawm Novgorod thiab nws tus tij laug Andr'em thiab los ntawm nizovtsi mus rau Chyud av mus rau N'mtsi thiab txhua txoj kev mus rau Plyskov; thiab ntiab tawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Plskov, txeeb N'mtsi thiab Chyud, thiab khawm tus kwj deg rau Novgorod, thiab koj tus kheej yuav mus rau Chyud. Thiab zoo li koj nyob hauv av, cia cov tub rog mus rau kev vam meej; thiab Domash Tverdislavich thiab Kerbet nyob rau hauv lub rostrum, thiab kuv siv los ua Nimtsi thiab Chyud ntawm tus choj, thiab bish uas; thiab tua Domash, tus tij laug ntawm posadnich, nws tus txiv yog tus ncaj ncees, thiab tib yam nws tau ntaus nws, thiab hauv txhais tes ntawm ntes nws, thiab hauv tus tub huabtais tuaj txog hauv cov tub rog, tus tub huabtais rov qab mus rau lub pas dej, N'mtsi thiab Chyud mus nrog lawv. Tab sis Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleksandr thiab Novgorodians, teeb tsa ib pab tub rog rau ntawm cov pas dej Chyudskoye, ntawm Uzmen, ntawm Voron pob zeb; thiab ntaus cov tub rog ntawm N'mtsi thiab Chyud thiab npua tau hla cov tub rog, thiab dhau ntawd N'mtsem thiab Chyudi zoo. Vajtswv, ob qho tib si Saint Sophia thiab cov neeg tua neeg dawb huv Boris thiab GlЂba, tso koj cov ntshav rau ntawm Novgorodians, Vajtswv pab Prince Alexander nrog kev thov Vajtswv zoo; thiab N'mtsi yog padosha, thiab Chyud dasha tau txaws; thiab, rushing los ntawm, bish lawv 7 mais raws cov dej khov mus rau Subolichi ntug dej hiav txwv; thiab Chyudi yog beshisla, thiab N'mets 400, thiab 50 nrog Yasha txhais tes thiab coj nws mus rau Novgorod. Thiab yuav muaj ib hlis ntawm lub Plaub Hlis ntawm 5, hauv kev nco txog kev tuag ua neeg dawb huv Claudius, qhuas qhuas Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv dawb huv, hnub Saturday. Tib Lita N'mtsi xa nrog hneev: "tsis muaj tus tub huabtais uas peb tau nkag mus rau Vod, Luga, Plyskov, Lotygol rab ntaj, peb tabtom tawm mus; thiab dab tsi esma txeeb tau koj cov txiv neej, thiab tom qab ntawd peb muab koj li tso rau hauv: peb tso koj li, thiab koj tso peb li hauv "; thiab Tal Pskov nkim thiab tawm haujlwm. Tib tug tub huabtais Yaroslav Vsevolodich tau raug hu mus rau Tsarem ntawm Tatars Batu, kom mus rau nws hauv Horde.

Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv 2. Konstantin Simonov. Sib ntaus ntawm cov dej khov (rho tawm los ntawm paj huam)

Nyob rau xim av thiab ntub

Peipsi tawg dej khov

Thaum rau txhiab txhiab xya pua thiab tsib caug

Los ntawm kev tsim xyoo, Hnub Saturday 5 lub Plaub Hlis

Damp thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub sijhawm

Advanced tau tshuaj xyuas

Cov neeg German taug kev yog nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.

Ntawm lub kaus mom - plaub ntawm cov noog lom zem, Cov kaus mom hlau muaj ponytails.

Saum toj no lawv ntawm cov khoom hnyav

Cov ntoo dub hla.

Squires qab txaus siab

Lawv nqa daim thaiv tsev neeg, Lawv dais lub tsho ntawm caj npab ntawm dais muzzles, Riam phom, yees thiab paj …

… Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias

Kuv tig kuv tus nees los ntawm kev ya, Nrog koj txhais tes xauv hlua hlau

Kuv npau taws npau taws hauv qab cov huab.

“Thov Vajtswv txiav txim rau peb nrog cov neeg German

Tsis ncua ntawm no ntawm cov dej khov

Peb muaj ntaj nrog peb, thiab tuaj dab tsi, Cia peb pab Vajtswv qhov kev txiav txim!"

Tus tub huabtais galloped rau pob zeb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.

Nce lawv nrog kev nyuaj, Nws pom lub taub hau siab, Los ntawm qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig.

Thiab nws ntsia rov qab. Ib qhov twg hauv qab

Ntawm cov ntoo thiab pob zeb

Nws regiments yog nyob rau ambush

Khaws nees ntawm txoj hlua.

Thiab ua ntej, nrog rau cov dej khov uas nrov nrov

Rhuav nrog hnyav teev

Cov Livonians tab tom caij lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj -

Ib tug hlau npua hau.

Thawj qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg German tau txaus ntshai.

Nkag mus rau hauv kaum tsev tub rog Lavxias, Ob kab ntawm nees yees

Lawv tau txais qhov yog.

Zoo li menyuam yaj npau taws hauv cua daj cua dub, Ntawm German shishaks

Cov tsho dawb flashed

Yaj kaus mom txiv neej.

Hauv cov khaub ncaws ntxhua khaub ncaws, Muab cov tsho loj yaj rau hauv av, Lawv cuam lawv tus kheej mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tuag, Qhib lub dab tshos dav.

Nws yooj yim dua los ntaus tus yeeb ncuab hauv txoj kev loj, Thiab yog tias koj yuav tsum tuag, Nws zoo dua kom muaj lub tsho huv

Kom pleev nrog koj cov ntshav.

Lawv nrog qhov muag qhib

Lawv taug kev ntawm cov neeg German nrog lawv lub mis liab qab, Txiav koj cov ntiv tes mus rau pob txha

Lawv hneev lawv rab hmuv rau hauv av.

Thiab qhov twg cov hmuv khoov duav

Lawv nyob hauv kev tua neeg tuag

Los ntawm txoj kab German txiav hla

Lub xub pwg nyom, lub xub pwg nyom …

… Twb tau sib xyaw cov neeg, nees, Ntaj, ncej, axes, Thiab tus tub huabtais tseem nyob ntsiag to

Kuv saib kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm lub roob …

… Thiab, tsuas yog tom qab tos Livonians, Sib xyaw cov qib, peb tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, Nws, blazing nrog ntaj nyob rau hauv lub hnub, Nws coj pab pawg qab nws.

Tsa ntaj los ntawm cov hlau Lavxias, Khoov cia cov hmuv shafts, Lawv ya tawm tom hav zoov quaj qw

Novgorod regiments.

Lawv ya saum cov dej khov nrog lub suab nrov, nrog xob quaj, Leaning rau shaggy manes;

Thiab thawj ntawm nees loj

Tus tub huabtais txiav nws tus kheej rau hauv German system.

Thiab, thim rov qab ua ntej tus tub huabtais, Pov hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog

Cov neeg German poob ntawm lawv tus nees mus rau hauv av, Nqa cov ntiv tes hlau.

Cov nees daj tau kub

Plua plav los ntawm hauv qab lub hooves, Lub cev rub los ntawm cov daus, Tied nyob rau hauv nqaim stirrups.

Muaj kev sib cav hnyav

Hlau, ntshav thiab dej.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm knightly pab tub rog

Cov ntshav hneev taw tau tsim.

Qee tus neeg poob dej

Hauv cov dej khov dej

Lwm tus tau khiav tawm, crouching, Ib tug cowardly spur ntawm nees.

Nees tau poob dej hauv qab lawv, Cov dej khov sawv ntawm qhov kawg hauv qab lawv, Lawv cov nyom rub mus rau hauv qab, Lub plhaub tsis pub lawv ntab.

Wandered nyob rau hauv oblique gazes

Coob leej neeg raug ntes

Thawj thawj zaug nrog pob taws liab qab

Ua tib zoo npuaj rau ntawm cov dej khov.

Thiab tus tub huabtais, nyuam qhuav txias los ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg, Kuv twb saib los ntawm kuv txhais tes, Zoo li cov neeg khiav dim cov neeg seem yog kev khuv leej

Nws tau mus rau thaj av Livonian.

Pom zoo: