Me me thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig nuclear lub taub hau muaj keeb kwm tsis muaj hmoo. Hauv cov sijhawm foom koob hmoov no, thaum cov nqi nuclear ntawm txhua hom tau nquag tsim thiab sim, tsis muaj qhov tsim nyog isotope rau lawv. Tsuas yog plutonium-239 thiab uranium-235 tau muaj, thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev cog lus nuclear tawm ntawm lawv. Yog lawm, Asmeskas W54 lub taub hau hnyav 23 kg saib zoo heev tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm "Txiv neej rog" hnyav 4.6 tons, tab sis nws tseem tsis hnyav li peb xav tau.
Lub taub hau no, pom tseeb, yog ib qho kawg, uas tau sim los ntawm kev tawg nuclear. Kev ncua sijhawm tom ntej ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam nuclear ua rau qeeb ua haujlwm, vim qhov uas cov khoom lag luam muaj zog tseem nyob hauv cov khoom siv nuclear. Tam sim no tias kev txwv tsis pub muaj riam phom nuclear thiab txwv txoj cai zoo li nyob ntawm qhov nws qaug zog, nws muaj peev xwm rov qab los rau kev txhim kho hom tshiab ntawm kev tsub nqi nuclear uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nuclear.
Americium yog tus neeg sib tw zoo tshaj
Plutonium raws li kev sau cov nqi nuclear yog qhov zoo rau txhua tus, tsuas yog nws tsis tso cai tsim qhov kev cog lus me me, vim tias nws muaj qhov hnyav loj heev - 10.4 kg. Nrog rau plutonium ntom ntawm 19.8 g ib cubic centimeter, qhov ntim ntawm tus kheej yuav yog 525.2 cubic meters. cm, thiab nws txoj kab uas hla yog 10, 1 cm. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub foob pob hluav taws thiab lub neutron fuse hauv qhov kev cog lus me me tsis zoo ib yam li hauv lub foob pob saum huab cua lossis foob pob hluav taws, thiab txhawm rau ua kom tiav cov txiaj ntsig no, ib tus yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv fissile loj dua. Yog li ntawd, kev cog lus plutonium feem ntau siv 13-15 kg ntawm plutonium (rau 13 kg txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub pob yog 10.7 cm), tsim rau hauv lub qe zoo li tus lossis cylindrical nucleus.
Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, txawm hais tias hnyav, tab sis zoo tsim nyog rau cov phom loj loj, cov cuaj luaj thiab cov mines, tsub nqi hauv ntau lub zog los ntawm ntau pua kg mus rau 10-15 kt ntawm TNT sib npaug. Tab sis muaj qhov kev tawm tsam hnyav: vim li cas siv cov riam phom zoo-qib plutonium rau lub zog qis, yog tias koj tuaj yeem ua cov mos txwv thermonuclear nrog lub zog ntau dua li qhov tsis sib xws? Lub taub hau 400-kiloton yuav ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntau dua li 10-15 kt lossis tsawg dua.
Feem ntau, muaj ob qhov laj thawj rau kev them nyiaj laus ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob qis: tsis dhau qhov me me, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau siv lawv, thiab kev sib cav tub rog-kev lag luam rau qhov tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev siv isotope muaj txiaj ntsig.
Xyoo 1950, tsis muaj dab tsi los hloov uranium thiab plutonium ua riam phom-qib isotopes. Tab sis qee lub sijhawm dhau los txij thaum ntawd thiab cov neeg sib tw zoo tau tshwm sim - americium -242. Cov isotope no tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm plutonium-241 (tsim thaum lub sijhawm ntes cov neutron los ntawm uranium-238), thiab muaj nyob hauv plutonium ua pov tseg thiab siv roj nuclear (SNF). Tom qab 26 xyoo, tag nrho cov plutonium-241 yuav tawg mus rau hauv americium-241, ib nrab ntawm lub neej uas ntev dua-432.2 xyoo. Yog li, SNF tshem tawm ntawm cov reactors thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1980s thiab thaum ntxov 1990s yuav tsum muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm americium-241. Nws qhov kev cais tawm, kom deb li deb tuaj yeem txiav txim tau, tsis nthuav tawm ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb.
Yog tias am-241 yog irradiated nrog neutrons, tom qab ntawd qhov tseem ceeb tshaj isotope ntawm americium-242m yuav tau txais. Txij li thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob raws li americium-242 tau tsim hauv Obninsk, npaj rau kom tau txais hluav taws xob neutron rau kev kho mob, qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov khoom tau muab. 1 gram ntawm am-242m yog tsim los ntawm kev xoo hluav taws xob ntawm 100 grams am-241 (nws tau txais tam sim no tau rhuav tshem BN-350 reactor hauv Shevchenko, Kazakhstan), thiab kom tau txais cov nyiaj no, nws txaus los ua 200 kg ntawm hnub nyoog SNF. Peb muaj ntau yam khoom siv no: kwv yees li 20 txhiab tons siv roj nuclear thiab tsim khoom txhua xyoo txog 200 tons ntxiv. SNF sib sau ua ke txaus los tsim txog li 1000 kg ntawm am-242m.
AM-242M zoo rau dab tsi? Tsis tshua muaj neeg tseem ceeb heev. Cov isotope ntshiab muaj qhov hnyav ntawm tsuas yog 17 grams. Nrog qhov ntom ntawm americium ntawm 13.6 g ib cubic centimeter, nws yuav yog lub pob nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.33 cm., nws yog qhov ua tau kom khaws hauv qhov loj 40 -mm projectile. Lub zog tso tawm ntawm 1 g ntawm am-242m sib npaug kwv yees li 4.6 kg ntawm TNT, yog li kev them nyiaj nrog 22.9 g ntawm isotope yuav muab kwv yees li 105 kg ntawm TNT.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm am-241 thiab am-242m tuaj yeem siv tau. Nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 8%, qhov hnyav yuav yog 420 grams. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub pob yuav yog 3.8 cm. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub foob pob nuclear rau RPG, kuv li rau 82-mm mortar, thiab ntxiv rau. Lub zog tso tawm yuav yog kwv yees li 2 tons ntawm TNT.
Feem ntau, tus neeg sib tw zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsub nqi nuclear ntau, txog rau qhov me me-muaj peev xwm nuclear projectiles. Americium kuj tseem zoo nyob rau hauv tias nws tso cua sov me ntsis thaum lub sij hawm lwj, yuav luag tsis sov, thiab yog li ntawd cia cov mos txwv nuclear ntim nrog americium tsis xav tau tub yees. Ib nrab-lub neej ntev: am-241-433, 2 xyoos, am-242m-141 xyoo, tseem tso cai rau kev tsim khoom thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm americium rau kev siv yav tom ntej. Cov mos txwv zoo li no tuaj yeem khaws cia rau 30-40 xyoo yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv lawv tus yam ntxwv, thaum plutonium yuav tsum raug xa mus rau kev ntxuav los ntawm cov khoom lwj tom qab 10-15 xyoo.
Kev them nqi Asmeskas tuaj yeem siv ntawm nws tus kheej, ntxiv rau nuclear-neutron fuse rau kev them nqi ntau dua. Yog tias nws hloov tawm tias kev them nqi americium tuaj yeem pib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermonuclear (uas tej zaum yuav zoo), tom qab ntawd muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev cog lus me me thiab lub teeb yuag, tab sis tib lub sijhawm muaj zog thermonuclear nqi yuav qhib.
Lub taub hau rau cov cuaj luaj coj
Cov lus nug tseem ceeb yog qhov kev them nqi me me ntawm Asmeskas tuaj yeem siv rau. Piv txwv li, peb yuav them tus nqi nruab nrog kwv yees li 500 grams ntawm americium thiab lub zog tso tawm ntawm 2, 3-2, 5 tons ntawm TNT sib npaug. Qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem qis li 2-3 kg. Qhov twg thiab yuav siv nws li cas?
Nto-rau-huab cua thiab huab cua-rau-huab cua, uas yog, tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab dav hlau ya dav hlau, tsim los rhuav tshem dav hlau. Rau lub dav hlau, qhov siab tshaj ntawm 0.2 kgf / cm2 yog qhov txaus ntshai heev (lub nra ntawm tis ntawm Su-35 tuaj yeem ua piv txwv, nce mus txog 0.06 kgf / cm2). Kev tawg ntawm lub zog me me uas muaj peev xwm ntawm 2.3 tons yuav tsim qhov kev nyuab siab nyob deb li ntawm 210 metres, thiab kev kub siab dhau ntawm 1.3 kgf / cm2, uas qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub dav hlau yuav muaj tseeb tshwm sim, yuav tsim kev tawg. ntawm qhov deb ntawm 60 meters. Qhov sib thooj ntawm cov foob pob dav hlau feem ntau pib them nqi ntawm qhov deb ntawm 3-5 metres los ntawm lub hom phiaj, thiab hauv qhov no, lub hom phiaj dav hlau yeej tsis ci ib yam dab tsi zoo - lav paub swb! Kev sib tsoo zoo ntawm cov hlau thiab huab ntawm cov pa hluav taws xob.
Anti-ship missiles. Me me tiv thaiv lub nkoj me me, xws li Kh-35 thiab zoo sib xws, siv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws (muaj dav hlau, nyoob hoom qav taub, nkoj, av thiab txawm tias lub foob pob hluav taws), hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj zog uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem tog, tab sis tseem mob hnyav puas lub nkoj loj. Qhov no tau pom meej nyob rau hauv kev tua ntawm lub nkoj tsis ua haujlwm ntawm lub nkoj USS Racine (LST-1191). Nws tau raug tsoo los ntawm 12 lub foob pob tiv thaiv lub nkoj, zoo ib yam li Kh-35, thiab lub nkoj tseem nyob deb. Lawv ua tiav nrog nws tsuas yog lub torpedo. Qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob yog lub taub hau ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws muaj qhov hnyav ntawm 150-250 kg thiab lawv lub zog qis dua. Kev nqa X-35 lub foob pob nrog Asmeskas lub foob pob nuclear ntawm cov yam ntxwv saum toj no ua rau lub foob pob no muaj kev phom sij ntau dua rau cov nkoj loj. Yog tias Arleigh Burke-class destroyer raug ntaus los ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws, nws yuav, ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, xav tau kev kho lub tsev ntev. Tab sis ib tus tseem tuaj yeem suav txog kev poob, vim tias qhov tawg ntawm lub zog no tuaj yeem ua rau lub nkoj lub nkoj puas tsuaj.
Torpedoes. Feem ntau, tus nqi nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 2.3 tons ntawm TNT, teeb tsa hauv lub torpedo, txawm tias tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tam sim no, hloov nws mus rau qhov kev sib cav sib ceg tiv thaiv txawm tias lub nkoj loj thiab nkoj.
ATGM. Yog tias qhov hnyav ntawm tag nrho cov mos txwv nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm 2-3 kg, tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem nruab nrog cuaj luaj rau kev tiv thaiv lub foob pob hluav taws, piv txwv, "Kornet". Nws muaj qhov tua tau zoo, mus txog 5, 5 km, uas ua rau nws muaj kev nyab xeeb heev rau kev siv lub zog me me thiab lub zog hluav taws xob qis. Ib qho, txawm tias lub tank tshiab tshaj thiab tiv thaiv tshaj plaws, yuav tau lees tias yuav raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cov foob pob.
Twb tau los ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv no nws tau pom meej tias tus neeg nqa khoom zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov kev cog lus hnyav heev nuclear yog ntau hom kev coj ua cuaj luaj. Tus nqi Asmeskas yuav dhau los ua tus kim heev thiab nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tsim ntau ntawm lawv, ntau pua, tej zaum mus txog ib txhiab daim. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tua ntawm qee yam muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tseem ceeb, uas tsawg kawg kev lag luam yuav ua pov thawj nws siv. Lub Hom Phiaj: dav hlau, nkoj, lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua, radars, tej zaum kuj tseem yog qhov tshiab (uas yog, kim tshaj plaws) tso tsheb hlau luam thiab phom rau tus kheej. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov cuaj luaj coj los nrog rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntau dua ntawm Asmeskas tus nqi piv rau cov txheej txheem tawg yuav ua rau cov riam phom zoo heev.
