Qee zaum, thaum tham txog cov mos txwv, tshwj xeeb, cov mos txwv, ib tus tuaj yeem hla qhov kev lees paub tias cov hlau lead uas siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem yog qhov muaj zog dua thiab niaj hnub pib ua kom tawg piv rau mercury fulminate, paub zoo dua li mercury fulminate. Qhov no feem ntau nthuav tawm raws li qhov tseeb dhau qhov tsis ntseeg.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum sib piv cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom kev pib ua kom tawg, nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov ntsuas ntawm cov hlau lead azide qis dua me ntsis ntawm cov tshuaj mercury. Rau cov hlau lead azide, cov cua sov ntawm kev tawg yog 1.6 MJ / kg, rau cov mercury uas tawg - 1.8 MJ / kg, qhov ntim ntawm cov pa roj rau cov hlau lead azide yog 308 litres / kg, rau cov tshuaj muaj mercury uas tawg - 315 litres / kg, qhov tawg ntawm cov hlau lead azide, nyob ntawm qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom, nws txawv ntawm 4630 txog 5180 m / s, rau cov tshuaj mercury - 5400 m / s. Qhov rhiab heev rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj mercury ntau dua; hais txog kev tawg, lawv zoo ib yam. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj sib piv, nrog qee qhov kom zoo dua hauv mercury.
Ib qho ntxiv, cov hlau lead azide, tau txais hauv daim ntawv zoo li cov muaju, muaj cov dej ntws qis dua thiab ua kom nrawm dua li cov hmoov uas ua rau cov tshuaj mercury tawg, thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov sib tov rau tus nqi primer. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau pib TNT, yuav tsum tau 0.36 grams ntawm cov tshuaj mercury, thiab 0.09 grams ntawm cov hlau lead azide xav tau. Cov tshuaj no muaj lawv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.
Qhov laj thawj rau kev hloov pauv tau meej meej sib txawv thiab tau pib hauv kev txiav txim siab tub rog thiab nyiaj txiag. Mercury tsis yooj yim kom tau txais, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem tau txais nws nyob txhua qhov chaw, thaum cov hmoov txhuas tau raug khawb hauv ntau txhiab thiab txawm tias ntau txhiab txhiab tons. Nws yooj yim dua los tsim cov hlau lead.
Kev tshwm sim thiab siv cov hlau lead azide
Lead azide, raws li koj yuav kwv yees, tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Nws tau txais thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1891 los ntawm tus kws tshuaj German Theodor Curtius. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau pom sai sai los ntawm cov tub rog, thiab twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1907 thawj qhov pib them nqi nrog cov hlau lead azide tau ua daim ntawv pov thawj hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Xyoo 1910 Rhine-Westphalian Explosives Company tau patented kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hmoov txhuas azide, nitrogen sulphide thiab diazolbenzene nitrate rau lub tshuab ua kom lub kaus mom tawg.
Ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau lead azide kuj tau ua hauv Fabkis, Asmeskas, Russia thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Los ntawm txoj kev, lead azide tau kawm hauv tebchaws Russia, tab sis nws tsis tau siv mus thoob plaws, vim li cas thiaj muaj tshuaj mercury ntau hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws cov khoom pib hauv xyoo pua 18th hauv Transbaikalia. Xyoo 1879, cov nyiaj tso nyiaj Nikitovskoye tau tshawb pom hauv tebchaws Ukraine, thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj mercury hlau tau pib xyoo 1887. Los ntawm 1887 txog 1913, kwv yees li ntawm 6762 tons ntawm mercury, uas 5145 tons raug xa tawm, uas muab qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo ntawm 260 tons thiab xa tawm ntawm 197 tons. Ib qho ntxiv, kuj tseem muaj kev xa cov cinnabar thiab mercury, xyoo 1913 56 tons ntawm cinnabar thiab 168 tons ntawm mercury. Qhov ntawd yog kev lag luam txaus nyiam, ntshuam thiab xa tawm, feem ntau yuav yog, kev ua kom zoo ntawm thawj cov tshuaj mercury tau nqa tawm txawv teb chaws. Feem ntau, muaj cov khoom siv raw txaus rau kev tsim cov tshuaj mercury, thiab tsis muaj qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb rau cov hlau lead.
Hauv tebchaws Yelemes, qhov xwm txheej yog qhov txawv. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tus kheej cov peev txheej tau me me thiab tsim tawm zoo tshaj 4-5 tons ntawm mercury ib xyoos. Lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1913 tau xa 961 tons ntawm mercury, feem ntau yog los ntawm Ltalis, yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom lag luam Italian. Nrog kev tawm tsam Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm Ltalis mus rau Entente lub yeej rog, qhov chaw no ploj mus. Tab sis cov phooj ywg, Austria-Hungary, uas muaj qhov loj tshaj plaws thib ob ntawm cov cinnabar hauv ntiaj teb, hauv Idrija, Slovenia, muaj cov mercury ntau. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Austrian thiab Italis cov tub rog tau muab cov peev txheej no ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1917, cov tub rog Italis tuaj txog ze li 12 mais deb ntawm Idrija. Qhov xwm txheej no yuam kom German hais kom sai sai pab Austrian pab tub rog hauv kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg Italians tau rov qab los.
Hauv kev saib ntawm qhov ua tau ntawm kev poob ntawm mercury hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, cov hlau lead azide tau pib tsim thiab siv rau thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Txawm hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias txhua qhov chaw thiab txhua qhov chaw hloov pauv ntawm cov mercury uas muaj cov hmoov txhuas azide tau zoo. Piv txwv li, hauv lub plhaub rau rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, cov hmoov lead azide coj mus rau qhov tawg ntau heev hauv lub thoob. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1918, 43% ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob raug xiam oob qhab los ntawm kev tawg ntawm lub plhaub hauv lub thoob. Qhov laj thawj yog tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom rau cov hlau lead azide tau hloov pauv, thiab nws dhau los ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam uas nws tau tawg thaum raug rho tawm. Cov neeg German raug yuam kom hloov pauv tag nrho cov khoom siv rau cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau.
Tom qab kev ua tsov rog kawg, thaum lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam rau mercury poob qis, cov khoom lag luam poob rau 2,100 tons hauv xyoo 1923 (xyoo 1913 muaj 4,000 tons), cov hlau lead azide tau pib ua. Cov pob zeb hauv av xav tau lub foob pob tam sim no thiab pheej yig dua rau kev khawb av. Lub Koom Haum Rhine-Westphalian tau tsim cov khoom lag luam loj loj no. Ib tsob ntoo hauv Troisdorf tsim 750 tons ntawm cov hlau lead azide kom txog thaum xyoo 1932.
Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tsis tau mob siab rau ua rau azide, vim tias thaum pib ua tsov rog, cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm mercury, Spain thiab Ltalis, tau nyob ntawm Yelemes. Tshwj xeeb yog Ltalis, uas yog qhov xav tau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv German thiab German cov thee. Xyoo 1938, Ltalis tsim 3,300 tons ntawm mercury, uas yuav txaus rau txhua qhov xav tau. Los ntawm txoj kev, yav dhau los Austrian mercury mine tau xaus rau hauv thaj av Slovenia los ntawm cov neeg Italians thiab suav nrog hauv cheeb tsam Venezia Giulia ntawm Ltalis.
Raws li qhov tuaj yeem txiav txim tau, cov hlau lead azide tau ua lub luag haujlwm sib txawv me ntsis hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Nws siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov hlau lead trinitroresorcinate, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txuag tau kev siv tooj liab tsis txaus rau kev tsim cov fuses. Lead azide nrog tooj liab ua tooj liab azide, uas tsis ruaj khov thiab nquag tawg tuaj; yog li ntawd, lub cev fuse tau ua los ntawm txhuas. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub foob pob hluav taws xav tau lub raj tooj liab, vim nws tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog txhuas. Ntawm qhov khoom tsim tawm ntawm kaum tawm thiab ntau pua lab lab ntawm cov mos txwv, hloov tooj liab nrog txhuas muab cov nyiaj tau yooj yim.
Nws txhais li cas kom poob mercury?
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, 1941, muaj kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim - Cov neeg German tau ntes Gorlovka hauv Ukraine. Nikitovka tau nyob ib sab ntawm nws, qhov uas tsuas muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv USSR rau kev rho tawm thiab zom cov tshuaj mercury. Xyoo 1940, nws tsim tau 361 tons ntawm mercury, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis -Cuaj Hli 1941 - 372 tons. Cov nroj tsuag tau thev naus laus zis siab dua (uas tau sau tseg txawm tias los ntawm cov neeg German), nws ua cov tshuaj ore nrog cov ntsiab lus muaj mercury tsawg heev. Muaj tseeb, nws tsis suav tag nrho lub teb chaws xav tau cov mercury, uas tau mus txog 750-800 tons, thiab ua ntej tsov rog USSR yuav siv mercury txawv teb chaws, feem ntau hauv Ltalis.
Tam sim no txhua qhov chaw tau ploj mus. Lub caij no, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Glavredmet ntawm Cov Neeg Commissariat ntawm Nonferrous Metallurgy ntawm USSR, kev siv nyiaj hauv plaub lub hlis thib plaub ntawm xyoo 1941 los ntawm cov tub rog commissariats yog 70 tons (suav nrog Cov Neeg Commissariat ntawm mos txwv - 30 tons), thiab los ntawm cov pej xeem commissariats - 69 tons (RGAE, f. 7794, op. 5, d.230, l.36). Kev kwv yees txhua xyoo ntawm kev tsim cov mos txwv ib leeg yog 120 tons; kev siv tub rog tag nrho hauv ib xyoos - 280 tons, tag nrho - 556 tons.
Tau kawg, tag nrho cov tshuaj mercury uas tuaj yeem ua tau raug xa mus rau kev lag luam tub rog, txog rau kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj mercury hauv chaw kuaj mob thiab hauv chaw ua haujlwm pej xeem. Peb tau nce mus txog qhov hloov pauv mercury thiab kev khawb kub los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke.
Cov cuab yeej thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Nikitovskiy cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau hloov pauv sai rau Kyrgyzstan, mus rau Khaidarkan cov txhab tso nyiaj, tshawb pom thaum xyoo 1930s. Qhov no yog qhov tso nyiaj ntau ntawm cov tshuaj fluorspar sib xyaw nrog mercury thiab antimony. Muaj, tsob ntoo mercury tshiab tau tsim los ntawm kev nrawm dua, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tsob ntoo uas twb muaj lawm. Xyoo 1941, Khaidarkan muab 11.6 tons ntawm mercury, thiab phiaj xwm rau 1942 tau xa rau nws 300 tons. Tau kawg, tsob ntoo tshiab tsis tau hnov tsw ntau. Txawm hais tias xyoo 1945, cov tshuaj tua kab mob mercury muaj txog 193,7 tons. Tab sis tseem, Khaidarkan cov mercury ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tuav tau hauv 1942-1943, nyob rau lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws. Thiab muaj cov phoojywg twb tau pab lawm (raws li qiv-xaum nws tau xa ua ntej Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1945, 818.6 tons ntawm mercury), thiab thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 5, 1943, Gorlovka tau raug tso dim, thiab cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm USSR Cov Neeg Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hlau Tsis Siv Tshuaj tau khiav mus rau Nikitovka.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj mercury yog qhov nthuav nthuav khaws cia, uas tso cai rau peb hais tias qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov mos txwv, tshwj xeeb yog cov phom loj, uas tau sau tseg los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1941 thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1943, tau cuam tshuam tsis yog thiab tsis yog li ntawd ntau nrog kev hloov chaw ntawm kev lag luam, tab sis nrog qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov tshuaj mercury.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, ua rau azide, tau kawg, yuav tsum tau siv los hloov pauv rau cov tshuaj mercury. Tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no yuav tsum tau kwv yees li zoo li kub hauv Kolyma, hauv cov ntawv xov xwm. Piv txwv li, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ntawm tsob ntoo naj npawb 5 npe. Kuv. Lepse hauv Leningrad (tseem hu ua Okhtinskaya lub nkoj xa khoom) siv kom muaj lub plhaub tsim rau cov tub rog siv phom loj, thiab nrog nws muaj lub rooj cob qhia rau kev tsim cov hlau lead azide. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev cob qhia no tau raug kaw hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev sib cais ntawm cov plhaub tsim tawm hauv ib tsob ntoo cais. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1941, ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau raug tshem tawm, tab sis cuam tshuam nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim cov riam phom thiab mos txwv hauv Leningrad, yav dhau los kev cob qhia tau nco thiab rov qab los.
Tam sim no muaj me ntsis mercury
Pom tau tias, kev coj noj coj ua hauv Soviet tau kawm ib zaj lus qhia los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm kev poob ntawm tsob ntoo mercury Nikitovsky thiab tom qab kev ua tsov rog tau them nyiaj ntau tshaj rau kev lag luam mercury: nws pib loj tuaj. Kev rho tawm ntawm thawj cov tshuaj mercury hauv USSR thaum ntxov xyoo 1980s yog kwv yees li 1900-2200 tons hauv ib xyoos, thiab xyoo 1966 tau tshaj tawm txoj cai tshwj xeeb uas ua rau cov tuam txhab xa tag nrho cov uas muaj mercury uas muaj pov tseg mus rau Nikitovskiy Ua ke. Cov nroj tsuag tau txais kwv yees li 400 tons ntawm mercury theem thib ob hauv ib xyoos. Kev siv cov mercury nyob hauv ib puag ncig xyoo 1980 yog los ntawm 1000 txog 1250 tons hauv ib xyoos (hauv 1985 txawm tias yog 1307 tons), kev xa tawm tau hloov pauv ntau ntawm 300-450 tons hauv ib xyoos, thiab cov khoom seem tau ntxiv rau hauv Tshuag.
Kwv yees li 20% ntawm kev siv hauv tsev mus rau cov tub rog xav tau, suav nrog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj mercury, uas yog, los ntawm 200 txog 250 tons hauv ib xyoos. Thiab lwm 500-600 tons ntawm mercury ib xyoos tau ntxiv rau hauv qhov tshwj tseg, pom tau tias tseem xav tau tub rog, thaum muaj kev ua tsov rog loj. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, 1000-1500 tons ntawm mercury hauv lub tsev rau khoom tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev tsim cov mos txwv rau ob lossis peb xyoos ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog.
Lead azide yog ib qho hloov pauv rau cov tshuaj mercury hauv qhov xwm txheej uas nws tsis muaj. Kev nthuav dav tam sim no ntawm cov hlau lead azide yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv mercury tau poob qis. Hauv xyoo 1970, lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam rau thawj cov tshuaj mercury yog kwv yees li 10 txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos, tam sim no kev tsim khoom tau poob qis txog li 3 txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb, txij li ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov mercury tau siv tsis tau. Tib lub sijhawm, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2013, Minamata Cov Lus Pom Zoo ntawm Mercury tau kos npe, uas lub hom phiaj yuav txo qis kev siv cov tshuaj mercury thiab txwv tsis pub tsim cov tshuaj mercury hloov pauv, teeb, ntsuas kub thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej ntsuas los ntawm 2020.
Nrog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj mercury poob qis, kev muag cov khoom lag luam (Russia kuj tau muag nws cov khoom muaj mercury nyob rau xyoo 1990) thiab kev cia siab tias yuav muaj cov tshuaj mercury ntau zuj zus ntxiv, tau kawg, kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov hlau lead azide tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Yog hais tias UN txiav txim siab txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ntiaj teb kev lag luam mercury, tom qab ntawd qee yam yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej lossis tawm tsam nws, thiab cov hlau lead azide yuav hloov cov tshuaj mercury.
