Tau ntau pua xyoo, ib qho ntawm cov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog yog hmuv. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev tsim qauv yooj yim ua rau nws muaj peev xwm daws tau ntau yam teeb meem thiab tso siab rau yeej cov yeeb ncuab. Cov keeb kwm ntev ntawm cov riam phom no kuj tau pab txhawb rau lub peev xwm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab. Cov duab ntawm lub ntsis thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm rab hmuv tag nrho tau hloov pauv tas li, nce nws cov kev sib ntaus zoo thiab tso cai rau nws nyob hauv pab tub rog. Zoo li txhua pab tub rog ntawm lawv lub sijhawm, hmuv kuj tau siv los ntawm pab pawg ntawm Ancient Rus.
Nws tau paub tias cov Slavs tau siv polearms, suav nrog hmuv, los ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ntxov. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 6th-7th, cov riam phom no tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog. Yav tom ntej, cov hmuv tau rov ua dua tshiab thiab txhim kho, uas tso cai rau lawv ua haujlwm tau ntau pua xyoo. Vim li no, tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov hmuv, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig, tseem raug khaws cia hauv txheej kab lis kev cai thiab hauv kev faus neeg. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua pom lawv, thiab qhov no tso cai rau koj los kho cov ntaub ntawv paub txog yav dhau los.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Novgorod thiab Suzdal, 1170. Fragment ntawm ib lub cim los ntawm 1460. Cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm ob lub nroog yog riam phom nrog hmuv. Teeb duab los ntawm Wikimedia Commons
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev kawm nquag ntawm Slavic thiab qub Lavxias cov ntawv luam tau pib tsis ntev los no - thaum pib ntawm 19th thiab 20th caug xyoo. Ua ntej ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm tau them nyiaj ntau dua rau kev sib ntaus sib tua riam phom lossis txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv, thaum cov qauv ncej tsis tshua tau kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv, thiab tsuas yog ob peb xyoo dhau los qhov kev paub tau txawv. Yog li, tsuas yog nyob rau nruab nrab rau caum, ntau dua 750 daim ntawv los ntawm cov cheeb tsam sib txawv tau tshawb pom thiab kawm. Tshaj li ib nrab xyoo tom ntej no, cov khoom pom tau nce ntau.
Nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws
Cov phom thiab cov tub rog ntawm Ancient Russia - nrog rau lawv cov npoj yaig thiab cov neeg sib tw los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws thiab cheeb tsam - tau saib tas li rau qhov kev tsim qauv tshiab thiab txawv ntawm rab hmuv uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo dua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau qhov qauv tsim tau qhia thiab sim hauv kev xyaum ntau pua xyoo. Cov hmuv tshiab sib txawv ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm hauv cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov taub, qhov ntsuas ntawm tus ncej, thiab lwm yam.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tshawb pom keeb kwm, Soviet thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Russia tau ntev dhau los los rau qhov kev xav xaus txog kev txhim kho ntawm cov hmuv Lavxias thaum ub. Nws tau ntseeg tias peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis tsom mus rau kev tsim cov riam phom tshiab uas tsim nyog. Lawv nyiam kawm cov qauv txawv teb chaws uas twb muaj lawm thiab, yog tias lawv muaj qhov zoo, txais yuav cov qauv npaj ua. Hauv qhov no, qee qhov hmuv Lavxias thaum ub zoo li riam phom los ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob, thaum nyob rau lwm qhov kev cuam tshuam sab hnub tuaj yog pom.
Typology ntawm Qub Lavxias luam. Teeb duab los ntawm phau ntawv "Cov qub riam phom Lavxias. Qhov Teeb Meem 2"
Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj cov haujlwm tsim kho tshiab. Thaj, nws yog nyob hauv Russia tias cov riam phom zoo li hmuv, tshwj xeeb hmuv hnyav nrog cov lus txhawb ntxiv, tau tsim thiab tau nthuav dav. Thaum lub sijhawm pom cov riam phom zoo li no, nws cov neeg ncaj qha tsis tuaj ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Ntxiv mus, hauv qee yam lus txawv teb chaws tau hloov kho lo lus Lavxias siv los xaiv tus hmuv.
Yog li, cov kws siv phom Russia thaum ub tau cawm lub sijhawm thiab kev rau siab hauv kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev daws teeb meem tshiab los ntawm kev kawm thiab kev siv ntawm lwm tus neeg qhov kev paub dhau los. Tau kawg, qhov no tsis tau tso cai rau lawv ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lawv txoj kev lag luam, tab sis nws tau muab lwm qhov kom paub zoo. Ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov, raws li cov xwm txheej tom ntej pom, xws li txoj hauv kev tau muab kev pab tsim nyog rau kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm cov tub rog.
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm Cov Ntawv Qub Lavxias yog lawv qhov siv tau. Tsis zoo li lwm haiv neeg, cov Slavs tau them nyiaj me ntsis rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov polearms. Tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov xub xub nrog cov nyiaj zoo nkauj ntawm lub tes tsho, zoo ib yam ntawm Scandinavia. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias qhov tseeb no, ntawm lwm yam, tau txhais ua pov thawj ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tsim hauv zos.
Riam phom evolution
Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov kws siv phom qub hauv tebchaws Russia thiab txawv teb chaws tau hloov pauv tas li thiab hloov pauv tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus hmuv, sim txhim kho nws cov kev sib ntaus. Vim li ntawd, coob leej ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam tau paub ob qho tib si hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm rab hmuv, qhov xwm txheej yog yooj yim dua.
Luam cov lus qhia ntawm ntau hom. Yees duab Swordmaster.org
Cov ncej tsis txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim thiab, qhov tseeb, sawv cev ib pas ntawm qhov xav tau ntev thiab tuab. Feem ntau, qhov ntev ntawm tus ncej sib raug rau qhov siab nruab nrab ntawm cov tub rog tub rog lossis tsis txawv ntawm nws. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm ntu no muab kev yooj yim tuav thiab kwv yees kwv yees li 25 hli. Tus hmuv nrog tus ncej hnyav tsis ntau tshaj 350-400 g, uas tsis ua rau nws nyuaj rau ua haujlwm nrog nws. Spears rau cov neeg caij tsheb tau hloov pauv lub sijhawm thiab tau txais cov yam ntxwv tshiab. Yog li, qhov ntev ntawm tus ncej ntawm cov riam phom tuaj yeem ncav cuag 2.5-3 m, thiab nws txoj kab uas hla nce mus rau 30-35 hli. Lub taub hau ntev dua thiab tuab tau pab kom "ncav cuag" cov yeeb ncuab hauv av lossis caij nees, thiab tseem tiv tau lub zog loj dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub taub hau yog qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws los ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm qhov pom. Cov laus tshaj plaws hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ancient Russia yog lanceolate cov xub xub - cov riam phom no tau nthuav dav thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 10. Xws li tus qauv tsim, qiv los ntawm Varangians, tau txawv los ntawm ntu ntu plaub fab ntev plaub hau, tig ncaj rau hauv lub tes tsho. Raws li nws tau tsim, rab hmuv lanceolate hloov pauv. Nws qhov ntev tau txo qis thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov plaub tau hloov pauv. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov riam phom no poob tawm ntawm kev siv vim qhov pom ntawm cov qauv zoo dua.
Lub lancet ntsis tau hloov los ntawm qhov hu ua. spiky. Hauv qhov no, rab hmuv tau zoo li daim duab peb sab siab sib npaug. Qhov ntu ntu ntawm qhov taub yog rhombic thiab nce mus rau lub tes tsho. Curiously, lub lance tip tau ua pov thawj kom ua tiav thiab siv tau zoo. Tus txheeb ze ua tiav qhov tsim tau tso cai rau nws ua haujlwm nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no.
Oblong ovoid taub. Yees duab Swordmaster.org
Nyob rau tib lub xyoo pua 10, Cov qub tub rog Lavxias tau ua zoo dua lwm hom taub hau. Nws tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tetrahedral hniav-pas txuas nrog lub qhov taub zoo li tus bushing. Cov lus qhia zoo li no tuaj yeem muaj cov duab plaub fab lossis plaub fab. Ib qho ntxiv, cov qauv hla ntu tau paub. Cov hmuv ntawm tus qauv zoo sib xws tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov poj koob yawm txwv tom qab peaks, uas tau tshwm sim ntau pua xyoo tom qab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm ob hom riam phom tsis loj heev: hmuv nrog lub taub tetrahedral tseem ua haujlwm kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 13th.
Lwm qhov kev xav tshiab ntawm X-XI ib puas xyoo yog qhov hu ua. harpoon - lub taub hau tiaj tus nrog ob peb spikes nyob tom qab. Cov xub xub xub pom hauv qhov kev faus ntawm X-XIII ib puas xyoo, tab sis feem ntau lawv tau tham txog kev tua phom. Ob-spiked hmuv-harpoon tau txwv tsis pub muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tub rog lossis sib ntaus sib tua nees, thiab yog li ntawd sai sai tso tseg kev ua tub rog.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 11th, ib qho tshiab ntawm lub taub hau tau ua tiav hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws muaj cov duab oblong-ovoid nrog ntu rhombic, ntxiv rau lub tes tsho ntawm qhov siab me me. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias zoo li rab hmuv lossis taub hau tau tsim thaum lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze thiab tau txais qee qhov kev faib tawm. Ancient Russia tau siv rab riam phom zoo li ntawd thaum pib ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los.
Spike hmuv. Yees duab Swordmaster.org
Kev txhim kho ntawm oblong-ovoid tip yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm qhov thiaj li hu ua. laurel daim ntawv. Hauv XII caug xyoo, kev txhim kho txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv thiab polearms coj mus rau qhov nce ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tawm tsam tom kawg. Raws li, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ntxiv dag zog rau kev tsim cov lus qhia. Cov laurel ntsis muaj cov hniav nkhaus uas diverged ntseeg nkaws nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm cov khoom thiab sib sau ua ke nyob rau tom qab. Lub tes tsho yog qhov ntev nruab nrab, thiab nws txoj kev txuas rau plaub tau txhawb ntxiv. Cov hmuv zoo li tau nquag siv txog thaum XIII-XIV ib puas xyoo.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm rab hmuv laurel yog rab hmuv uas twb tau hais los lawm - hmuv hnyav rau kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Txhawm rau nce lub zog nkag mus, lub taub hau tuaj yeem muaj qhov ntev txog li 500-600 mm thiab qhov dav txog li 60-70 mm. Lub bushing txoj kab uas hla mus txog 30-50 mm. Tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm rab hmuv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 800-1000 g - ntau dua ob zaug hnyav dua li rab hmuv "yooj yim". Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias hmuv tuaj yeem muaj cov lus qhia ntawm cov duab sib txawv, tab sis hom laurel muab qhov sib npaug zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog thiab kev sib ntaus zoo.
Nyob rau hauv X-XI ib-paus xyoo, qhov thiaj li hu ua. cov lus qhia petiole. Yog tias tag nrho lwm cov lus qhia muaj lub tes tsho uas tau muab tso rau ntawm tus ncej, tom qab ntawd cov petiole tau muab txuas rau ntawm ib qho ntoo uas siv lub taub hau. Qhov tom kawg tau cia li tsav mus rau hauv tus ncej. Cov duab ntawm cov lus qhia tuaj yeem yog ib qho - piv txwv ntawm hom lanceolate thiab nplooj zoo li tus paub. Cov riam phom zoo li no tau siv nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Baltic thiab lwm thaj tsam sab qaum teb hnub poob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hmuv no tsis tau txais kev faib ntau dua thiab tau tso tseg sai sai no. Lub petiole tsis tau muab kev ntseeg ruaj khov ntawm qhov ntxeev ntawm lub taub hau, thiab ntxiv rau, nrog cov tshuab muaj zog thawb, nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tom kawg.
Ntawm ko taw thiab ntawm tus nees
Rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, rab hmuv yog ib qho riam phom me me. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov tub rog coj mus rau txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev siv riam phom zoo li no. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kom txog thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev pabcuam, Laus Lavxias hmuv tau siv los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus "ceg ntawm pab tub rog." Ib qho ntxiv, hmuv sib luag tau siv rau lwm thaj chaw. Hauv lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, cov riam phom zoo li yog cuab yeej tua tsiaj, thiab khaws cov haujlwm zoo li no rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Lawm, cov tub rog, tub rog thiab hmuv cov tub rog muaj qee qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv siv.
Lub taub hau. Yees duab Swordmaster.org
Cov hmuv rau cov tub rog tau me dua thiab sib zog. Lawv tag nrho qhov ntev tsis tshua muaj ntau tshaj 1, 7-1, 8 m, thiab lawv qhov hnyav feem ntau nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 300-400 g. Raws li txoj kev tiv thaiv kev txhim kho, cov tub rog xav tau rab hmuv loj thiab hnyav dua uas tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau cov yeeb ncuab. Vim li no, qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom tau mus txog 2.5-3 m, thiab qhov hnyav tau ntau dua ob npaug.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tub rog thiab tub rog tuaj yeem siv hmuv nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib hom. Nyob ntawm qhov dav, lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg nkaus xwb hauv qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav. Raws li kev kawm thiab kev siv hom tshiab ntawm cov lus qhia tau ua tiav, kev rov txhim kho ob txhais taw thiab nees cov tub rog tau ua tiav.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv kev yos hav zoov hloov pauv sib txawv. Thaum xub thawj, rau kev yos hav zoov ua si loj thiab txaus ntshai, hmuv ntawm hom "tub rog" nrog cov lus qhia ntawm hom tam sim no tau siv. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, los ntawm XI-XII ib puas xyoo, cov qauv tshiab tau teev tseg. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntau, nws tau pom tias hnyav ob-spike harpoon tsis tau qhia nws tus kheej hauv txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom no tau txawv los ntawm nws qhov ua tau zoo thaum tua tsiaj. Lub nraub qaum ntawm qhov taub tuaj yeem khawm rau ntawm lub qhov txhab thiab tsis pub kom muab rab hmuv tshem tawm, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub hom phiaj. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov khoom no tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev yos hav zoov. Lwm qhov cuab yeej yos hav zoov yog hmuv-hmuv, uas tseem siv tau zoo hauv kev ua tsov rog.
Lub sijhawm tig los
Qhov kawg ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, hom riam phom tshiab tau tshwm sim uas hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis ua rau kev tso tseg ntawm polearms. Cov hmuv tau siv thiab tsim kom txog thaum XV-XVI ib puas xyoo, thaum lawv tau hloov pauv los ntawm ntau yam zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj. Tsis tas li nyob rau lub sijhawm no, rab hmuv tau tsim kho ntxiv, uas tseem yog ib txoj hauv kev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kov yeej cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txhim kho ntawm polearm tshiab tau ua tiav.
Kev siv rab hmuv-hmuv ntawm kev yos hav zoov. Kev sib tw xyoo pua 18th, Wikimedia Commons
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab tshwm sim ntawm riam phom tshiab tas li hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab tseem ua qhov xav tau tshiab ntawm cov riam phom uas twb muaj lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv no, qee cov chav kawm ntawm riam phom tseem nyob hauv kev pabcuam tau ntau pua xyoo. Tus hmuv yog tus piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no. Nws tseem ua haujlwm nrog ntau yam kev tsim rau ntau dua ib txhiab xyoo thiab tau pab txhawb kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog. Yav tom ntej, nws yog hmuv thiab kev paub ntawm lawv kev siv kev sib ntaus sib tua uas coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm hom tshiab polearms, uas maj mam hloov lawv.
Cov kws tua phom Lavxias qub tau sim ua raws cov kev hloov pauv tam sim no hauv kev siv riam phom thiab tau txais lwm tus neeg qhov kev paub dhau los; qiv thiab tsim cov kev txhim kho ntawm cov npoj yaig txawv teb chaws. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lawv tau tsim los tsim ntau hom kev ua tub rog thiab tub rog, suav nrog tag nrho cov ntawv sib txawv. Spears ntawm txhua hom, ua ke nrog lwm yam sib ntaus, polearms thiab ntuav riam phom, ua kom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo ntawm cov tub rog rau ntau pua xyoo, thiab yog li ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim kho thiab tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias lub xeev.
