MLRS Grad (9K51) yog 122 hli ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tsim tawm hauv USSR. "Grad" tau tsim los txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom cov neeg muaj zog, tsis muaj tub rog thiab muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv me me ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, nrog rau lwm yam haujlwm, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej muaj yeej. MLRS tau txais los ntawm pab tub rog xyoo 1963. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub plhaub siv yog 122 mm., Tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus qhia yog 40 pcs., Qhov siab tshaj plaws tua ntau yog 20, 4 km. Cov phom loj ib feem ntawm kev teeb tsa tau teeb tsa ntawm lub chassis ntawm Ural-375D lossis Ural-4320 cov tsheb thauj khoom, nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov kho. Kev hloov kho Grad-1 MLRS tau teeb tsa ntawm ZIL-131 lub chassis. Kev ceev ntawm lub tsheb sib ntaus yog 75-90 km / h.
Lub hom phiaj thiab cov yam ntxwv
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm thaj av 122-mm faib MLRS BM-21 "Grad" yog txhawm rau rhuav tshem thiab tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab lub zog, tsis muaj tub rog thiab tsis muaj tsheb yooj yim, phom thiab phom roj teeb, hais kom ua, thiab lwm lub hom phiaj hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab siab thiab thaum sib ntaus cov haujlwm.
Cov txheej txheem Grad muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv nws kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua ua ke nrog cov tsheb tiv thaiv cov xwm txheej thaum lub Peb Hlis thiab nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm txoj kev ua yeeb ncuab. Kev xa rov qab BM-21 yog nqa tawm ntawm tus kheej siv tsheb thauj khoom thauj khoom (peb-qag ZIL-131 lub tsheb nrog 2 racks-txhua rau 20 lub plhaub).
Muaj pes tsawg leeg
Grad MLRS suav nrog lub tsheb sib ntaus BM-21 ntawm Ural-375D chassis, foob pob hluav taws tsis siv neeg ntawm 122 mm caliber, lub tshuab tswj hluav taws thiab tsheb thauj khoom thauj-TZM 9T254. Txhawm rau npaj thawj cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tua, BM-21 roj teeb muaj 1V110 "Bereza" tswj lub tsheb, ua ntawm lub chassis ntawm lub tsheb GAZ-66.
BM-21 yog lub tsheb hla lub tebchaws uas muaj cov phom loj nyob tom qab lub tsheb. Chav tsev phom loj suav nrog pob ntawm 40 cov tubular qhia ntawm lub hauv paus tig, tig thiab nqa cov txheej txheem, pom, thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Kev taw qhia tuaj yeem ua tiav ob qho tib si hauv dav hlau kab rov tav thiab ntsug. Hauv cov lus qhia (nrog txoj kab nruab nrab sab hauv ntawm 122, 4 mm thiab ntev li 3 m), U-shaped screw groove yog ua kom muab lub projectile txav mus los. Cov pob ntawm cov lus qhia suav nrog 4 kab ntawm 10 raj txhua, ua ke nrog qhov pom, nws tau teeb tsa rau ntawm tus menyuam txhav txhav txhav. Cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia muab kev taw qhia hauv lub dav hlau ntsug (ntawm 0 txog +55 degrees) thiab hauv dav hlau kab rov tav - 172 degrees (70 degrees mus rau sab xis thiab 102 degrees mus rau sab laug ntawm lub tsheb). Cov lus qhia yog coj los ntawm kev tsav hluav taws xob.
Qhov kev tswj hwm hluav taws (FCS) muab hluav taws los yog hluav taws tua hluav taws los ntawm kev teeb tsa lub cockpit lossis los ntawm lub chaw tswj chaw taws teeb los ntawm qhov deb li 50 m. Lub sijhawm siv tag nrho ntawm "Grad" yog 20 feeb. Kev tua tuaj yeem nqa tawm hauv qhov ntau qhov kub (los ntawm -40 txog +50 degrees) nrog qhov tsawg (vim yog siv lub khoos phis tawj thiab qhov ua ntu zus los ntawm cov plhaub los ntawm cov lus qhia) co ntawm lub tshuab. Lub sijhawm coj MLRS "Grad" los ntawm txoj haujlwm taug kev mus rau txoj haujlwm sib ntaus tsis tshaj 3.5 feeb. BM-21 muaj lub peev xwm hla teb chaws siab, thiab ntawm txoj kev loj tuaj yeem ncav cuag nrawm txog li 90 km / h, kev teeb tsa tuaj yeem kov yeej lub ford ib thiab ib nrab metres tob. Lub tsheb tau nruab nrog lub xov tooj cua R-108M thiab cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws.
Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm BM -21-1 siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob Ural -4320 ua lub chassis thiab muaj ASUNO - ib qho kev qhia tsis siv neeg thiab kev tswj hluav taws, APS - kev npaj thiab tso khoom, thiab NAP SNS - lub satellite navigation system. Cov kab ke no muab: thawj qhov kev qhia ntawm pob ntawm cov lus qhia, txiav txim siab thawj zaug thiab tam sim no kev sib koom tes thaum tsav tsheb, qhia qhov chaw thiab txoj kev ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm daim ntawv qhia hluav taws xob ntawm thaj av ntawm lub computer screen, kev qhia ntawm pob ntawm cov lus qhia los ntawm lub cockpit yam tsis tau tawm ntawm kev suav thiab siv cov cuab yeej pom kev, cov ntaub ntawv tsis siv neeg nkag mus rau hauv fuses foob pob hluav taws, tso cov foob pob hluav taws los ntawm lub dav hlau yam tsis tau tawm qhov kev suav.
Hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv foob pob hluav taws
9M22 - siv nyob deb ntawm 5 txog 20.4 km. Ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tua, ib sab tawg yog 1/200 hauv thaj tsam - 1/130. Rau kev tua ntawm qhov luv dua (12-15, 9 km.), Lub nplhaib me me tau siv, thiab thaum tua ntawm qhov deb tsawg dua 12 km, lub nplhaib nres loj. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov projectile yog 2.87 m, qhov hnyav yog 66 kg. (lub taub hau - 18.4 kg. muaj 6.4 kg. tawg). Qhov projectile tau nruab nrog MRV ntev-ntau cocked lub taub hau fuse, ntxiv rau MRV-U nrog 3 teeb tsa: rau kev nqis tes ua tam sim, ua kom me me thiab loj zuj zus. Lub fuse tau tsoo tom qab qhov projectile tau tawm ntawm phau ntawv qhia thiab txav deb ntawm kev teeb tsa los ntawm 150-450 meters.
9M22U yog hom dav siv NURS nrog lub foob pob tawg tawg tawg tawg tawg. Nws txawv ntawm 9M22 qhov projectile hauv ntau qhov tawg. Cov hmoov hnyav uas hnyav txog 20.45 kg muab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tua ntau txog 20.4 km nrog qhov projectile ceev txog 690 m / s.
9M22S - lub foob pob hluav taws nrog lub foob pob hluav taws.
9M23 "Leica"-cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas tawg nrog lub taub hau tshuaj (1.8 kg ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab 3, 11 kg ntawm R-35 tshuaj, lossis 1.39 kg ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab 2, 83 kg ntawm R-33 tshuaj) … Qhov projectile tau nruab nrog cov tshuab thiab radar fuses, tom kawg raug rho tawm ntawm qhov siab ntawm 1.6-30 meters. Thaum lub foob pob, nws muab 760 qhov tawg nrog qhov hnyav ntawm 14, 7 g. Qhov kev tua ntau thaum siv lub fuse radar yog 18, 8 km.
9M43 - lub foob pob hluav taws rau teeb tsa qhov muag tsis pom thiab zais daim ntaub thaiv nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lawv cov tub rog thiab cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog uas hnyav 56, 5 kg. Nws tau siv ntawm qhov deb ntawm 5-20.1 km. Suav nrog 5 cov pa luam yeeb ntawm phosphorus liab uas hnyav 0.8 kg. Ib qho salvo ntawm 10 lub plhaub tsim ib daim kab xev tsis tu ncua 1 km dav raws lub hauv ntej thiab 0.8-1 km sib sib zog nqus rau 5.3 feeb.
9M28K - lub foob pob hluav taws rau teeb tsa thaj chaw minefields. Nyhav - 57, 7 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm lub taub hau - 22, 8 kg (muaj 3 lub mines, 5 kg txhua tus), tua ntau yam 13, 4 km. Rau kuv 1 km. pem hauv ntej, yuav tsum siv 90 lub plhaub. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov mines tom qab teeb tsa los ntawm 16 txog 24 teev.
9M16 - lub foob pob hluav taws rau kev teeb tsa cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv minefields. Nyhav - 56.4 kg, lub taub hau hnyav - 21.6 kg (muaj 5 tus neeg tiv thaiv kev tawg ua haujlwm POM -2 hnyav 1.7 kg txhua), qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tua - 3.4 km. Lub peev xwm ntawm 20 lub ntsej muag muaj peev xwm ntawm cov mines 1 km ntawm sab xub ntiag. Mines tuaj yeem ua rau tus kheej puas tsuaj 4-100 teev tom qab kev teeb tsa.
9M28F - lub foob pob hluav taws nrog lub zog tawg loj. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile yog 56.5 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm lub taub hau yog 21 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov tawg yog 14 kg, thaj tsam ntawm kev tua yog 1.5-15 km.
9M28D - lub foob pob hluav taws rau teeb tsa xov tooj cua cuam tshuam hauv HF thiab VHF yog txhawm rau cuam tshuam tus yeeb ncuab lub xov tooj cua sib txuas lus ntawm qib kev tawm tsam. Ib txheej ntawm 8 qhov projectiles nrog tib lub zog thiab qhov hnyav thiab cov yam ntxwv muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej siv xov tooj cua hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1.5 txog 120 MHz. Cov phom ntau - 18, 5 km, qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom - 66 kg, lub taub hau hnyav - 18, 4 kg. Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv ntawm jammer yog 1 teev, qhov ntau ntawm jamming yog 700 meters.
9M42 - lub foob pob hluav taws rau lub teeb pom kev zoo muab lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 1 km ntawm qhov siab ntawm 450-500 metres rau 90 vib nas this, muab lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm 2 lux.
Qhov xwm txheej rau hnub no
Tam sim no MLRS "Grad" tau ua haujlwm nrog ntau dua 30 lub tebchaws sib txawv. Raws li xyoo 2007, Lavxias cov tub rog hauv av muaj 2,500 BM-21 kev teeb tsa (367 hauv kev pabcuam, qhov seem hauv kev tshwj tseg). Cov tub rog tiv thaiv ntug dej hiav txwv muaj 36 qhov kev teeb tsa ntxiv. Cov tub rog ntawm lwm lub tebchaws tau ua tub rog nrog txog 3,000 Grad kev teeb tsa. MLRS "Grad" tau ntau caum xyoo tau tsim tawm hauv cov pawg loj thiab yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntau qhov kev foob pob hluav taws ntawm cov chav kawm no. Piv txwv li, tsuas yog hauv Motovilikha cov chaw tsim khoom 3000 BM-21s tau tsim thiab 3 lab lub plhaub tau tsim rau lawv.
MLRS "Grad-V" kev teeb tsa huab cua
MLRS "Grad" dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem xws li:
9K59 "Prima" - muaj ntau lub hom phiaj tso lub foob pob hluav taws ntau zog - 50 qhia.
"Grad-V" yog lub foob pob hluav taws nrog 12 cov lus qhia rau tua txhua hom phiaj xwm raws li GAZ-66.
"Grad-M" yog lub nkoj sib piv ntawm MLRS tsim los rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov nkoj tsaws ntawm Navy. Kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1966. Cov txheej txheem muaj lub foob pob hluav taws nrog 40 cov lus qhia, cov cuab yeej tswj hluav taws, lub ntsuas hluav taws xob pom pom cov cuab yeej nrog lub laser rangefinder. Tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas thiab ntsuas, nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 1978.
BM-21PD "Damba" yog ntau lub foob pob ua ntxaij tsim los tiv thaiv cov tub rog saboteurs thiab cov submarines, siv los tiv thaiv ciam teb hiav txwv thiab cov hauv paus tub rog. Tsim nyob rau xyoo 1980s.
MLRS "Grad" tau nrov heev uas tau luam nws ntawm ntau lub tebchaws: hauv Egypt, Iraq, India, Tuam Tshoj, Pakistan, Romania thiab North Kauslim. Ntau lub tebchaws no tseem tsim foob pob hluav taws rau lawv. Italian FIROS 25/30 MLRS yog sib xws nrog Grad MLRS. Xyoo 1975, hauv Czechoslovakia, RM-70 kev teeb tsa tau tsim, uas tau tsim los ntawm kev tso Grad cov phom loj rau ntawm lub tsheb Tatra-813.
