Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 27, Russia ua kev zoo siab rau All-Russian Day of Libraries. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv rau kev txhim kho thiab khaws cia ntawm kab lis kev cai hauv tebchaws yog qhov loj heev. Txawm tias tam sim no, nyob rau hnub nyoog ntawm thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thiab muaj ntau yam ntawm "tshuaj ntsuam nyeem", ib tus tuaj yeem hais tsis tau txog "kev tuag ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv." Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, txawm tias muaj xwm txheej tsawg zuj zus ntawm cov neeg nyeem, txawm tias cov neeg nyeem tau xyaum nres mus rau cov tsev qiv ntawv, lawv kaw yuav yog kev ua txhaum tawm tsam kab lis kev cai. Tom qab tag nrho, lub tsev qiv ntawv yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, yog lub chaw khaws cov phau ntawv xav, kev txawj ntse uas tsis ploj thiab tsis dhau mus rau ntau pua xyoo lossis ib puas xyoo. Phau ntawv tsim thiab txhawb tus neeg, qhia nws, thiab tus neeg uas tau xaiv rau nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm tus neeg khaws phau ntawv yog qhov tsis ntseeg tias koom nrog hauv kev kawm.
Kab lus ntsig txog hnub so no tseem yuav tsom mus rau cov tsev qiv ntawv. Tab sis hais txog cov tsev qiv ntawv txawv txawv - cov tub rog. Yog, muaj chaw nyob hauv keeb kwm tub rog rau qhov muaj kev thaj yeeb zoo li cov tsev qiv ntawv. Ntxiv mus, kev coj ncaj ncees, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev kawm txuj ci ntawm cov tub rog thiab, raws li, kev tsim hauv lawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig uas tau dhau los ua tus tiv thaiv ntawm lawv lub tebchaws thiab nws cov pej xeem, nyob ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog ntau yam.
Cov thawj coj thiab cov thawj coj tub rog nqa cov tsev qiv ntawv loj txaus nrog lawv ntawm kev tawm tsam tub rog txawm hais tias nyob rau yav dhau los thiab Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Tab sis kev txhim kho puv ntoob ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog raws li ceg tshwj xeeb tau pib nyob rau niaj hnub no. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog loj yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua tub rog, uas xav tau kev txhim kho tas li ntawm kev paub txog riam phom, kev tawm tswv yim thiab lub tswv yim, thiab keeb kwm kev ua tub rog. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg yog qhov nce ntxiv hauv qib kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev paub ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm, thiab tom qab ntawd "thib peb qub txeeg qub tes". Hauv tebchaws Russia, thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv tub rog tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog txij thaum xyoo 17th - 18th. Tom qab tsim cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Loj nyob rau xyoo 1763, cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tub rog tau tsim nyob hauv qab nws.
Nws. Komarova, uas tiv thaiv nws thesis ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm tub rog, txheeb xyuas tsawg kawg tsib theem hauv kev txhim kho cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog nyob hauv tsev kawm qib siab hauv tub rog: tshwm sim ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog nyob rau xyoo 17th-19th xyoo pua; kev tsim ntawm Soviet cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog nyob rau lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm kev tawm tsam xyoo 1917 thiab pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj; kev txhim kho kev ua tub rog cov tsev qiv ntawv thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog xyoo 1941-1945; muaj nyob ntawm Soviet lub tsev qiv ntawv tub rog cov txheej txheem tom qab ua tsov rog xyoo 1945-1991; theem tam sim no ntawm kev muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv tub rog.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv tshawb fawb rau Lavxias cov neeg lis haujlwm yog los ntawm Emperor Alexander I nws tus kheej thiab nws tus koom nrog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Peter Volkonsky, uas tom qab tsov rog Franco-Russia xyoo 1805-1807. pom tau tias yuav tsum txhim kho kev paub theoretical ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tub rog, ua ntej tshaj plaws - cov tub ceev xwm -tub ceev xwm. Xyoo 1811, tau tso cai los tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Lavxias.
Tom qab tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv tub rog hauv nruab nrab, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ib leeg - txaus siab, cov tsev qiv ntawv kuj tseem tau tsim nyob hauv cov tub rog. Yog li, xyoo 1816, thawj tus tub ceev xwm lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv. Cov tub ceev xwm lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Semenovsky thiab Preobrazhensky regiments. Rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, cov tsev qiv ntawv tau siv tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau raug hu ua "tub ceev xwm". Ntxiv mus, qee qhov nyiaj tau suav los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm cov nyiaj hli txhua xyoo, uas tau faib rau kev rov ua tiav ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv nrog cov ntawv tshiab.
Cov tub rog, tsis yog tsuas yog rau lawv txoj haujlwm poob ntsej muag, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau neeg tsis paub ntawv, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov pab pawg me. Nyob rau hauv lem, rau cov tub ceev xwm, muaj cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv cov tub rog yog, qhov tseeb, yog qhov tseem ceeb xav tau. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tau txais kev kawm zoo heev hauv tsev thiab hauv tsev kawm tub rog, thiab nyeem tas li thiab ntau yog txoj cai rau nws.
Los ntawm qhov thib ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, kev txhim kho kev sib txuas ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo siab los ua haujlwm, cov tub rog siv nyiaj faib nyiaj los ua kom rov zoo dua cov nyiaj ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm sau. Xyoo 1869, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Npaj Cov Tsev Qiv Ntawv Tub Rog thiab Kev Sau Tub Rog tau tsim, uas nws qhov peev xwm yog los tswj cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim thiab kev tswj hwm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cai rau kev rov ntxiv nyiaj, kev siv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev txiav tawm qee yam los ntawm tus tub ceev xwm cov nyiaj hli rau kev rov ua cov tsev qiv ntawv tau hloov pauv. Txij li thaum xyoo 1874, kev ua haujlwm tau txais nyiaj los ntawm kev siv nyiaj tub rog ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv pab tub rog hauv av pib. Yog lawm, cov peev nyiaj tau faib los ntawm pob peev nyiaj rau kev saib xyuas cov tsev qiv ntawv ib txwm tsis muaj qhov me me thiab cov tub ceev xwm, willy-nilly, tseem yuav tsum tau pub nyiaj los ntawm lawv tus kheej lub hnab los txhawb cov nyiaj.
Nws tsim nyog hais ob peb lo lus hais txog cov tub rog cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tom qab ntawd nws tseem tsis tau tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb, tab sis yog lub luag haujlwm tsim nyog. Tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tswj hwm tau raug xaiv rau lub sijhawm ob xyoos, tib lub sijhawm raug zam los ntawm kev kawm yav tav su hauv cov tuam txhab. Raws li rau cov haujlwm tshaj lij, lawv zoo ib yam li lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub no - txheeb xyuas cov nyiaj, suav cov npe ntawm cov ntawv nyeem kom tau txais lub tsev qiv ntawv, saib xyuas tus nqi thiab raug nplua.
Raws li qhov kev sib koom ua ke ib ntus ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm kev faib tawm, cov qauv ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub no tau tshwm sim. Kev txhim kho kev saib xyuas tub rog tseem muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tshwm sim tshwj xeeb cov ntawv xov xwm tub rog, uas, ntawm ib sab, tsis tu ncua nkag mus rau cov peev nyiaj ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv sib faib, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, tshaj tawm tas li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub xeev cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv cov tub ceev xwm thiab kev faib ua feem
Cov tub rog thiab cov neeg tsav nkoj lub tsev qiv ntawv pib tsim. Cov tub rog hais kom ua tau paub txog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa kev sib ntaus thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tub rog, tsis yog cov pov thawj tswj hwm nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem yog cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Ib qho ntxiv, cov kev xav tau rau kev paub thiab kev txawj ntawm cov neeg ua tub rog tau nce ntxiv, thiab, raws li, xav tau rau lawv txoj kev kawm nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntawv tshwj xeeb. Txog xyoo 1917, muaj txog li 600 lub tsev qiv ntawv nyob hauv pab tub rog Lavxias.
Tab sis qhov kev vam meej tiag tiag ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog pib tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli. Tsoomfwv Soviet tau saib xyuas zoo tsis yog rau kev kawm tub rog-kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tabsis tseem rau kev qhia ua tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm cov npe thiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tub ceev xwm hais kom ua, raws li qhov uas tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv network hauv pab tub rog thiab pab tub rog tau pib. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1920, cov naj npawb ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog tau hloov pauv hauv ob peb txhiab leej, tau ua kom zoo dua thaum xyoo 1930s. nyob ib ncig ntawm 2000 lub tsev qiv ntawv.
Raws li Great Soviet Encyclopedia, los ntawm 1970 muaj peb lub tsev qiv ntawv tub rog nyob hauv USSR - Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Rog ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm USSR. IN THIAB. Lenin, Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab ntawm Soviet Army im. M. V. Frunze thiab Central Naval Library. Ntxiv rau lawv, lawv tus kheej lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj nyob hauv qib hauv paus tsev kawm ntawv - ntawm Lub Tsev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov cheeb tsam thiab cov dav hlau, ntawm cov tsev kawm tub rog, nrog rau hauv kev faib tawm. Hauv tag nrho, ntau dua 90 lab chav ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tau siv los ntawm Soviet cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog.
Yog lawm, Soviet cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog tau siv ntau dua los ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm tog kev nom tswv kev kawm ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv tub rog tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv kev nom kev tswv thiab kev tswjfwm yeej ua tiav, txoj haujlwm uas yuav tsum hloov pauv, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ua tub rog xyoo, tau xaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm los txhawb rau lub tebchaws Soviet thiab Communist tog. Ib qho ntxiv, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog nyob hauv kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov chaw haujlwm nom tswv ntawm cov pab pawg thiab kev tsim, ntawm qib macro - hauv kev muaj peev xwm ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Soviet Army thiab Navy.
Kev sib tsoo ntawm Soviet Union thiab kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov tub rog, nrog lawv txo qis thiab tsis muaj zog, ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov tub rog lub tsev qiv ntawv kaw lus. Kev tshem tawm ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog, tau ua raws li lub tebchaws tsis lees paub cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg communist, tau hais tawm tsis yog tsuas yog tshem tawm cov chaw haujlwm nom tswv thiab tsev kawm tub rog-nom tswv, cov lus ntawm tus thawj coj rau kev ua haujlwm nom tswv hauv pab tub rog thiab tub rog, tabsis tseem nyob hauv ua tsis tau zoo mloog rau kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev kawm.
Kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev kawm tau pom tias yog ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nom tswv thiab, raws li, poob rau hauv kev txaj muag nrog tsoomfwv tshiab. Rau qee lub sijhawm, cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog tseem muaj nyob los ntawm inertia, tab sis ntau caum xyoo tom qab Soviet kev kub ntxhov tau ua lawv txoj haujlwm. Muab qhov xwm txheej kaw ntawm Lavxias cov tub rog txoj haujlwm, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag nrog cov tub rog lub tsev qiv ntawv kaw lus hauv Lavxias Lavxias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Lawm, hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov kev hloov pauv uas RF Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm yuav tsum tau ntsib nyob rau lub sijhawm post-Soviet, kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb tub rog lub tsev qiv ntawv ntau yam uas xav tau.
Yog li, raws li Izvestia ntawv xov xwm, uas luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm hais txog qhov xwm txheej hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog li ob xyoos dhau los, kev yuav cov phau ntawv rau cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog tau nres rov qab rau xyoo 2010. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog nyob hauv cov chaw faib kuj tseem poob qis. Qhov no nkag siab - txoj haujlwm ntawm cov tsev khaws ntaub ntawv tub rog tau pauv mus rau qeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pej xeem, uas cuam tshuam txog kev them nyiaj tsis tsim nyog thiab tsis muaj kev nyiam ntau rau cov neeg ua tub rog.
Yog lawm, tsis muaj leej twg xav mus ua haujlwm hauv kev ua tub rog nrog lawv lub sijhawm nyuaj thaum tsis muaj nyiaj hli ib txwm lossis tsawg kawg, them nyiaj pab. Cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog uas tseem khaws lawv lub ntsej muag qub tseem tshuav ntau rau cov thawj coj ncaj qha no thiab lawv cov neeg sawv cev, uas, ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm, tab tom nrhiav rau lub sijhawm los txhawm rau ntxiv nyiaj thiab tswj cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv kev ua haujlwm.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev poob qis ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev poob qis ntawm kev saib xyuas tsev kawm ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia tam sim no. Kev lig kev cai, ntawm cov npe kev siv nyiaj tseem ceeb hauv lub xeev, qhov xav tau ntawm cov tuam txhab kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau qhov chaw kawg, thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lawv yog "cov txheeb ze txom nyem", txij li, tsis zoo li cov tsev khaws khoom qub lossis tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab, lawv feem ntau tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los rov qab ua lawv cov dej num. Txij li cov tsev qiv ntawv pub dawb, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev mus ntsib lawv tsis suav nrog, tsuas yog them me me rau cov kev pabcuam ntxiv uas tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ua qhov txiav txim siab qhov peev txheej ntawm cov peev nyiaj.
Qhov txias txias ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm Lavxias lub zej zog hauv cov ntawv luam tawm kuj cuam tshuam. Hnub nyoog Internet tau poob siab rau ntau tus tub ntxhais hluas tsis yog los ntawm kev siv cov tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev nyeem phau ntawv luam tawm. Qhov tseeb, nws puas nkag siab mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv yog tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txaus siab tuaj yeem pom hauv Is Taws Nem? Nws yuav zoo li nyob rau qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, lub xeev yuav tsum xav txog kev hloov kho lub tsev qiv ntawv tshiab, tej zaum hais txog qee qhov rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv mus rau kev muab cov kev pabcuam hauv tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob.
Hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv niaj hnub no, raws li Lavxias cov tsev qiv ntawv S. A. Basov, qhov tseeb, ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb sib tsoo - thev naus laus zis thiab tib neeg. Thawj qhov kev xav tau hais txog kev txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus nyeem ntawv cov kev xav tau, txhim kho kev pabcuam, uas yog, raws li lawv hais, "ua raws lub sijhawm." Qhov thib ob yog tsom mus rau kev nkag siab lub tsev qiv ntawv tsis yog kev pabcuam xov xwm, tab sis yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhawb nqa. Thiab yog tias, cuam tshuam nrog zej tsoom neeg, kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev pabcuam ib yam zoo li qhov tsim nyog - cov tub ntxhais kawm, kws tshawb fawb, kws tsim txuj ci, kws sau ntawv lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem nkag siab cov phau ntawv thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm nrog lawv yog kom txo qis ntau dua tsuas yog mus sab laj thiab pab tswv yim, tom qab ntawd cuam tshuam nrog pab tub rog qhov xwm txheej zoo li txawv kiag li.
Hauv Pawg Tub Rog, lub tsev qiv ntawv tsis yog kev pabcuam xov xwm, tab sis yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev kawm. Yog li ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv tsis yog tus neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam, tabsis yog ib tus kws qhia ntawv. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo uas qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm khaws ntaub ntawv ua tus koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tub rog yuav pab saib xyuas qhov tshwj xeeb tshiab, nws tsis suav nrog - kom nthuav nws lub luag haujlwm thiab, tib lub sijhawm, xav tau, nce qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tub ceev xwm cov tsev qiv ntawv.
Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob nkag siab tias muaj "nyob ntawm ntug" tua cov neeg tsis muaj kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm. Nws tau paub tias cov teeb meem ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, kev kawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv cov tub rog Lavxias niaj hnub no, vim nws feem ntau yog cov neeg ua haujlwm-neeg pluag, yog mob heev. Yog li ntawd, kev txo qis ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tub rog, tsis quav ntsej txog cov teeb meem ntawm lawv cov kev muab, kev txhawb nqa hauv zej zog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm yog kev saib xyuas tsis zam txim, yog tias tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ncaj qha.
