Hauv kab lus no peb yuav sim nkag siab cov lus nug ntawm qhov ceev tshaj plaws ntawm Borodino-chav sib ntaus sib tua hauv Tsushima tom qab tag nrho? Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau txog qhov teeb meem no raws li peb xav tau. V. P. Kostenko hauv nws phau ntawv sau cia "Ntawm" Dav dawb hau "hauv Tsushima" thiab hauv nws cov lus pov thawj rau Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm Tsushima sib ntaus, tab sis rau kuv qhov kev khuv xim heev, kev siv cov ntaub ntawv no tsawg heev.
Kuv tau rov nug cov lus nug: vim li cas kuv thiaj tsis xav txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm V. P. Kostenko? Qhov tseeb, nws yuav zoo li Vladimir Polievktovich yog tus kws tshaj lij los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas txhais tau tias cov txheej txheem yog nws pawg ntseeg, thiab nws yuav tsum nkag siab lawv zoo dua li cov neeg ua haujlwm niaj hnub ntawm lub nkoj. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog los ntawm kev kawm ntawv Kostenko yog tus kws tsim khoom siv nkoj, tsis yog tus kws kho tsheb uas tau kawm los ua haujlwm lub tshuab rhaub dej kub thiab lub tshuab ua pa, thiab tsis txhais tau tias yog tus kws tsim khoom tsim cov tshuab no. Thaum kawm tiav, Kostenko tau txais lub npe "junior assistant shipbuilder", i.e. ib tus pej xeem nyob qib ntawm cov rog, zoo li kws kho mob naval. Qhov kev tso tawm tib yam nkaus tau tshwm sim rau lub Tsib Hlis 6, 1904, thiab tam sim ntawd tom qab ntawd Kostenko tau raug txib kom ua tiav "Dav dawb hau". Hauv lwm lo lus, los ntawm lub sijhawm thib 2 Pacific Squadron sab laug, nag hmo kawm tiav tsuas muaj plaub lub hlis ntawm kev paub ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub nkoj uas tab tom tsim kho thiab tsis yog qhov kev paub me ntsis hauv kev ua haujlwm lub nkoj raug ncua. Qhov no, hais ncaj qha, yog nyob deb ntawm tus kws tshaj lij, tab sis txawm tias nco ntsoov qhov tsis muaj kev paub dhau los, nws nyuaj heev los piav qhia qhov tsis sib xws tas li uas tus nyeem ntawv mloog zoo yuav nquag ntsib nrog Vladimir Polievktovich.
Txhawm rau pib nrog, xav txog dab tsi V. P. Kostenko ntawm kev lees paub kev sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau". Hauv nws phau ntawv sau cia "Ntawm" Dav dawb hau "hauv Tsushima" peb nyeem:
Ntawm qhov kev sim ntawm cov txheej txheem thaum Lub Yim Hli 26, "Orel" tau tsim 17, 8 pob qhov rooj nrog tsim cov haujlwm ntawm 18 pob. Xav txog kev thauj khoom ntau dhau ntawm lub nkoj, qhov no yuav tsum suav tias yog qhov ua tau zoo txaus siab.
Nws zoo li txhua yam yog qhov tseeb: kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis mus txog qhov tsim qauv tsim, kev tsim lub nkoj ntau dhau yog raug liam rau qhov no, tab sis yog tias nws tsis nyob ntawd, … mus xeem? Txog qhov no, nws yuav zoo ua ntej kom paub qhov kev txav chaw ntawm lub nkoj, thiab vim li cas ho tsis "nug" Vladimir Polievktovich txog qhov no? V. P. Kostenko tsis hais lus, tab sis hauv cov lus pov thawj ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam nws taw tes:
Thaum nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau", thaum caij nkoj, nws saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg thiab thauj khoom ntawm lub nkoj. Thaum tawm ntawm Libava, ntawm thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb ze ntawm Island of Langeland, Kuv txiav txim siab … hloov chaw - 15,300 tons … ntau dhau - 1,770 tons.
Los ntawm kev suav yooj yim, peb tau txais qhov kev txav chaw ib txwm muaj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 13,530 tons. Zoo, nrog kev txav chaw twg lub nkoj sib ntaus tawm mus kuaj? V. P. Kostenko (hauv cov lus pov thawj ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam) muab cov lus teb meej heev:
Ntawm qhov kev sim, kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau" muab 17, 8 pob ntawm 109 rpm, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws qhov kev tshem tawm tau sib npaug rau 13.300 tons.
Tab sis thov zam txim, yog tias kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau" raug sim nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm 13.300 tons, thaum raws li Kostenko nws qhov kev txav chaw ib txwm yog 13.530 tons, tom qab ntawv peb tuaj yeem tham txog hom twg? Tom qab tag nrho, nws hloov tawm tias Dav dawb hau tau tawm mus rau qhov ntsuas ntsuas qis dua 230 tons, thiab yog tias tsis yog rau qhov no, qhov nrawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tig mus rau qis dua, tab sis qhov laj thawj rau qhov no tsis yog ntau tshaj txhua!
Nov yog thawj zaug, tab sis deb ntawm qhov piv txwv kawg ntawm yuav ua li cas tus neeg nyeem V. P. Kostenko, yuav yuam kev los ntawm tus sau. Nov yog qhov uas V. P. Kostenko ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm "Dav dawb hau" hauv Nossi-Be Bay (nres tsheb hauv Madagascar, qhov chaw Rozhestvensky npaj tua):
Hnub no, ntawm txoj kev rov qab mus rau Nossi Be (Lub Ib Hlis 18), "Dav dawb hau" tau ua 85 qhov kev tawm tsam, thiab qhov txwv tsis pub tshaj rau peb cov txheej txheem yog 109 kev tawm tsam. Lub caij no, nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho mob hlab ntsha tawg tsuas yog 11 ½ pob. Ntau tshaj 3 txhiab tons thiab fouling ntawm ib feem hauv qab dej tau cuam tshuam.
Kuv xav nco ntsoov tias qhov hnyav dhau thaum tua hluav taws tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3000 tons, thiab V. P. nws tus kheej piav qhia qhov no. Kostenko, yuav muaj lub siab xav nyeem nws kom zoo. Tab sis cia peb tso ntau dhau thiab ceeb toom rau peb tus kheej nkaus xwb uas yog ib qho laj thawj rau kev txo qis ntawm "Dav Dav Dav" hauv Nossi-Be Kostenko taw qhia txog qhov fouling hauv qab. Qhov laj thawj tsis phem dua li lwm tus, tab sis tsuas yog rau Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam Vladimir Polievktovich qhia txog qee yam txawv kiag li:
Cov dej hauv qab ntawm cov nkoj tau txhav me me heev … hauv Nyij Pooj, Cov tub ceev xwm Nyij Pooj uas pom lub nkoj sib ntaus Eagle tau hais rau kuv tias ib feem hauv qab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau pom meej ntawm cov plhaub, uas lawv xav tsis thoob, paub tias lub nkoj tau nyob hauv dej ntsev rau 7½ hli. Lawv tau txaus siab heev rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm peb cov xim … Vim yog lub xeev no ntawm cov dej hauv qab nws tsis tuaj yeem xav tias cov nkoj tuaj yeem poob lawv qhov nrawm vim yog fouling, txawm tias ib feem.
Lawv yog cov coj txawv txawv, cov khoom zoo li no: hauv Madagascar, lawv tau rub mus rau hauv qab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lavxias thiab qeeb nrog tag nrho lawv lub zog, thiab rau Tsushima, zoo li, lawv txaj muag, lawv poob mus … vim tias muaj qee yam, tab sis Russia cov kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis ua nws raws txoj kev.
Qhov nrawm uas peb 5 lub taub hau sib ntaus sib tua tuaj yeem txhim kho hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua raws li Kostenko yog zaj dab neeg sib cais, tab sis ua ntej peb pib kawm nws, cia peb nco ntsoov tias lub nkoj muaj qhov nrawm npaum li cas - ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog txhua yam kev sib tham ntawm cov tub rog, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thov nws rau peb rooj plaub.
Lub nkoj muaj qhov siab tshaj (lossis siab tshaj) qhov nrawm uas nws tsim thaum yuam cov txheej txheem, thiab muaj qhov nrawm - qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub nkoj uas nws tuaj yeem tsim kho yam tsis muaj kev yuam. Kuj tseem muaj cov pab pawg nrawm - qhov nrawm uas cov nkoj txuas. Pawg tub ceev xwm tau xaiv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas, hydrometeorology, thiab lwm yam. thiab nws tau piav raws li hauv qab no: qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub nkoj qeeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib txuas tau raug coj thiab txo qis los ntawm qhov tsim nyog los tuav nws qhov chaw nyob rau qib. Vim li cas qhov kev hloov kho no tsim nyog?
Qhov tseeb yog kev taw qhia yog qhov nyuaj ntau dua li lub khoos phis tawj computer, qhov twg, los ntawm nias tus yuam sij, kev tsim cov nkoj nthuav tawm ua ke tag nrho. Hauv lub neej, hmoov tsis, qhov no tsis tshwm sim - txawm tias yog cov nkoj ntawm tib hom, lub vojvoog tig tsis tas li, thiab yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, lub nkoj ntawm pab tub rog, ua raws kab lus sawv ntawm qhov hais kom ua "tig ua ntu zus", hais, 90 degrees, yuav xaus qhov tig no tsis yog nyob hauv kab lus sawv, tab sis tsis ua tiav, cov dej ntws tawm ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv xav tias yuav tsum nyob ntawm 1-1, 5, lossis ntau dua cov kab hluav taws xob, mus rau sab laug lossis sab xis - yooj yim vim tias ib tus neeg muaj lub vojvoog tig ntau dua, ib tus neeg muaj tsawg dua. Ib qho ntxiv, lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm lub nkoj tau tawg, vim tias qee tus tau siv sijhawm ntau dua ntawm qhov tig dua li lwm tus, thiab txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm tig, lub nkoj nyhav kom poob nrawm … "tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias kev tsim kev cuam tshuam me ntsis ntau dua li qhov ua tiav, thiab nws muaj peev xwm rov sib sau ua ke rau hauv kab lus sawv ntawm qhov sib npaug ib ntus tsuas yog vim muaj kev nrawm ntxiv - cov nkoj tau nrawm thiab sai sai ua lawv qhov chaw hauv kem Pom tseeb, qhov ntau ntxiv qhov nrawm no, kev tsim tawm sai dua yuav rov qab los. Yog tias peb ntsuas cov tub ceev xwm ceev tshaj plaws los ntawm kev nrawm ntawm lub nkoj qeeb tshaj plaws, tom qab ntawd lub nkoj no yuav tsis muaj qhov tshwj tseg thiab yuav cuam tshuam kev tsim yam tsis muaj kev cia siab rov qab los rau nws.
Nkag siab qhov no, cia peb rov qab mus rau qhov tshiab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias tshiab tshaj plaws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14 - hauv nws phau ntawv sau Txog Ntawm Dav Dav Hlau hauv Tsushima, Kostenko muab nws tus kheej daim ntawv tshaj tawm rau Pawg Sib Tham ntawm Cov Thawj Coj ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Tsushima sib ntaus sib tua, qhov uas nws sau:
… hauv nws kab ntawv muaj tsib kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog mob stroke ntawm 16 txog 18 pob.
Thiab nyob rau tib qhov chaw:
… Tsuas yog cov nkoj loj yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv pab tub rog kom kov yeej: kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog lub nrawm ntawm 16 pob … Yog Rozhestvensky tau nrawm los tua cov yeeb ncuab hauv lub sijhawm txiav txim siab no ua ntej qhib hluav taws nrog plaub qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tshiab ntawm tib hom, mus rau qhov nrawm ntawm 16 pob …
Yog li tom qab tag nrho: dab tsi yog qhov nrawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom "Borodino", 16 lossis 16-18 pob? Tab sis tej zaum nws tau txhais tau tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino thiab Oslyabya yam, muaj qhov nrawm tshaj plaws ntawm 16 txog 18 pob, puas tuaj yeem ua tiav nrawm lossis nrawm tshaj plaws hauv pab pawg ntawm 16 pob? Txhua yam yuav zoo, tsuas yog yav tom ntej Vladimir Polievktovich txaus siab rau peb nrog ntau thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Hauv nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm rau Marine Technical Committee "Battleships ntawm Borodino yam hauv Tsushima sib ntaus" Kostenko hais tias:
Yog li, tsis muaj kev sib npaug rau tag nrho pawg tub rog rau cov nkoj uas tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws, muaj txoj hauv kev los faib nws mus rau hauv cov pawg hauv qab no: 1) tsib qhov kev kub ceev sib ntaus sib tua nrog chav kawm ntawm 15-16 pob.
Thiab hauv tib daim ntawv tshaj tawm:
Tus thawj coj tsis tau tawm plaub qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm chav kawm Borodino, thiab nrog lawv Oslyabya, mus rau hauv ib pawg ywj siab ywj pheej, muaj, nrog kev qhia kom raug, pab pawg tub rog ntawm 15-16 pob.
Hauv lwm lo lus, Kostenko tshaj tawm 16-18-knot chav kawm ntawm Lavxias kev sib ntaus sib tua yam tsis tuaj yeem coj thiab txawm tias txo qis rau 15-16 pob, tab sis txawm tias qhov nrawm no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog qee qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb. Thiab qhov kev npaj no yog dab tsi? Thiab nrog qhov nrawm npaum li cas 5 lub taub hau Lavxias sib ntaus sib tua uas tsis tau mus rau qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb mus? Cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no tau muab los ntawm V. P. Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los nrhiav Kostenko.
Tsis muaj leapfrog tsawg dua ntawm V. P. Kostenko tau txais thaum nws qhia peb txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau" tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14. Hauv nws phau ntawv sau cia, hauv tshooj # 28 "Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm chav kawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab yog vim li cas thiaj swb", hauv ntu "Hmo ntuj sib ntaus nrog cov neeg tua neeg Nyij Pooj" Kostenko hais txog:
"Dav dawb hau" txhua lub sijhawm khaws cia qhov sawv ntawm "Nikolay" thiab, ua kom nrug deb ntawm ob txoj hlua, tsim 92 kev tawm tsam, mob stroke ntawm 13 pob. Cov kws kho tsheb tau hais tias muaj chav txaus, thiab cov tshuab ua haujlwm tau zoo heev. Yog tias tsim nyog, koj tuaj yeem txhim kho mob stroke tag nrho. Txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm kev tawm tsam, lub nkoj tuaj yeem tsim tau yooj yim txog 16 pob.
Hauv tib tshooj, hauv ntu "Kho Kev Puas Tsuaj thiab Npaj Mus Ntxiv Kev Sib Tw thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 15," cov lus piav qhia hauv qab no raws li hauv qab no:
Vim tias siv cov plhaub, cov thee, dej, roj thiab cov khoom pov tseg hla lub nkoj thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau thauj khoom mus txog 800 tons, nthwv dej 16 ntiv tes, thiab txoj siv txoj siv sia loj tau los ntawm dej. Cov txheej txheem thiab lub kauj tsheb tau ua haujlwm zoo, 750 tons ntawm cov roj tseem nyob. Kev nrawm nrawm tseem nyob txog 15 1 / 2-16 pob.
Qhov no tsis muaj qhov xav tau ntxiv lawm, tab sis tseem, raws li Kostenko, ib tus tau txais kev xav tias thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Tsib Hlis 15, kev sib ntaus sib tua tuaj yeem yooj yim txhim kho 16 pob los yog li ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov lus pov thawj ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam V. P. Kostenko twb hais qee yam sib txawv kiag li:
"Dav dawb hau" tsis tau npaj ua ntej kom ua tiav nrawm. Lub caij no, nws tuaj yeem suav rau ntawm 16-16.5 pob tsuas yog siv lub zog tag nrho. Rau kev txav mus los tas li, nws yuav tsum tau tshem tawm los ntawm cov neeg feem coob sab saum toj los ntawm kev muab cov khoom siv phom, los ntawm kev tuav tswj hluav taws, los pab cov neeg tso dej thiab cov kws siv tshuab. Thiaj li, npaj kom ua kom nrawm, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tso tseg lub hom phiaj kev sib ntaus ua ntej, kom mob siab rau txhua lub zog thiab mloog zoo rau cov thee, tsheb thiab lub rhaub dej. Txog thaum lub sijhawm kawg, "Dav dawb hau" npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, kho kev puas tsuaj, kho qhov, pov tawm cov khib nyiab, tsoo ntoo, npaj cov phom loj. Qhov kev tshem tawm tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab hauv ob peb feeb; tsis muaj sijhawm los npaj kom nrawm nrawm, txij li qhov nqis los ntawm tus chij ntawm br. "Nicholas I" tau tshwm sim twb nyob hauv hluav taws yeeb ncuab. "Izumrud", tau npaj kom nrawm thiab muaj 24 pob, tam sim ntawd tswj tau maj nrawm rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia uas lub nplhaib ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nkoj tseem tsis tau kaw. Eagle yuav tsis muaj sijhawm los ua qhov no. Ib qho ntxiv, yog tias nws txawm muab 16 pob thiab pib tawm mus, nws yuav tsis muaj teeb meem hloov pauv, vim nws ua tsis tau, zoo li "Emerald", tawm ntawm tus yeeb ncuab yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus.
Yog li peb pom dab tsi? Hauv nws phau ntawv sau cia, qhov uas Vladimir Polievktovich thuam Admiral Rozhestvensky rau qhov tsis siv sijhawm uas qhov kev kub ceev ntawm Borodino-chav sib ntaus sib tua tau muab rau nws, Dav dawb hau yooj yim txhim kho 16 pob ntawm thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Tsib Hlis 15. Tab sis thaum muab pov thawj rau Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm Tsushima kev sib ntaus thiab raug yuam kom piav qhia vim li cas kev sib ntaus sib tua nrawm tsis tau sim nws txoj hmoov thiab tsis tau sim tsoo tom qab Emerald, V. P. Kostenko tshaj tawm tias kev sib ntaus sib tua tuaj yeem tuaj yeem muab 16 lub pob no, tab sis tsis yog tam sim ntawd, tab sis tsuas yog nrog kev siv zog tag nrho, tsav ib nrab cov lus txib los pab cov neeg tso dej thiab tso tseg txoj kev sib ntaus, vim tias cov nqa khoom ntawm cov plhaub thiab cov hluav taws sib cais yuav raug xa mus. mus stokers!
Thiab ntawm no cov lus nug loj tshwm sim rau Vladimir Polievktovich. Piv txwv tias kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau" tau caij nkoj txhua hmo rau 13 pob, thiab tom qab ntawd tau raug ncig los ntawm Nyij Pooj li "ob peb feeb" (Admiral Togo muaj hydrofoils? Tab sis vim li cas V. P. Kostenko thuam Rozhdestvensky rau qhov tseeb tias nws txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua nrawm thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, taug kev ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 11 pob, tsis maj nrawm ntawm 16 pob mus rau Nyij Pooj lub nkoj, uas tau ua "Loop of Togo" ? Nws yog hom coj txawv txawv, tsis yog nws? Thaum lub sijhawm nws coj cov neeg Nyij Pooj los puag ncig cov seem ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias, "Dav dawb hau" tsis tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm, tab sis thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, nws tsis tsuas yog tuaj yeem muab qhov nrawm no, tab sis nws puas yuav tsum tau ua? Los ntawm pike qhov kev thov, Vladimir Polievktovich lub siab nyiam?
Thiab lo lus nug thib ob yog thaum V. P. Kostenko hais tias:
… plaub qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm chav kawm "Borodino", thiab nrog lawv "Oslyabya", uas, nrog kev npaj kom raug, muaj pab pawg nrawm ntawm 15-16 pob.
Dab tsi yog txhais ntawm no? Tsis tas li, tsav cov phom loj thiab tuav cov tub rog tua hluav taws mus rau hauv chav stoker nrog kev tso tseg ntawm "lub hom phiaj sib ntaus"? Thiab hauv daim ntawv no, xa 5 lub nkoj sib ntaus los tua lub nkoj kaum ob ntawm Togo?
Okay, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm V. P. Kostenko, peb tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov nrawm ntawm Lavxias kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis tej zaum peb yuav sim nrhiav kom paub yam tsawg kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau"? Kostenko muaj cov ntaub ntawv me ntsis ntxiv rau qhov no. Piv txwv li, hauv cov lus pov thawj ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam V. P. Kostenko qhia:
Ntawm 78 rpm ntawm kev caij nkoj, Dav dawb hau muab 11-11½ pob, nrog kev txav chaw tsawg kawg 15,500 tons. Cov kws kho tshuab kho tshuab ntawm "Dav dawb hau" thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw tau xav tias, thaum xav tau, kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog kev nruj thiab xaiv lub kaum sab xis tuaj yeem tsim tus lej ntawm kev tawm tsam ib yam li ntawm kev sim. Nrog rau qhov ntxiv ntawm 6 lub kiv puag ncig, mob hlab ntsha tawg nce ntxiv 1 pob. Yog li, ntawm 108 rpm, koj tuaj yeem suav ntawm 16-16½ pob caus ntawd. Kev txo qis hauv kev mus ncig tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los, uas tau mus txog 15% ntawm kev hloov chaw.
Ua tib zoo mloog - tsis muaj lo lus hais txog kev ua phem, thiab qhov no raug lawm, tab sis tam sim no peb yuav nug peb tus kheej lwm lo lus nug: vim li cas V. P. Kostenko ntseeg tias thaum ntxiv 6 qhov hloov pauv, mob stroke nce los ntawm 1 pob? Peb coj cov ntaub ntawv rau kev suav XWB raws li V. P. Kostenko.
Ntawm kev sim, "Orel" tau qhia, nrog kev txav chaw ntawm 13.300 tons (qis dua 230 tons), nrawm ntawm 17.8 pob ntawm 109 kev tawm tsam, lossis qhov nruab nrab ntawm 6.12 kev tawm tsam ib lub pob qhov nrawm.
Hauv Nossi-Be Bay "Orel" qhia 11.5 pob ntawm 85 rpm nrog rau qhov hnyav tshaj (raws li Kostenko) ntawm 3,000 tons. Qhov no yog 7, 39 kev hloov pauv ib lub pob kom nrawm, tab sis Vladimir Polievktovich sau ("Ntawm Dav Dav Hlau hauv Tsushima", tshooj "Lub caij ntuj nag. Kev xyaum tua phom. Lus los ntawm Russia"):
Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev siv cov pa, "Dav dawb hau" yuav tsis tuaj yeem tsim ntau dua 100 qhov kev tawm tsam. Txij li thaum muaj 8 lub kiv puag ncig ib lub pob caus, tom qab ntawd nws txoj kev txwv tsis pub tshaj 13.5 pob, thaum nyob hauv Kronstadt ntawm qhov kev sim nws tsim 18 pob, thiab "Borodino" muab 16 1/2.
Vim li cas, tom qab ntawd, hauv Nossi -Be, "Dav dawb hau" xav tau 8 lub kiv puag ncig rau ib lub pob tw nrawm, thiab hauv kev sib tw - tsuas yog 6? Pom tseeb, lub nkoj hnyav dua, ua rau nws qeeb zuj zus, uas txhais tau hais tias ntau lub nkoj tau thauj khoom ntau dua, yuav tsum muaj kev tawm tsam ntau ntxiv rau lub hauv caug nrawm. Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj.
Yog li, hauv Nossi-Be, raws li Kostenko, qhov hnyav tshaj li ntau txog 3.000 tons (uas tsis raug, tab sis huag zoo), thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 11.5 pob tau muaj 7.39 kiv puag ncig ib pob. Thiab nws yuav siv 8 qhov kev tawm tsam kom mus txog txhua lub pob hauv ntej - piv txwv li Ntau tshaj qhov nruab nrab.
Thiab thaum lub Peb Hlis, nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm 15.500, qhov hnyav tshaj yuav luag 2.000 tons, thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau 11-11.5 pob txha raug yuam kom tsis txhob 85, tab sis tsuas yog 78 kev tawm tsam, raws li qhov nruab nrab, nws twb muaj tsuas yog 6, 78 -7, 09 revolutions ib ntawm qhov. Nws yuav yog qhov xav tau los xav tias rau txhua qhov ntxiv ntawm qhov nrawm nws yuav xav tau me ntsis ntau dua 6, 78 lossis 7.09 kev tawm tsam, zoo, lossis tsawg kawg yog tus nqi sib npaug, puas yog? Txawm li cas los xij, V. P. Kostenko coj tsuas yog 6 qhov kev tawm tsam rau ntawm ib qho, piv txwv li qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua qhov nruab nrab 6, 78-7, 09 kev tawm tsam ib lub hauv caug. Qhov no txawm tias tsawg dua 6, 12 qhov kev tawm tsam rau ib lub pob cyuam nrawm, uas qis dua "Dav dawb hau" pom qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sim! Dab tsi yog mysticalism no?
Yog tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntau dhau los ntawm 3 txhiab tons xav tau 8 lub kiv puag ncig ntawm ib lub pob ntawm qhov nrawm dua 11 pob, thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntau dhau los ntawm 2 txhiab tons tsuas yog xav tau 6 lub kiv puag ncig ib lub pob rau tib yam, yog li yog tias koj tshem tawm lub nkoj ntawm kev ua tiav, nws tawm los thiab txawm tias 3-4 tig rau txhua qhov nrawm dua yuav xav tau? Siv cov lej no, peb tau txais tias "Dav dawb hau" yam tsis muaj kev thauj khoom ntau dhau thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas yuav tsum txhim kho qhov nrawm … ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 21, 1-24, 3 pob?! "Xav paub ntau thiab xav paub ntxiv," raws li Alice hauv Wonderland siv los hais.
Yog li, yog tias peb xav tias Vladimir Polievktovich tsis xav tau me ntsis ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm kev tawm tsam ib 1 pob ntawm kev nrawm (leej twg suav lawv rau koj?) Pob txha xav tau … tsis yog, tsis loj, tab sis tsawg kawg sib npaug rau qhov nruab nrab tus nqi (uas yog, txhua yam zoo ib yam 6, 78-7, 09 revolutions ib pob), tom qab ntawd peb tau txais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau"
ntawm qhov nro thiab xaiv lub kaum sab xis
yuav qhia 15, 3-16, 07 pob
Thiab tam sim no cia peb nco qab cov lus pov thawj ntawm tus thawj coj loj ntawm "Dav Dav Dav Hlau" Tus Thawj Tub Rog thib 2 Swede:
Kuv yuav hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias, yog tias tsim nyog, kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau" tsis tuaj yeem muab qhov nrawm uas nws tau muab thaum lub sijhawm sim tsheb hauv Kronstadt, uas yog, txog 18 pob … Kuv xav tias qhov nrawm tshaj plaws, txhua qhov xwm txheej zoo, thaum siv Qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov roj thiab hloov cov neeg ua haujlwm nkees nkees nrog lwm txoj haujlwm, tuaj yeem muab, ua ntej tau txais lub qhov thiab dej ntawm lub lawj, tsis pub ntau tshaj 15-16 pob.
Qhov tseeb, txawm tias lees txais qhov kev ntsuas ntawm V. P. Kostenko tias "Dav dawb hau" "ntawm qhov nrawm thiab xaiv lub kaum sab xis tuaj yeem suav rau ntawm 16-16, 5 pob" yam tsis muaj kev suav kho ntxiv, peb pom tias nws tsis txawv ntau los ntawm Shvede kwv yees, vim peb tsis paub tias yog dab tsi tiag xav tias VP Kostenko yog nyob rau hauv "tag nrho kev nruj." Swede cov lus tau hais ntau yam tshwj xeeb-rau 15-16 pob ntawm qhov nrawm tshaj plaws, nws xav tau kev hloov pauv tshiab ntawm cov neeg tso dej thiab cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas zoo tshaj plaws, lossis tej zaum nws txhais tau tias ib txwm muaj, tsis muaj cua daj cua dub? Zoo, thiab yog tias, raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm Vladimir Polievktovich, tseem cov phom thiab cov tua hluav taws nkag mus rau hauv chav rhaub dej kub thiab chav tshuab kom caum cuag - koj pom, 16-16, 5 lub pob yuav tawm. Muaj tseeb, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam qhov nrawm no vim tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv phom rau phom thiab sib ntaus tawm tsam hluav taws, tab sis Eagle yuav muaj peev xwm tsim tau 16-16.5 pob.
Hauv qhov no, nws dhau los ua qhov yooj yim los txiav txim siab pab pawg nrawm: yog tias muaj kev hloov pauv tshiab thiab lub kaum ntse ntse tshaj plaws, kev sib ntaus sib tua tuaj yeem suav txog 15-16 pob ntawm "tag nrho nrawm", tom qab ntawd tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, " kev nrawm tshaj plaws ntawm "Dav dawb hau" yuav zoo li 15, ntau dua li 16 pob, yog tias tsis tsawg dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "Dav dawb hau", pom tseeb, tsis yog qeeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias. Txawm tias V. P. Kostenko sau txog nws:
Los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev txav chaw ntawm txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev sib tw, nws tau pom meej tias "Dav dawb hau" tsawg dua li ntau dua li lwm tus.
Thiab koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog "Borodino" nrog nws txoj kev xa khoom 16.5 pob. Txawm hais tias yav tom ntej nws tau kho dua, tab sis tseem, txawm li cas los xij … Feem ntau, txawm hais tias peb xav txog qhov nrawm tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua qeeb tshaj plaws ntawm hom Borodino kom txog li 15 pob (uas, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, tseem tseem ceeb tshaj), qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm pab tub rog nrawm los ntawm tsib qhov kev sib ntaus tshiab tshaj plaws hauv Lavxias tsis tshaj 13, 5-14 pob.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais zoo ib yam nrog kev xav ntawm Admiral Rozhestvensky nws tus kheej:
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, kev sib ntaus sib tua tshiab ntawm pawg tub rog tuaj yeem tsim txog li 13½ pob.
Thiab txawm tias qee qhov dhau los ntawm cov lus pov thawj ntawm tus chij taug kev ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj, Colonel Colonel Filippovsky, uas tau ceeb toom rau Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam:
Kev nrawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom tshiab tuaj yeem tsim tsis ntau tshaj 13 pob, tshwj xeeb yog Borodino thiab Orel tau ua xyem xyav.
Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog rov nco qab qhov kev xav ntawm Captain 2nd Rank V. I. Semenov:
Nov yog kev tshuaj xyuas cov neeg kho tshuab, nrog leej twg kuv yuav tsum tham ntau dua ib zaug: "Suvorov" thiab "Alexander III" tuaj yeem suav txog 15-16 pob qhov rooj; ntawm "Borodino" twb tau dhau los ntawm 12 lub node eccentrics thiab thrust bearings pib sov tuaj; "Dav dawb hau" tsis paub meej txog nws lub tsheb …
Puas yog qhov teeb meem daws?
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qho, tab sis kev pom zoo tso cai, uas tsis zoo ib yam rau txhua qhov peb qhov kev xav, vim nws yog qhov tsis sib thooj rau txhua qhov pov thawj saum toj no. Tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij ntawm 2 Pacific Squadron, Colonel KIM ntawm Obnorsky fleet, qhia cov hauv qab no:
Txog hnub kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, 1905, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub nkoj ntawm pab tub rog tau ua tiav zoo thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom "Suvorov" tuaj yeem muaj 17 pob hauv kev txav tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov txheej txheem … Battleship "Oslyabya", Kuv xav tias, yuav muab, tej zaum, 17 pob txha.
Nws yog qhov coj txawv txawv uas tau hnov cov lus ntawd, vim tias ib tus tsis tas yuav yog xya qhov dav hauv lub hauv pliaj kom paub tseeb: yog tib "Dav dawb hau" pom 17.6 pob qhov rooj nrog qis dua 230 tons, tom qab ntawd ntau dhau ntawm 1670-1720 tons (raws li VP Kostenko) "Pub dawb muab 17 pob" nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov siv tau ntawm cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm tus kws kho tsheb loj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau. Qhov tseeb yog tias peb muaj daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm tus thawj tsav nkoj tus thawj coj Colonel Parfenov 1st rau tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau", uas pib zoo li no:
Raws li kev xaj xaj rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Rog, kom cov kws kho tsheb laus xa mus rau Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb los ntawm lub nkoj cov thawj coj cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws tshaj plaws txog txhua qhov xwm txheej hauv cov txheej txheem thiab lub rhaub dej kub, kuv muaj cov hauv qab no los qhia …
Thiab tom qab ntawd ua raws cov lus piav qhia ntxaws tshaj plaws ntawm cov yam ntxwv, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub tsheb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua "Dav dawb hau", tau ntim nrog ntau yam kev qhia ntxaws uas koj tsis tshua pom hauv cov tim khawv pom ntawm Tsushima kev sib ntaus. Thiab qhov no yeej hais lus txaus siab rau tus thawj coj. Zoo, hauv ntu B "Tshuab thiab lub rhaub dej thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14 thiab 15" Parfenov 1st ua tim khawv:
Thaum sib ntaus sib tua, lawv muaj los ntawm 75 txog 98 kev tawm tsam. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 85 revolutions.
Yog tias peb xav tias ntawm 109 kev tawm tsam (qhov txwv rau Eagle chav cav), kev sib ntaus sib tua tuaj yeem tsim 17 pob thiab nqa V. P. Kostenko - 6 lub kiv puag ncig ib lub pob, nws hloov tawm tias tsim 98 kev hloov pauv, "Dav dawb hau" yuav tsum tau mus txog qhov nrawm dua 15 pob. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nrawm rau Lavxias kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tsis muaj leej twg pom los ntawm peb lub nkoj, lossis los ntawm Nyij Pooj. Thiab lwm yam, yog tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account tias thaum sib ntaus sib tua qhov nruab nrab ceev ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tshaj 10, siab tshaj 11 pob, thiab qhov tsawg kawg yog kwv yees li 8-9 pob, tom qab ntawd sib cuam tshuam qhov tsawg kawg thiab nruab nrab nrawm nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab qhov nruab nrab kev hloov pauv uas Eagle tsheb tsim, peb tau txais:
Tsawg kawg ntawm 8-9 pob ntawm 75 kev tawm tsam, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 8, 3-9, 4 kev tawm tsam ib pob twg tau txais, thiab txawm tias koj suav 6 qhov kev tawm tsam rau txhua lub pob tom ntej, nws hloov tawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 109 rpm 13, 6-14, 6 pob.
Rau qhov nrawm nruab nrab ntawm 10-11 pob ntawm 85 rpm, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 7, 7-8, 5 rpm ib pob ntawv tau txais, thiab txawm tias peb suav 6 rpm rau txhua lub pob tom ntej, nws hloov tawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 109 rpm yog 14-15 pob.
Parfenov 1st tseem qhia txog kev tawm tsam uas kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj nyob rau hmo ntuj ntawm Tsib Hlis 14-15:
Txij li ½ 8 thaum yav tsaus ntuj thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 14 txhua hmo thiab thaum sawv ntxov lawv khaws los ntawm 85 txog 95 kev tawm tsam - qhov nruab nrab ntawm 90 kev tawm tsam.
Cov pov thawj no nyob ze rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kostenko, uas tshaj tawm tias thaum lub sijhawm qhia, "Oryol" muaj 92 lub kiv puag ncig thiab mus nrawm ntawm 13 pob. Tab sis muaj nuances ntawm no. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias qhov nrawm ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hmo ntawd tau mus rau hmo twg, tab sis feem ntau, kev xav sib txawv ntawm 11 thiab 13 pob. Raws li qhov piv txwv, Kuv hais lus tim khawv ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm nruab nrab Baron G. Ungern-Sternberg ("Nicholas I"):
Thaum tsaus ntuj peb tau caij nkoj los ntawm 11½ txog 12½ pob, nqe NO 23 °.
Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, qhov nrawm tsawg kawg 11, tsawg kawg 13 pob ntawm 85-95 rpm tsis tso cai suav rau 17 pob ntawm 109 rpm. Kev txiav txim siab tu siab heev tuaj yeem kos los ntawm qhov no: thaum sib ntaus sib tua lub dav hlau Eagle tsis tuaj yeem nrawm dua li 15 pob, nws tseem muaj feem ntau tias nws qhov nrawm tshaj nyob ntawm 14 thiab 15 pob.
Cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tus kws kho tshuab Obnorsky tsis haum ntau rau hauv cov lus pov thawj ntawm lwm qib ntawm pab tub rog, lossis nyob rau hauv qhov txwv ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas kuv yuav tsum xav tias Obnorsky tsis muaj peev xwm ua tus kws tshaj lij, lossis lwm tus …
Nws yuav tsum tau nyob hauv siab tias yog ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev swb ntawm lub nkoj Lavxias hauv Tsushima yog qhov qis ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias. Nws puas tuaj yeem yog Obnorsky … pov hwm nws tus kheej, tso nws tus kheej ua tus kws kho tsheb lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev lav phib xaub qis ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hom "Borodino"? Ntawm no, tau kawg, ib tus tuaj yeem sib cav tias yog Obnorsky muaj lub siab xav ua kom dhau qhov nrawm ntawm cov kev sib ntaus sib tua no, tom qab ntawd Admiral Rozhestvensky thiab Shvede muaj qhov laj thawj zoo ib yam - sim ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub nkoj tshiab tshaj plaws hauv Lavxias. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem xav tias lub taub hau ntawm chav saib xyuas tub rog, Cavtorang Semenov, poob rau hauv tus kheej nyiam ntawm Rozhestvensky thiab txiav txim siab los tiv thaiv nws tus thawj tub rog.
Tab sis tus chij navigator Colonel Filippovsky pom tseeb tsis muaj qhov laj thawj zoo - vim li cas nws thiaj yuav? Ib yam nkaus, tus thawj kws kho tsheb ntawm "Dav dawb hau" Parfenov 1st tsis muaj lub siab me ntsis kom hais lus ntxeev thiab txhob txwm ua kom qis "Eagle" nrawm: vim tias tsis muaj qib nws tsis tuaj yeem raug liam tias xa lub nkoj., yog li vim li cas kos npe rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm nws txoj kev tswj hwm? Thiab V. P. Kostenko txaus siab heev los qhia qhov nrawm ntawm tsib qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm Rozhdestvensky. Txawm li cas los xij, Kostenko qhia txog 16-16.5 pob ntawm qhov nrawm tshaj plaws rau Eagle, thiab qhia rau Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb txog kev sib ntaus sib tua Borodino:
Tus kws kho tsheb loj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Borodino Ryabinin thiab tus kws tsav nkoj nkoj Shangin tau hais rau kuv hauv Kamrang tias cov lus xaiv ncig ntawm pab tub rog hais txog qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo ntawm Borodino cov txheej txheem tau hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab txawm tias tsis muaj tseeb. Yog tias tsim nyog br. "Borodino" tuaj yeem muab 15-16 pob thiab tsis poob qis dua lwm tus.
Nws pom tseeb tias muaj qee qhov laj thawj hauv Obnorsky cov lus, V. P. Kostenko yuav tsis piav qhia txog "armadillos yooj yim mus txog 17 pob" hauv nws phau ntawv sau tseg - txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Thiab yog li kuv xav tias tus kws tshaj lij cov kws tshaj lij cov lus tau tsis ntseeg siab kiag li. Tab sis qhov no, tau kawg, tsuas yog kuv qhov kev xav.
Qhov no xaus kuv cov kab lus ntawm "Myths of Tsushima". Los ntawm qhov kuv tau cog lus rau cov neeg mloog, tsuas yog kev tshuaj xyuas ntxaws ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab "Loop of Togo" tseem ua tsis tiav. Tej zaum kuv tseem yuav tuaj yeem nthuav tawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no hauv kab lus cais.
Ua tsaug rau koj mloog!
Phau ntawv sau keeb kwm
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2. Cov kev ua ntawm lub nkoj. Phiaj xwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Pacific Thib Ob. Kev txiav txim thiab ncig.
3. Sab saum toj zais keeb kwm ntawm Russo-Nyij Pooj tsov rog ntawm hiav txwv hauv 37-38. Meiji / MGSh Nyiv.
4. Nqe lus piav txog kev ua tub rog ntawm hiav txwv hauv 37-38 xyoo. Meiji / Naval General Headquarters hauv Tokyo.
5. Kev phais thiab piav qhia txog kev ua tsov rog rog ntawm Nyij Pooj thiab Russia. - Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Kho Mob ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Dej Hiav Txwv hauv Tokyo.
6. Westwood JN Cov Timkhawv Tsushima.
7. Campbell NJ Kev Tsov Rog Tsushima // Warship, 1978, No. 8.
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10. Cov phom loj thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog hauv Lavxias-Nyij Pooj. Nauticus, xyoo 1906.
11. Lub koom haum ntawm kev siv phom loj ntawm cov nkoj ntawm pab pawg thib ob ntawm Pacific Fleet, 1905.
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17. SWV Suliga. Lub Tsushima Phenomenon (tom qab RM Melnikov).
18. SWV Suliga. Vim li cas Oslyabya tuag?
19. TSA Balakin. Battleship "Retvizan".
20. V. V. Khromov. Cruisers ntawm chav kawm Pearl.
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25. V. I. Semyonov. Them.
26. V. Y. Gribovsky. Lavxias Pacific Fleet. 1898-1905. Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab tuag.
27. V. V. Tsybulko. Tsushima's nplooj ntawv tsis tau nyeem.
28. V. V. Egoriev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Vladivostok cruisers hauv Russo-Japanese War xyoo 1904-1905
29. V. Kofman. Tsushima: Tshawb Fawb Txog Cov Dab Neeg.
30. V. P. Kostenko. Nyob rau Eagle hauv Tsushima. Memoirs ntawm ib tug koom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab-Nyiv Pooj tsov rog ntawm hiav txwv nyob rau hauv 1904-1905.
31. AWS Novikov-Priboy. Tsushima.
32. Thiab ntau ntxiv …
Tus kws sau ntawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua tsaug rau cov npoj yaig ntawm "Countryman" rau nws cov kab lus ntawm kab lus "Ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tua qhov tseeb hauv Tsov Rog-Japanese Tsov Rog", yam uas cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsis tau pom dua ib hnub.
