100 xyoo dhau los, Red Army tau ua haujlwm rau Lub Xya Hli. Cov tub rog Soviet tau ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav ntawm Polish Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob thiab tso ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Belarus thiab ib feem ntawm Lithuania, suav nrog Minsk thiab Vilno.
Npaj kev tawm tsam hauv Belarus
Ib txhij nrog kev tawm tsam hauv Ukraine, Pawg Tub Rog Liab tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam hauv Belarus. Sab Hnub Poob hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Tukhachevsky tsuas yog thaum Lub Rau Hli 1920 tau txais 58 txhiab tus neeg raws li kev txhawb nqa. Thaum npaj kev txiav txim siab tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Dawb Russia, 8 kev sib faib phom, 4 phom thiab 1 pab tub rog tub rog tau raug xa mus ntawm no. Qhov loj ntawm pem hauv ntej (suav nrog cov chav nyob tom qab thiab cov koom haum) tau nce los ntawm ntau dua 270 txhiab tus tib neeg thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1920 txog ntau dua 340 txhiab tus tib neeg nyob rau lub Rau Hli thiab ntau dua 440 txhiab tus tib neeg thaum Lub Xya Hli. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv ntej tau ntxiv phom, phom me thiab riam phom sib tua, mos txwv, mos txwv, thiab lwm yam.
Thaum pib ntawm Lub Xya Hli 1920, pem hauv ntej suav nrog 4th (suav nrog pawg tub rog thib 3 - pawg thib 10 thiab thib 15), pawg tub rog thib 15, thib peb thiab 16, pawg Mozyr. Ncaj nraim rau pem hauv ntej muaj kwv yees li 120 txhiab tus neeg (raws li kev ua haujlwm tau tsim, txog 150 txhiab tus tib neeg). Tag nrho kwv yees li 20 rab phom thiab 2 pab tub rog sib cais, ntau tshaj 720 phom thiab 2,900 phom tshuab, 14 lub tsheb hlau phom, 30 lub tsheb tiv thaiv, 73 lub dav hlau.
Cov tub rog ntawm Soviet 4, 15 thiab 3 pab tub rog (13 rab phom thiab 2 pab tub rog sib cais, ib pab tub rog ntawm kwv yees li 105 txhiab tus tub rog) tau tawm tsam los ntawm 1st Polish pab tub rog ntawm General Zhigadlovich. Cov tub rog Polish thib 1 suav nrog 5 pawg tub rog tawg thiab 1 pawg tub rog, ntau dua 35 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers. Tawm tsam pab tub rog liab thib 16 ntawm Sollogub thiab Mozyr pab pawg ntawm Khvesin (ntau dua 47 txhiab tus neeg), plaub tus tub rog Polish ntawm General Sheptytsky thiab pab pawg Polesie ntawm General Sikorsky tau ua. Hauv qhov kev taw qhia no, pab tub rog Polish muaj 6 pab tub rog tawg thiab 1 pab tub rog, ntau dua 37 txhiab leej neeg. Muaj ib qho kev faib hauv tebchaws Poland.
Yog li, Red Army muaj qhov zoo tshaj hauv kev muaj zog. Nyob rau sab pem hauv ntej, muaj ob zaug ntau dua li cov tub rog Soviet, ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tawm tsam loj - 3 zaug. Hauv thaj tsam ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 16 thiab pab pawg Mozyr, Reds muaj qhov zoo me ntsis hauv lub zog. Cov lus txib Polish tau npaj yuav thim cov tub rog mus rau kab tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv: Baranovichi - Lida - Vilno. Txawm li cas los xij, tus thawj coj ntawm Polish Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob Shcheptytsky ntseeg tias nws tsis yooj yim sua kom swb txoj kab pem hauv ntej uas tsis muaj kev sib ntaus. Yog li ntawd, Cov Tub Rog tau npaj kom nres Reds ntawm txoj kab uas twb muaj lawm. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov tub rog Polish hauv tebchaws Russia tau qaug zog los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov peev txheej thiab ib feem ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej mus rau Ukraine, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Soviet Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob tau ua tiav.
Txoj kev npaj ua phem rau Soviet tag nrho rov ua dua lub tswv yim ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsib Hlis ("Kev Sib Tw rau Belarus. Tej zaum yuav ua haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog liab"). So ntawm Lithuania nrog nws txoj cai tis, pab pawg Soviet tawm tsam hauv Vilna cov lus qhia yuav tsum swb thiab nyob puag ncig pab tub rog Polish thib 1, tom qab ntawd thawb cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog rov mus rau thaj tsam swampy ntawm Polesie. Txiv leej tub tus thib 3 Cavalry Corps tau txais txoj haujlwm txhawm rau hla mus rau tom qab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, raws li Sventsiany. Cov tub rog 16 tau nce mus rau Minsk. Yog tias kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav rau cov tub rog Polish, tso tawm feem ntau ntawm Belarus thiab qhib txoj kev mus rau Warsaw.
Kev kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thiab kev dim ntawm Minsk
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 4, 1920, Tukhachevsky cov tub rog tau pib txiav txim siab tawm tsam. Raws li ib feem ntawm 33rd Kuban Rifle Division ntawm 15th Army, Cork thawj zaug tau siv peb lub khoom plig Renault tso tsheb hlau luam kho ntawm Putilov cog. Kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav. Thawj hnub ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov tub rog Soviet tau nce mus txog 15-20 km. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum Lub Xya Hli 4-7, sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tsoo cov tub rog Polish thib 1. Cov tub rog Polish raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Sab qaum teb ntawm cov neeg Polish pem hauv ntej, pab pawg Dvina, raug swb thiab thim rov qab mus rau thaj chaw Latvian, qhov chaw uas Poles tau ua haujlwm. Lwm pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog Polish, pab tub rog ntawm Zheligovsky (Qib 10), thim rov qab mus rau txoj kab qub German pem hauv ntej, mus rau kab Dvinsk - Lake Naroch - sab hnub poob ntawm Molodechno - Baranovichi - Pinsk. Pab pawg thib peb ntawm thawj pab tub rog tseem raug swb - qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm General Endzheevsky (pawg tub rog ntawm pawg thib 5 thiab pawg tub rog tshwj tseg). Cov lus txib Polish, tsis muaj qhov tshwj tseg tshwj tseg, thaum Lub Xya Hli 5 tau tshaj tawm qhov kev txiav txim rau kev thim tawm ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv kev qhia dav dav ntawm Lida.
Yog li, Red Army tau tsoo rau tus yeeb ncuab qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev txav mus los. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 1920, nws tsis muaj peev xwm tuaj ncig ntawm pab tub rog Polish. Qhov no yog vim qhov ua yuam kev ntawm kev hais kom ua ntej. Txoj cai-flank pab pawg (3rd Cavalry Corps thiab 4th Army of Sergeev), uas tau xav tias yuav ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm Polish sab qaum teb tis, ua rau tsis muaj zog dua li pab pawg ua ntej, uas tau xa tawm tsam pem hauv ntej (15th Army). Cov pab pawg nruab nrab tau nce nrawm dua li pab pawg sab xis. Qhov no tau tso cai rau Poles tsis yog kom tsis txhob nyob ib puag ncig, tab sis tseem ua kom tawg ntawm Red Army.
Kev swb thiab khiav nrawm ntawm 1st Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog tau ua rau txoj haujlwm nyuaj ntawm pawg tub rog thib 4 hauv Minsk. Pawg Tub Rog 16 ntawm Sollogub yuav tsum hla Berezina sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog Borisov. Hauv qhov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb, tshuab tau xa los ntawm 3 kev faib. Qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm pab tub rog yog 27th Omsk Infantry Division (tus thawj coj Putna): 8 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, 34 phom thiab 260 phom tshuab. Cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev faib tau muaj kev sib ntaus zoo - lawv tau tawm tsam sab hnub tuaj nrog cov neeg Kolchak.
Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Xya Hli 7, 1920, pab pawg poob siab ntawm Tub Rog 16 tau tawm tsam thiab hla Berezina thaum sawv ntxov. Cov tub rog tau tawv ncauj rov qab, tab sis raug yuam kom thim rov qab. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 9, peb cov tub rog tau tso lub nroog Igumen thiab mus txog rau Minsk. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, Cov Tub Rog tau tsim kev tiv thaiv muaj zog, yog li cov chaw ntawm pawg 27th tau hla lub nroog los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 11, kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Minsk tau pib. Txog thaum tav su, chav nyob ntawm 27 thiab 17th kev sib cais tau ua rau cov yeeb ncuab tsis kam. Cov tub rog Polish rov qab sab hnub poob.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 12, 1920, theem thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tau pib. Ib zaug ntxiv sab xis yog ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txoj cai-flank pab pawg, zais tom qab ciam teb nrog Lithuania, tau xav tias yuav tsim kev hem thawj rau sab qaum teb tis ntawm Polish pem hauv ntej thiab tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab kom tsis txhob muaj foothold hauv txoj haujlwm tshiab. Lub caij no, Cov lus hais hauv Polish tau sim sau cov tub rog ntxiv thiab txhais tau tias hauv Belarus kom tsis txhob ua ntej ntawm Red Army thiab ua kom ruaj khov rau pem hauv ntej. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 9, Pilsudski xaj kom tuav Vilna thiab kab ntawm lub qub German pem hauv ntej. Cov tub rog Polish, thawb rau ntawm kab qub ntawm German pem hauv ntej, qhov uas muaj 2-3 kab ntawm qhov nqes hav, kab kev sib txuas lus, chaw nyob ua vaj tse thiab ntau qhov chaw tua hluav taws, yuav tsum tso tseg, hnav thiab los ntshav rau cov neeg Lavxias. Tom qab ntawd, nrog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txhawb zog, tso tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab tsav rov qab cov yeeb ncuab. Ib pawg neeg tawm tsam tau tsim nyob hauv cheeb tsam Brest. Ntawd yog, Cov Tub Rog tau npaj rov ua qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog Polish tsis tau tswj kom tau txais lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kab tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv, nws tsis muaj zog thiab peev txheej. Peb tsis muaj sijhawm los tsim cov pab pawg poob siab nyob rau lub sijhawm. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias Polish pem hauv ntej tseem poob sib nrug hauv Ukraine. Thaum ib nrab Lub Xya Hli 1920, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tsoo cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm. Lub Xya Hli 15 Pilsudski xaj kom thim cov tub rog mus rau Pinsk - r. Neman - Grodno. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev tawm tsam Lavxias, txhawm rau tshem tawm ntawm Pawg Tub Rog thib 1, Pawg Tub Rog Polish thib 4 tau xaj kom tawm tsam rau sab qaum teb ntawm sab nraub qaum ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab pawg tawm tsam. Tab sis txoj kev npaj no tseem ua tsis tiav.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 14, Guy cov tub rog thiab 164th Infantry Division ntawm 4th Army tau tso Vilno dim. Cov tub rog Lithuanian tawm tsam Cov Tub Rog uas nyob hauv ib feem ntawm Lithuania. Cov tub rog Polish los ntawm thaj av Vilna pib thim rov mus rau Lida. Kev sib tham ntawm Soviet-Lithuanian nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob pab tub rog ua tsis tiav, uas cuam tshuam qhov nrawm ntawm kev tawm tsam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau pom zoo tias Soviet kev sib cais yuav tsis ua txhaum Novye Troki - Orany - Merech - Avgustov kab. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 17, cov tub rog ntawm pawg tub rog 15 tau nkag mus rau Lida, thaum Lub Xya Hli 19, cov tub rog liab liab tau npaj txhij rau cov yeeb ncuab tawg mus rau Grodno. Ib tug tub rog Polish me me tau khiav tawm. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 19, cov tub rog ntawm 16th tau tso tawm Baranovichi, thaum Lub Xya Hli 21-22, Soviet cov tub rog hla Neman thiab Shara. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 23, pawg Mozyr nkag mus rau Pinsk.
Yog li, cov tub rog Soviet, vim yog kev mob siab rau ntawm pab pawg muaj zog tawm tsam thiab ua rau cov yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog nyob hauv Belarus vim yog swb hauv Ukraine, ua rau muaj kev swb hnyav ntawm Polish North-Eastern Front. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tuav lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov rog, tso ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Dawb Russia thiab ib feem ntawm Lithuania. Cov xwm txheej tau tsim rau kev tshem tawm ntawm seem ntawm Belarus thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv Warsaw kev coj. Txawm li cas los xij, Sab Hnub Poob tsis tuaj yeem nyob ib puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev hais kom ua, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj lub txhab nyiaj khaws cia loj xws li 1st Cavalry Army, uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm, mus rau tom qab thiab ua tiav kev swb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Xaiv tsis raug
Qhov ua tiav nrawm thiab loj-loj ua rau "kiv taub hau nrog kev vam meej" ntawm cov lus hais ua ntej thiab cov lus txib siab. Cov lus txib Soviet tau tshaj tawm qhov kev swb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab txiav txim siab tawm tsam Warsaw ntawm kev txav mus, tsis rub tawm thiab teeb tsa lub nraub qaum, ntxiv dag zog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog. Tsis muaj kev tsom mus rau kev siv zog ntawm ob sab, Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, hauv Warsaw kev coj.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm sab xub ntiag hauv Ukraine, Lub Xeev Pawg Kws Tiv Thaiv tau tsim nyob hauv Warsaw, coj los ntawm Pilsudski, nrog cov tswvcuab ntawm tsoomfwv, tsoomfwv thiab cov tub rog hais kom ua. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 5, Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau thov Entente los daws teeb meem hauv kev sib haum xeeb kev sib tham. Thaum sib tham nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Entente thaum Lub Xya Hli 9-10, nws tau txiav txim siab tias cov tub rog Polish yuav thim mus rau qhov hu ua. Curzon txoj kab, Cov Tub Ceev Xwm yuav tso lawv txoj kev thov rau thaj av Lithuanian thiab pom zoo los tuav lub rooj sib tham kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv London nrog kev koom tes ntawm Russia. Warsaw tau cog lus tias yuav lees txais Western kev txiav txim siab ntawm Poland tus ciam teb nrog Lithuania, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Czechoslovakia, thiab yav tom ntej ntawm Eastern Galicia. Hauv qhov xwm txheej Bolsheviks tsis kam txais kev thaj yeeb, Poland tau cog lus tias yuav pab tub rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Poles vam tias yuav siv kev sib tham los kho thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub rog.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 11, 1920, Moscow tau txais ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Tswv Curzon xav kom nres qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Grodno - Nemiroff - Brest - Dorogusk - sab hnub tuaj ntawm Grubeshov - sab hnub poob ntawm Rava -Russkaya - sab hnub tuaj ntawm Przemysl. Cov neeg Lavxias yuav tsum nres 50 kilometers sab hnub tuaj ntawm txoj kab no. Thaum kawg, teeb meem ciam teb yuav tsum raug daws ntawm kev sib tham nrog kev thaj yeeb. Yog tias Red Army qhov kev tawm tsam txuas ntxiv mus, Entente tau cog lus tias yuav txhawb nqa Poland "los ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev." Nws kuj tseem tau thov kom xaus qhov kev tawm tsam nrog Wrangel cov tub rog hauv Crimea. Moscow tau muab 7 hnub rau kev xav.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 13-16, Soviet thawj coj tau tham txog daim ntawv no. Cov tswv yim tau muab faib. Lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam txhab txawv teb chaws, Chicherin, tau ceev faj. Nws tau lees txais qhov kev thov ntawm Entente, nkag mus rau kab Curzon thiab, hauv txoj haujlwm no, los sib tham nrog Warsaw, ua kom nruj nraub qaum, muab sijhawm rau cov tub rog kom so thiab rov tsim dua, thiab tsim kab tiv thaiv. Yog tias kev sib tham tsis tiav, rov pib ua phem. Warsaw tso rau pem hauv ntej cov xwm txheej: kev sib tham nrog Moscow, txo qis ntawm pab tub rog Polish. Kamenev tau pom zoo los sib tham nrog Warsaw, tab sis raws li qhov nws tau ua tsis muaj kev thaj yeeb thiab tau hais kom nyob hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj Galicia. Trotsky ntseeg tias muaj kev sib tua nrog tus Pole. Cov lus txib ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tau txhawb kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab Sovietization ntawm Poland. Txoj haujlwm ceev faj tshaj plaws tau hais los ntawm Stalin, tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Tawm Tsam Kev Tawm Tsam ntawm Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob. Nws tau sau tseg qhov ua tiav ntawm nws lub hauv ntej, tab sis tau sau tseg tias nws ntxov dhau lawm los faus cov Tub Rog. Tseem muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua loj ua ntej, khav theeb thiab ua ncaj ncees rau tus kheej, qw ntawm "taug kev mus rau Warsaw" yog qhov tsis lees txais.
Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov xwm txheej los ntawm tub rog hais kom ua ntej, teev tseg hauv tsab ntawv sau hnub tim Lub Xya Hli 15, yog qhov zoo. Kev coj noj coj ua Soviet nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog tus yeej ntawm "kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb", uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Trotsky thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa. Tus ntsuj plig tau sov los ntawm kev cia siab ci ntsa iab txog Warsaw liab, thiab tom qab ntawd Berlin. Yog li ntawd, London qhov kev thov raug tsis lees paub. Kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Soviet tau npaj nrog ib lub tshuab muaj zog los tsoo tag nrho Versailles system, uas tsis suav nrog kev txaus siab ntawm Soviet Russia. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 16, nws tau txiav txim siab txuas ntxiv qhov kev tawm tsam thiab tso cov neeg ua haujlwm Polish los ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm cov tswv tsev thiab cov peev txheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib tham tsis tau raug tsis lees paub kiag li. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 17, Moscow ceeb toom rau London tias nws tau npaj los sib tham nrog Warsaw yam tsis muaj tus neeg nruab nrab. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Tawm Tsam Kev Tawm Tsam ntawm lub tebchaws, Trotsky, tau xaj kom Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob tsim kev tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 20, Askiv tshaj tawm tias thaum muaj kev tawm tsam Lavxias, nws yuav tshem tawm kev lag luam kev sib tham nrog Russia.
Yog li, kev ua tub rog-nom tswv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Soviet Russia tau ua ntau dhau qhov ua tiav ntawm Pab Pawg Liab nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab ua rau ntau tus lej yuam kev. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 19, Smilga, tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, tau ceeb toom rau Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam tias sab laug tis ntawm cov tub rog Polish tau raug puas tsuaj tag. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 21, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog liab, Kamenev, tau tuaj sai sai hauv Minsk, ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Tau kawm txog cov lus ceeb toom zoo ntawm kev hais ua ntej, nws tau xaj thaum Lub Xya Hli 22 kom pib tawm tsam thiab nyob hauv Warsaw thaum Lub Yim Hli 12. Ntawd yog, pab tub rog Polish tau txiav txim siab swb thiab tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib ntaus. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no yog qhov tsis zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus txib siab tau tso tseg lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua phem ntawm ob lub ntsej muag Soviet ntawm Warsaw. Tam sim no tsuas yog Tukhachevsky tawm tsam Warsaw. Egorov cov tub rog thawj zaug yuav tsum coj Lvov. Kamenev thiab Tukhachevsky tau ntseeg siab tias Sab Hnub Poob ib leeg yuav tuaj yeem hla tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv ntawm Vistula thiab ntes Warsaw.
