Teeb meem. 1919 xyoo. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 20, 1919, Denikin cov tub rog tau coj Kursk, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1 - Voronezh, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 13 - Oryol. Nov yog lub ncov ntawm White Army txoj kev vam meej. Tag nrho Denikin pem hauv ntej tau khiav raws ntu qis ntawm Volga los ntawm Astrakhan mus rau Tsaritsyn thiab txuas ntxiv raws txoj kab Voronezh - Oryol - Chernigov - Kiev - Odessa. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau tswj hwm thaj chaw loj - mus txog 16-18 lub xeev nrog cov pejxeem ntawm 42 lab tus tib neeg.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev tawm tsam
Tom qab lub Yim Hli tsis ua tiav kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Southern Front thiab swb ntawm Selivachev tawm tsam pab pawg, Denikin cov tub rog tau tsim kev tawm tsam hauv Moscow txoj kev taw qhia. 1st Army Corps of Kutepov, kov yeej pab pawg Reds loj, tau coj Kursk thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 7 (20), 1919. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj tau mus rau hauv Voronezh kev coj. Shkuro's Kuban corps, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Mamontov corps thiab sab laug tis ntawm Don pab tub rog, uas tseem nyob hauv Qib ntawm Cossacks, tam sim ntawd hla tus Don ze ntawm Liski chaw nres tsheb. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav li peb hnub. Ob tog raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb tau tsoo lub ntsej muag liab. Ib feem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab 8 tau rov qab mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Shkuro cov tub rog tau tawm tsam thiab coj Voronezh thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1919. Ntawm tag nrho pem hauv ntej, Cov Neeg Dawb tau ntes ntau txhiab tus neeg raug kaw thiab cov khoom loj loj.
Kutepov cov neeg ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv txhim kho kev tawm tsam hauv Oryol cov lus qhia. Tom qab ntes Kursk, cov koog tshiab tau tsim los vim muaj kev tuaj yeem pab dawb. Thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 24, 1919, Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau coj Fatezh thiab Rylsk, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 11 - Kromy, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 13 - Oryol thiab Livny. Dawb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav tau zoo nyob sab nrauv ntawm Tula. Ntawm sab xis, Kuban Cossacks Shkuro los ntawm Voronezh tsoo hla mus rau Usman. Ntawm sab laug, General Yuzefovich's 5th Cavalry Corps coj Chernigov thiab Novgorod-Seversky.
Lub caij no, muaj kev hem thawj tshwm sim ntawm sab laug ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb. Cov pab pawg sab qab teb ntawm pab tub rog thib 12 nyob rau hauv Yakir (ob rab phom sib faib thiab ib pab tub rog tub rog ntawm Kotovsky), txiav tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej tom qab ntes Odessa los ntawm cov neeg dawb, pib tawg los ntawm txoj cai Bank me Russia mus rau sab qaum teb, rau lawv tus kheej. Cov cheeb tsam no tau nyob los ntawm Petliurists, tab sis lawv tsis xav tawm tsam pab pawg Reds muaj zog, yog li lawv tig qhov muag tsis pom mus rau qhov ua ntej. Hauv kev teb, Reds tsis kov Petliurists. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Yakir pawg tau mus rau tom qab ntawm Denikinites. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1919, Reds tau tshwm sim sai sai rau Cov Neeg Dawb nyob ze Kiev, tsoo cov yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog thiab tsoo rau sab qab teb peev ntawm Russia-Russia. Ib feem ntawm General Bredov thim rov qab mus rau sab laug ntawm Dnieper, tab sis tuaj yeem tuav tau tus choj thiab qhov siab ntawm Pechersky Monastery. Tau rov zoo los ntawm qhov tsis tau npaj tseg tom ntej thiab rov ua kom muaj zog rov los, cov Denikinites tau tawm tsam. Kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj txuas ntxiv mus rau peb hnub, cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb rov qab Kiev raws li lawv tswj hwm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 5. Cov pab pawg sab qab teb ntawm Yakir tau txav mus hla tus dej. Irpen, koom ua ke nrog cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm pab tub rog thib 12 thiab rov Zhitomir los ntawm Petliurites. Yog li, Pawg Tub Rog Liab 12 tau rov ua nws txoj kev ntseeg ruaj khov thiab tau nyob ntawm ob sab ntug dej ntawm Dnieper sab qaum teb ntawm Kiev, faib ua Txoj Cai-Bank thiab Sab laug-Bank pab pawg.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb kuj tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los ntawm Reds thiab yeej qhov yeej ntawm sab xis. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli, Klyuev's 10th Red Army, ntxiv los ntawm cov chav ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob, tau pib tawm tsam thib ob rau Tsaritsyn. Cov tub rog Caucasian ntawm Wrangel, tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ib feem ntawm cov tub rog mus rau Astrakhan thiab Dagestan (muaj kev tawm tsam muaj zog tiv thaiv Cov Neeg Dawb tsim nyob ntawd), tuaj yeem tiv taus. Ulagaya's 2nd Kuban corps nres tus yeeb ncuab, tom qab 9 hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus Denikin cov tub rog tau tawm tsam. Thaum xub thawj ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam yog cov tub ceev xwm - Kuban, Ossetian, Kabardian. Cov tub rog liab tau rov qab los ntawm lub nroog.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Sidorin's Don pab tub rog tau tawm tsam. Hauv qab npog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas, uas rau ib nrab ib hlis tau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ntawm sab xis ntawm Don, kev sib faib Cossack tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem so thiab ua kom zoo dua. 3rd Corps Don Corps hla Don ze Pavlovsk, swb 56th Red Infantry Division thiab pib txav mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Soviet cov lus txib tau siv cov peev txheej thiab nres qhov kev kov yeej. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv thaj tsam Kletskaya, lwm pab pawg Dawb Cossacks hla tus dej - 1st thiab 2nd Don corps. Qhov thib 2 Don Corps, raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Konovalov, yog lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws tau mob siab rau hauv nws. Konovalov cov tub rog tawg los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, koom nrog 3rd Don Corps, thiab nrog kev sib koom tes ntawm White Cossacks swb ob rab phom Liab. Cov Tub Rog Liab 9 ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob pib thim rov qab.
Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob tau tsim thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 30, 1919 nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsoo cov yeeb ncuab hauv Novocherkassk thiab Tsaritsyn cov lus qhia thiab nyob hauv cheeb tsam Don. Pem hauv ntej muaj cov tub rog 9 thiab 10, txij thaum nruab nrab Lub Kaum Hli - pab tub rog 11. Tus thawj coj pem hauv ntej yog Vasily Shorin. Cov lus txib ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj tau sim nres tus yeeb ncuab txoj kev kov yeej ntawm qhov tig ntawm tus dej. Khopra, tab sis nws ua tsis tau. Cov tub rog Don tau txhawb ntxiv los ntawm kev txhawb ntxiv - ntau pua tus neeg, cov tub rog koom nrog tuav kev tiv thaiv raws Don. Tam sim no lawv tau caij nkoj mus rau sab xis ntawm tus dej thiab tau ntxiv cov koog uas tsis tu ncua. Cov Tub Rog Liab raug thawb rov qab mus rau sab qaum teb. Cov Cossacks Dawb tau rov ua dua tag nrho thaj tsam Don Army. Cossacks coj Novokhopyorsk, Uryupinskaya, Povorino thiab Borisoglebsk.
Thaum lub ncov ntawm kev vam meej
Nov yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Dawb ua tiav. Hauv qhov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb, cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb tau tuav txoj kab Novgorod -Seversky - Dmitrovsk - Orel - Novosil - sab qab teb ntawm Yelets - Don. Tag nrho Denikin pem hauv ntej tau khiav raws ntu qis ntawm Volga los ntawm Astrakhan mus rau Tsaritsyn thiab txuas ntxiv raws txoj kab Voronezh - Oryol - Chernigov - Kiev - Odessa. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau tswj hwm thaj chaw loj - mus txog 16-18 lub xeev nrog cov pejxeem ntawm 42 lab tus tib neeg.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm Soviet Russia nyob rau lub sijhawm no nyuaj heev. Tsoomfwv Soviet yuav tsum tau npaj txhua lub zog thiab txhais tau tias yuav tshem tawm qhov tawg ntawm Denikin cov tub rog. "Lub Neej Txom Nyem", yog lub cev ntawm Cov Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Kev Lag Luam, sau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1919:
"Tsis muaj teeb meem nyuaj npaum li cas, tab sis tam sim no nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau tso tseg kev nce qib ntxiv hauv Siberia, thiab txhua lub zog thiab txhais tau tias txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev muaj nyob ntawm Soviet koom pheej los ntawm Denikin cov tub rog …"
Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab Denikin cov tub rog tsis txaus siab. Denikin cov thawj coj tau tsim nyob rau tom qab tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj txuj ci. Cov neeg zoo tshaj plaws tau nyob ua ntej lossis twb tuag lawm. Sab nraub qaum muaj cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig ntau, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj, cov neeg xav tau, txhua yam kev lag luam uas "nuv ntses hauv cov dej muaj teeb meem", ntau yam dab phem uas tau tsa los ntawm hauv qab los ntawm Lavxias Teeb Meem. Qhov no coj mus rau ntau yam teeb meem, kev tsim txom, kev dag thiab kev xav. Kev ua phem txhaum cai tau ua viav vias tas mus li, kev ua phem txhaum cai loj tau txuas ntxiv mus. Kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm neeg zej zog txuas ntxiv mus, nrog cov laib thiab cov thawj coj taug kev ncig cov xeev.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "kev ywj pheej" qhia los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ib Ntus txuas ntxiv mus. Hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, kev ywj pheej ntawm nom tswv tau ua haujlwm. Cov xov xwm ntau yam tawm los yuav luag tsis muaj kev txwv, tsoomfwv hauv nroog tau raug xaiv, cov nom tswv tau ua, suav nrog Socialist-Revolutionaries thiab Social Democrats, uas ua lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ua phem rau Cov Tiv Thaiv Dawb. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias txhua yam no tsis ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm AFSR.
Tsov rog hauv North Caucasus
Txoj haujlwm ntawm Denikin cov tub rog tau ua phem zuj zus los ntawm kev ua tsov rog tsis tu ncua hauv North Caucasus. Ntawm no Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb yuav tsum khaws ib sab ntxiv. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1919, Dagestan tau tawm tsam. Imam Uzun-Khadzhi tshaj tawm kev ua tsov rog dawb huv tawm tsam cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees, thiab thaum lub Cuaj Hli nws cov neeg tua rog pib nias tawm tsam cov tub rog dawb ntawm North Caucasus raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm General Kolesnikov. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau rov qab mus rau Grozny. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 19, Imam tau tsim North Caucasian Emirate - ib lub xeev Islamic (Sharia vaj ntxwv) uas muaj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm roob Dagestan thiab Chechnya, ib feem ntawm Ingushetia. Nws cov tub rog tau nce txog 60 txhiab tus tub rog.
Qhov kev tawm tsam tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tseem hwv tsoomfwv Azerbaijan thiab Georgia, uas ntshai tsam yeej qhov kev tawm tsam Dawb thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Txawm hais tias Qaib ntxhw tau ua phem rau nws tus kheej kev ua tsov rog ntawm Kemalists thiab Ottomans, nws tsis tau tso tseg nws txoj kev npaj yuav txeeb Caucasus. Caravans nrog riam phom mus los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv hla Georgia, cov kws qhia tub rog tuaj txog. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Turkish hauv Dagestan Nuri-Pasha (yav dhau los tus thawj coj ntawm Caucasian Islamic Army) tau txuas lus tsis tu ncua nrog Uzun-Khadzhi. Cov lus txib ntawm pab tub rog Uzun-Khadzhi suav nrog cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm Turkish, suav nrog Hussein Debreli thiab Ali-Riza Corumlu (thawj yog lub taub hau ntawm tub rog, qhov thib ob yog rab phom loj). Georgia thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 1919 xa kev ntoj ke mus los coj los ntawm General Kereselidze los pab cov tub rog ntawm emirate. Cov neeg Georgians tau npaj los tsim ib pab tub rog, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tub rog tag nrho. Tab sis Kereselidze tsis mus txog lub zos Vedeno, lub peev ntawm imam. Nws tau swb thiab nyiag los ntawm cov neeg nce toj, uas tsis paub txog lub zog twg. Kereselidze rov qab los rau Georgia.
Tsis tas li, Reds yog ib feem ntawm pab tub rog ntawm North Caucasus Emirate. Cov seem ntawm qhov yeej ntawm Red Army 11 tau raug coj los ntawm Gikalo - xyoo 1918 nws tau coj kev tiv thaiv ntawm Grozny liab. Cov tub rog liab ntawm Gikalo tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Uzun Khadzhi thiab tuav txoj haujlwm nyob ze lub zos Vozdvizhenka, npog Vladikavkaz cov lus qhia. Gikalo cov tub rog tau txais cov lus qhia los ntawm ob qho tib si Vedeno thiab Astrakhan, uas lawv tswj hwm kev sib cuag los ntawm cov xa khoom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Reds tau tawm tsam nrog cov Islamists tawm tsam Cov Neeg Dawb.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov kev ncua nyob hauv North Caucasus. Cov tub rog tawm tsam muaj cov lej suav sau ntau dua li Tus Tiv Thaiv Dawb, tab sis hais txog kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus nws tau qis dua tus yeeb ncuab. Cov neeg nce toj uas tsis tau kawm thiab tsis muaj kev qhuab qhia tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam cov tub rog ib txwm muaj, tab sis lawv paub thaj chaw ntawd zoo, thiab caij cov roob taug kev thiab cov qhov rooj tsis muaj qhov kawg. Cov neeg nce roob muaj riam phom ntau - los ntawm Turks, Askiv, Georgians, Reds swb, tab sis qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv mos txwv, lawv tau mob heev. Cov neeg txhawb nqa txawm dhau los ua cov txiaj ntsig nyuaj hauv North Caucasus. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb me me tsuas tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm thaj chaw loj thiab tsis zoo, thiab tshem tawm qhov kev tawm tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem tig qhov muag tsis pom rau emirate. Uzun_Hadzhi cov tub rog tau hem Derbent, Petrovsk (Makhachkala), Temirkhan-Shura (Buinaksk) thiab Grozny. Highlanders raided Cossack lub zos thiab thaj chaw qis.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg siab zoo nyob ywj pheej thiab ntau tus tub sab tseem pheej npau taws. Txoj kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg siab zog tau nce ntxiv, thiab lawv tau tsa Denikin rau hauv pab tub rog. Lawv nqa riam phom nrog lawv, tsim cov neeg laib thiab, ua kom zoo dua qhov tsis tuaj ntawm cov txiv neej pej xeem (Cossacks) nyob tom qab, koom nrog tub sab, nyiag khoom, tua neeg, ua phem thiab raug rho tawm.
Cov lus txib Dawb yuav tsum tau hloov chaw los ntawm sab qaum teb pem hauv ntej mus rau sab qab teb, txhawm rau tsim lub hauv ntej tshiab. Nrog lub hom phiaj, yog tias tsis ua kom puas tus yeeb ncuab, tom qab ntawd tsawg kawg los thaiv nws. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Terek Cossack pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Ataman Vdovenko, uas tseem tiv thaiv lawv lub zos, raug cais tawm ntawm kev ua tsov rog nrog Reds nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev ua tsov rog los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm kev tua neeg ntawm Tertsi thiab Highlanders, Kuban thiab cov koomhaum pab dawb tau pauv ntawm no. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov no tseem cuam tshuam rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Denikin cov tub rog hauv Moscow kev coj. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov xwm txheej nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus cuam tshuam rau Wrangel cov tub rog, uas tom qab raug hem los ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv Dagestan thiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Kuban, Terek thiab cov neeg roob.
