100 xyoo dhau los, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1920, cov tub rog Polish tau pib tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Polish, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Petliurites, nyob hauv Txoj Cai-Bank Ukraine thiab ntes Kiev.
Qhov xwm txheej dav dav
Thaum pib lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1920, zoo li Soviet Russia tau kov yeej nws cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb. Txhua tus neeg sib tw tseem ceeb tau swb, yuav luag tag nrho cov tub rog dawb tau raug puas tsuaj. Tsuas yog pab tub rog Wrangel tseem nyob hauv Crimea, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis suav tias yog kev hem thawj, cov tub rog me me ntawm Petliurites hauv cheeb tsam Kamenets-Podolsk, thiab cov tub rog ntawm Kappelevites thiab Semyonovites hauv Transbaikalia. Finland txoj kev sim txeeb Karelia twb swb lawm.
Yog li, cov seem ntawm kev tawm tsam Bolshevik rog tsis tau ua tiag tiag. Nws tsuas yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv qhov kawg ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Muaj tseeb, kev ua tsov ua rog neeg tseem tseem npau taws heev, tab sis nws twb yog lus nug txog kev tsim kev txiav txim thiab kev raug cai hauv lub tebchaws.
Kev sib txuas ntau dhau tau pib raug tshem tawm lossis pauv mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov uas hu ua. cov tub rog ua haujlwm, uas tau siv los kov yeej kev puas tsuaj, rov txhim kho kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Qee qhov chaw tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam banditry. Cov chav npaj ua rog tshaj plaws, yog tias tsim nyog, tau pauv mus rau thaj chaw txaus ntshai. Thawj pab tub rog ua haujlwm tau tsim nyob rau Lub Ib Hlis 1920 raws li 3rd Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj (1st Revolution Labor Army). Tom qab ntawd kev tsim ntawm Ukrainian Labor Army tau pib. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis, Petrograd Cov Tub Rog Ua Haujlwm tau pib tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm 7th Army, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 8th Pawg Tub Rog ntawm Caucasian Front tau rov tsim dua tshiab rau hauv Caucasian Labor Army, thiab lwm yam.
Txhawm rau zam kev rov ua dua ntawm kev tawm tsam loj hauv cheeb tsam Cossack, tsoomfwv Soviet tau pib ua raws txoj cai hloov pauv tau yooj yim. Qib-thiab-ntaub ntawv Cossacks tau pauv los ntawm chav kawm "cov tshuaj tiv thaiv" mus rau "cov neeg ua haujlwm". Thaum lub sijhawm tuaj txog tshiab ntawm Red Army hauv Don, Kuban thiab Terek, kev tua neeg coob tsis tau tshwm sim dua. Cossacks tau tso cai khaws qee qhov kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov cim tshwj xeeb. Cossacks twb tau npaj rau hauv Pawg Tub Rog Liab los tawm tsam Wrangel thiab Tug.
Ntau dua Poland
Txij thaum pib ntawm kev rov kho dua ntawm lub xeev Polish, nws coj txoj haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg mus rau Soviet Russia. Cov neeg txiav txim plaub ntug Polish tau npaj yuav siv kev kub ntxhov hauv Russia los tsim Rzeczpospolita tshiab, kom txeeb thaj av sab hnub tuaj mus txog rau sab hnub poob Dvina thiab Dnieper. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1919, Cov Tub Rog thiab Reds tau sib ntaus sib tua rau Vilna. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1919, ib puag ncig Soviet-Polish tau tshwm sim hauv Belarus, los ntawm tus dej Neman mus rau Pripyat River. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1919, Cov tub rog Polish ntes Pinsk thiab Slonim. Tom qab ntawd kev sib tham tau pib, sab Polish tau thov kom tsim ciam teb raws li kev txiav txim siab tus kheej ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb. Moscow pom zoo. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1919, Cov tub rog Polish tau rov tawm tsam dua, ntes Lida, Novogrudok thiab Baranovichi. Thaum Lub Yim Hli, Cov Tub Rog tau ntes Minsk, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau thim hla tus dej Berezina. Ntawm no pem hauv ntej tau ruaj khov.
Thaum Entente txhawb nqa cov thawj coj dawb, Kolchak thiab Denikin tau nce qib, Pilsudski tau so. Txawm hais tias lub sijhawm rau phiaj xwm ntawm pab tub rog Polish mus rau Kiev thiab Moscow yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Cov tseem ceeb thiab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab tau txuas los ntawm kev tawm tsam nrog pab tub rog dawb. Txawm li cas los xij, Warsaw ntshai tias yog Tus Tiv Thaiv Dawb coj Moscow, lawv yuav ua raws txoj cai ntawm "ib thiab tsis tuaj yeem cais Russia." Ntawd yog, Tebchaws Poland yuav tsis tau txais dab tsi. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj coj Polish tau tos. Thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1919, nws tau pom meej tias pab tub rog dawb tau ploj lawm. Thaum lub sijhawm tawm ntawm Tus Tiv Thaiv Dawb los ntawm thaj av ntawm Podolia, cov tub rog Polish nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm txeeb tau Proskurovsky, Mogilev-Podolsky thiab Starokonstantinovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (Kamenets-Podolsky koog tsev kawm ntawv tau nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1919).
Pilsudski txiav txim siab tias lub sijhawm yooj yim tshaj plaws tau los rau kev ua phem ntawm cov tub rog Polish. Tebchaws Poland tau npaj cov tub rog uas muaj zog, muaj tub rog zoo, tus txha caj qaum uas yog cov tub rog uas tau ntsib txog Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Lub zog cavalry tau tsim. Tus Entente, tshwj xeeb yog Fab Kis, tau pab txhawb tus ncej. Cov tub rog Polish tau txais 1,500 rab phom, kwv yees li 2,800 rab phom, ntau pua txhiab rab phom, txog 700 lub dav hlau, 200 lub tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog, 3 lab khaub ncaws hnav, tsheb thauj khoom, mos txwv, thiab lwm yam. Cov tub ceev xwm Fabkis tau pab qhia pab tub rog. Thaum pib xyoo 1920, tau muaj kev tawm tsam, cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tshiab tuaj txog txawv teb chaws, tag nrho cov tub rog Polish tau coj tuaj rau 700 txhiab tus neeg.
Pilsudski xav tau kev ua tsov rog yeej los txhawb nws lub luag haujlwm raws li "tus thawj coj ntawm lub tebchaws", kom cuam tshuam rau tib neeg los ntawm teeb meem sab hauv. Hauv Warsaw, nws tau ntseeg tias txawm hais tias Soviet Russia swb lub zog Dawb, nws tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv zej zog tsis muaj zog thiab muaj ntshav ntau. Nyob tom qab ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab, Hauv Dawb thiab Me Me Russia, kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv, Petliurists, Makhnovists thiab Wrangel cov tub rog tau zaum zoo li pos. Koj tuaj yeem tham nrog Moscow hauv cov lus kawg, siv txoj cai los yuam. Hauv tebchaws Ukraine, lawv xav tsim lub xeev tsis nyob, cov khoom siv sib ntxiv thiab muag kev lag luam rau "Greater Poland". Tsoomfwv Ukrainian, vam khom tag nrho ntawm txoj kev hlub tshua ntawm Warsaw, tsis tuaj yeem nyob tsis tau yog tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm Poles thiab yuav ib txwm ntshai Soviet Russia. Petliura cog lus rau Pilsudski tias nws yuav tsim 200 txhiab tus neeg hauv tebchaws Ukraine. pab tub rog. Warsaw tseem xav koom nrog Romania thiab Latvia hauv kev ua rog nrog Russia, tab sis cov xeev no tau tos-thiab-pom tus cwj pwm.
Polish pem hauv ntej
Thaum pib ntawm 1920, Polish pem hauv ntej tau ua haujlwm ntau dua. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, ntawm Pripyat thiab Dvina, muaj peb pab tub rog (1st, 4th thiab tshwj tseg, pab pawg ua haujlwm). Nyob rau sab qab teb, los ntawm Dnieper mus rau Pripyat, muaj peb pab tub rog (6, 2 thiab 3). Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1920, Cov tub rog Polish nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Edward Rydz-Smigly coj Dvinsk nrog qhov tsis tau xav txog. Lub nroog tau xa mus rau tub ceev xwm Latvian. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev thaj yeeb tshiab. Tsis tshua muaj kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev sib cav thaum qee tus neeg muaj peev xwm Polish siab xav ua kom muaj peev xwm ua tau.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1920, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau npaj tawm tsam, tab sis Poles tau ntaus thawj. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 5-6, Cov tub rog Polish tau pib tawm tsam hauv Belarus, ntes Mozyr, Kalinkovichi, Rogachev thiab Rechitsa. Cov tub rog tau cuam tshuam cov phiaj xwm kev sib txuas lus Zhitomir - Orsha. Kev sim los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob raws li cov lus txib ntawm Gittis (15th Army of Cork thiab 16th Army of Sollogub) los tawm tsam tsis tau. Mozyr tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tau. 12th thiab 14th Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Mezheninov thiab Uborevich, uas yog ib feem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob raws li Yegorov hais kom ua, sim tua hauv Ukraine, tab sis tsis ua tiav.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Soviet-Polish kev sib cuag txuas ntxiv. Cov neeg Polish tau thov kom Moscow tso tseg txhua qhov kev thov rau thaj av uas yog koom nrog Cov Koom Haum Ua Ntej ua ntej nws muab faib thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1772. Pom zoo los tsim "kab kev ruaj ntseg". Ib qho kev npaj ua ntej rau kev pib sib tham nrog Moscow nyob ze Warsaw yog kev tshem ntawm Soviet cov tub rog los ntawm thaj av uas yog ib feem ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ua ntej 1772. Cov tub rog tau pom zoo pib ciam teb kev sib tham thaum lub Plaub Hlis 10, 1920 hauv Borisov, tab sis lawv tsis coj qhov chaw.
Lub caij no, qhov xwm txheej nyob tom qab ntawm Red Army tau zuj zus. Ib nthwv dej tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam tau pib hauv Me Russia (Ukraine). Ntawm qhov one tes, tus ua haujlwm qub qub tsis xav rov qab mus rau lub neej nyob kaj siab lug. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Bolsheviks tau pib ua qhov nyuaj tshaj qhov tsim nyog, pib tshem riam phom rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Kev sib cais ntawm ntau tus thawj coj thiab leej txiv tau rov ua dua. Hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov ze Vinnitsa, cov neeg tua phom Galician, tsis txaus siab rau lawv txoj haujlwm, tawm tsam, leej twg thaum pib ntawm 1920 tau hla mus rau sab ntawm Reds. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Galician pab tub rog tau ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hauv zej zog ntau ntxiv. Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam, ib feem ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 14th Soviet Army thiab cov peev txheej ntawm lub hauv ntej tau xa mus rau tom qab.
Lub sijhawm rau kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Polish yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 21, 1920, Pilsudski xaus lus pom zoo nrog Petliura ntawm kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm tawm tsam Red Army. Cov xwm txheej nyuaj. UPR kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj nws tus kheej thaj av lossis muaj pab tub rog puv ntoob (kev sib cais hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau tsim nyob hauv thaj tsam Polish ntawm txoj haujlwm), yog li tsis muaj kev xaiv. Qhov tseeb, ciam teb ntawm 1772 tau pom zoo. Volhynia, Galicia thiab Kholmshchyna tseem nyob tom qab Poland. Hauv kev ua tub rog tawm tsam Soviet Russia, cov tub rog Ukrainian tau ua raws li Polish cov lus txib. Qhov kev pom zoo tau muab rau qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau ntawm Polish tus tswv av hauv thaj chaw yav tom ntej ntawm Ukrainian Cov Neeg Koom Tes. Cov neeg Polish tau lees paub lub xeev Ukrainian (hauv daim ntawv luv luv) hauv kev coj ntawm Ataman Petliura. Cov tub rog tau cog lus tias yuav pab tub rog hauv kev ntes Kiev, muab Petliura pab tub rog. Raws li kev cog lus ua tub rog, Tub Ceev Xwm tau cog lus tias yuav ua phem rau lawv tus kheej nkaus xwb rau Dnieper. Ntxiv mus rau Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Odessa, Donbass, cov tub rog ntawm UPR yuav tsum tau nce qib ntawm nws tus kheej. Tus thawj coj ntawm "Pab Tub Rog Tawm Tsam" ataman Tyutyunnik (yav dhau los tus thawj coj ntawm "pab tub rog" ntawm Ataman Grigoriev) kuj tau koom nrog kev sib koom tes ntawm Tus Kws thiab Petliurists. Nws lees paub tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm Petliura thiab tau txais qib ntawm pob kws-dav dav ntawm pab tub rog UPR.
Kev ua haujlwm Kiev
Lub Plaub Hlis 17, 1920, tus thawj coj-thawj thiab thawj Marshal ntawm Poland, Pilsudski, tau tshaj tawm daim ntawv xaj tsis pub leej twg paub rau Kiev kev tawm tsam. Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau teem sijhawm pib rau lub Plaub Hlis 25. Xya tus tub rog thiab ib pab tub rog tau nce qib hauv Kiev kev taw qhia, thiab peb qhov kev faib tub rog nyob hauv Odessa kev coj. Lub Plaub Hlis 25, 1920, Cov tub rog Polish thiab Petliurites tau pib tawm tsam tawm tsam Kiev. Hauv Belarus, Tus Kws Lij Choj tsis tau nce qib, pem hauv ntej tseem nyob nrog Berezina.
Kev tawm tsam Polish tawm tsam Kiev pib nyob rau hauv lub suab nrov nrov "Rau peb thiab koj txoj kev ywj pheej!" Pilsudski tshaj tawm tias kev ua tsov rog tau tawm tsam "kev ua tub sab, tub sab thiab tub sab" thiab rau "kev ywj pheej" ntawm Ukraine. Kwv yees li ntawm 65 txhiab tus tub rog tau koom nrog qhov kev tawm tsam (muaj txog 140 txhiab tus neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia hauv tebchaws Ukrainian) thiab 15 txhiab Petliurites. Hauv cheeb tsam Chernobyl, kev tawm tsam tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm ataman Bulakh-Balakhovich (2 txhiab tus tub rog) thiab Struk (1 txhiab). Cov tub rog Polish tau nce qib raws li cov lus txib ntawm Pilsudski: Cov tub rog thib 6 tsoo los ntawm Proskurov mus rau Zhmerinka, Vinnitsa thiab Mogilev-Podolsk; Cov tub rog thib 2 tau nce mus rau Kazatin - Fastov - Kiev, txiav tawm ib feem ntawm 14th Soviet Army los ntawm 12th, pab tub rog thib 3 ua rau lub tshuab tseem ceeb ntawm Zhitomir thiab Korosten.
Cov tub rog Soviet tau qis dua tus lej - tsuas yog kwv yees li 15, 5 txhiab tus neeg ncaj qha rau ntawm xub ntiag (tsuas yog li 55 txhiab tus tib neeg). Cov Tub Rog Liab kuj tseem ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov xov tooj ntawm cov phom, phom tshuab thiab cov tsheb tiv thaiv. Ib qho ntxiv, Reds tau qaug zog los ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv qab thiab tsis xav tias yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. Lub ntsiab lus yuam kev ntawm Soviet cov lus txib siab yog tias nws cov tswv yim tau tos rau kev tawm tsam Polish ua ke nrog cov tub rog Latvian nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj. Yog li ntawd, lub zog tseem ceeb tau mob siab rau hauv Belarus (ntau dua 70 txhiab lub dav hlau thiab sabers), txhawb ntxiv los ntawm Siberia thiab Caucasus mus rau ntawd. Qhov kawg ntawm lub Plaub Hlis, Pab Pawg Liab tau npaj yuav tawm tsam hauv Belarus raws li Lida - Vilna. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib ntawm kev tawm tsam Polish, cov tub rog tseem tsis tau raug xa mus, lawv tab tom taug kev.
Yog li ntawd, Tus ncej tau yooj yim tsoo lub hauv ntej liab, uas tsis tas li. Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Polish, cov tub rog uas tau ua haujlwm yav dhau los hauv pab tub rog German, tau nce mus rau lub hauv paus loj. Lwm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Cov Tub Rog Polish yog cov tub rog yav dhau los ntawm General Haller ("gallerchiki"), uas Entente tsim hauv Fabkis thiab xyoo 1919 pauv mus rau Poland rau kev ua tsov rog nrog Soviet Russia. Petliurites thiab cov neeg tawm tsam hauv nroog - "ntsuab" uas koom nrog lawv, ua raws cov lus qhia pab.
Pem hauv ntej liab tau tawg. Cov tub rog Soviet tau thim rov qab me me lossis tsis muaj kev tawm tsam. Cov koog, tawg ntawm qhov deb deb ntawm ib leeg, tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus thiab kev tswj hwm, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav thim thiab rov ua lawv dua. Kev kov yeej kev tawm tsam ntawm pab tub rog Polish pib. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 26, Tus Kav Xwm tau nyob hauv Zhitomir, nyob rau hnub tim 27 - Berdichev thiab Kazatin. Hauv cheeb tsam yav qab teb, 6 tus tub rog Polish ntawm General Vaclav Ivashkevich tau ntes Vinnitsa, Bar thiab Zhmerinka. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, Cov Tub Rog tau ntes Chernobyl thiab mus txog Dnieper ze Pripyat. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog Polish tau mus txog kab Chernobyl - Kazatin - Vinnitsa - Romanian ciam teb. Hauv thawj hnub, 10 txhiab tus tub rog Red Army raug ntes. Muaj tseeb tiag, Cov Tub Rog ua tsis tau ib puag ncig thiab rhuav tshem tag nrho 12th pab tub rog Soviet. Cov tib neeg tau poob rau hauv "cauldrons", tab sis Poles tsis muaj lub zog thiab txuj ci los tsim lub nplhaib ruaj khov. Yog li, kev faib phom 58th thiab 7th tau raug thaiv, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm ua tiav tawm ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig.
Nyob rau sab qab teb, cov tub rog ntawm Ataman Tyutyunnik tau nce mus. Cov neeg ntxeev siab nyob hauv Balta, koom nrog Sheparovich cov neeg tawm tsam Galician cov tub rog tub rog. Tom qab ntawd Tyutyunnik cov tub rog coj Voznesensk thiab pib hem Odessa thiab Nikolaev. Cov Galician uas pom lawv tus kheej hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Polish tau poob tawm ntawm qhov hluav taws thiab mus rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Galicia ywj pheej tsis xav tau los ntawm Pilsudski. Lawv tau tshem riam phom thiab xa mus rau Polish cov chaw nyob ntsiag to, qhov uas feem ntau tuag los ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis, kab mob thiab kev tsim txom.
Cov tub rog Soviet txuas ntxiv thim rov qab nrog me lossis tsis muaj kev tawm tsam. Thaum lub sijhawm ntxeem tau, cov tub rog Polish raug kev txom nyem tsawg. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 6, 1920, Cov Tub Rog nyob hauv Bila Tserkva thiab mus txog Kiev. Cov lus txib ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 12 tau npaj los tawm tsam rau lub peev ntawm Ukraine thiab tos rau txoj hauv kev ntawm cov chav ntawm 1st Cavalry Army los ntawm North Caucasus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog raug rhuav tshem, thaum pom kev khiav tawm ntawm cov lus txib thiab kev tswj hwm, ua rau ntshai thiab pib thim rov qab. Cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws Polish, tau caij tsheb ciav hlau zoo ib yam, nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Kiev, tseb cov kev ntshai loj ntawm lub nroog cov tub rog. Reds tawm Kiev yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 7, Tus Kav Xwm thiab Petliurists nyob Kiev. Cov Tub Hla hla Dnieper thiab ntes tus choj me me ntawm sab laug, mus txog 15 km tob. Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 9, nrog rau kev pom zoo, Pilsudski tau tuav txoj kev yeej ntawm haiv neeg Polish hauv Kiev. Yog li, cov tub rog Polish tau ntes Txoj Cai Nyiaj Txiag Ukraine.
Ntawm Dnieper, cov tub rog Polish nres. Lawv tau npaj kom nce lub hauv paus nyob hauv thaj chaw uas nyob, rub lub nraub qaum. Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nqis tes ua ntxiv. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis ntxov, Tebchaws Askiv tau rov thov dua, los ntawm nws txoj kev kho kom haum xeeb, kom pib sib tham txog kev thaj yeeb rau kev thaj yeeb, los tsim ciam teb ntawm Poland nrog Soviet Russia raws li qhov hu ua. Curzon kab. Cov tub rog Soviet tau xav kom nres qhov kev tawm tsam hauv Caucasus, khaws kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia thiab Armenia, thiab nres kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Crimea. Qhov teeb meem ntawm Crimea yuav tsum tau daws los ntawm kev sib tham nrog Wrangel, nrog rau yav tom ntej kev hwm kev tso cai ntawm ceg av qab teb, mus ncig dawb rau txhua tus neeg thiab zam txim rau cov uas tseem nyob hauv Russia.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Soviet kev coj noj coj ua tau ua haujlwm tshiab. Lub hauv paus Polish tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Kev tsim tawm tshiab, chav nyob, peev nyiaj tau pauv ntawm no. Soviet cov lus txib pib npaj rau kev tawm tsam.
