100 xyoo dhau los, cov tub rog Turkish tau tawm tsam Armenia. Tsov rog tau tshwm sim, ntawm ib sab, los ntawm keeb kwm kev sib cav ntawm Turks thiab Armenians, ntawm qhov tod tes, los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Entente hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Caucasus.
Nyob puag ncig los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab
Tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Lavxias Lub Tebchaws, cov neeg Armenian yuav tsum tau ntsib kev puas tsuaj loj. Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, thaum pab tub rog Lavxias tau yeej kev yeej ntawm Caucasian pem hauv ntej, ua rau Armenians cia siab rau kev koom ua ke nrog Western Armenia, uas nyob hauv qab tus quab Turkish. Kev sib tsoo ntawm Lavxias Lub Tebchaws thiab pib muaj kev kub ntxhov tau faus cov kev cia siab no. Ntxiv mus, Qaib ntxhw tam sim no tau sim ua nws cov phiaj xwm txhawm rau txhawm rau Caucasus. Cov neeg ntseeg ntawm Caucasus thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Armenians raug hem nrog kev tua neeg.
Soviet Russia, tsis tuaj yeem ua rog nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, tau kos npe rau "kev qias neeg" Cov Lus Cog Tseg ntawm Brest-Litovsk, tso tseg thaj tsam ntawm Western Armenia, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm Batum, Kars thiab Ardahan, uas tau rov qab los ntawm Turks hauv yav dhau los Lavxias-Turkish kev tsov kev rog. Lub Koom Haum Transcaucasian uas tsis hloov pauv (Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan) tau tawg, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1918 Thawj Lub Koom Haum ntawm Armenia tau tsim. Qaib ntxhw, ua kom zoo dua ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tsoo tag nrho nyob rau sab qab teb Caucasus, tau pib muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. Cov neeg Armenians tau sim tawm tsam, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hnyav rau cov yeeb ncuab zoo tshaj. Tsov rog tau koom nrog kev tua neeg thiab ua rau kev tua neeg. Tib lub sijhawm, Armenia tsis muaj phoojywg. Kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws tau tawm tsam Russia.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob ze tam sim no, Georgia thiab Azerbaijan, yog qhov tsis sib haum, tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab feem ntau ua yeeb ncuab vim muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cheeb tsam. Azerbaijan coj txoj haujlwm pro-Turkish thiab thov keeb kwm Armenian thaj av. Cov tub ceev xwm Georgian hauv lawv txoj cai tiv thaiv Lavxias tau coj los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Txawm hais tias nws yog txoj cai tua tus kheej rau cov ntseeg Georgia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev nruj nruj tau tsim los ntawm Transcaucasian cov koom pheej, txog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua riam phom thiab kev lag luam thiab kev ua tsov ua rog. Yog li, cov neeg Georgians hijack tag nrho cov khoom lag luam ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, txwv tsis pub muab khoom noj los ntawm sab qaum teb. Tiflis tau hais tias Armenia yog lub xeev uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Hauv Armenia, vim yog kev thaiv (tib txoj kev thauj ntawm Armenia mus rau Russia, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, hla dhau los ntawm Georgia-tswj Batum), kev tshaib kev nqhis pib. Txog rau xyoo 1918, cheeb tsam Erivan tau txais ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj los ntawm Russia.
Yog li, Armenia pom nws tus kheej hauv kev rho tawm tag nrho. Cov neeg Armenians poob kev tsov rog xyoo 1918. Raws li kev pom zoo hauv Batumi (Lub Rau Hli 1918), Armenia dhau los ua ib puag ncig me me nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog Erivan thiab Echmiadzin. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Armenian tshem tawm thiab txhawb cov neeg Muslim Muslim tsim hauv Zangezur thiab Karabakh txuas ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Tebchaws Ottoman tau pom nws tus kheej hauv cov yeej ntawm cov neeg swb thaum tsov rog ntiaj teb. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 30, 1918, Mudross Armistice tau kos npe. Lub tebchaws Entente nyob hauv lub nroog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, chaw nres nkoj thiab thaj tsam ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Cov Turks raug yuam kom tawm ntawm thaj chaw nyob hauv South Caucasus. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, cov neeg Armenians tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau Karaklis, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis - mus rau Alexandropol. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog Turkish tshem tawm txhua yam lawv tuaj yeem ua tau (nplej, tsiaj txhu, roj av, hlau, khoom siv) thiab rhuav tshem qhov seem, ua rau qab lub ntiaj teb hlawv. Tom qab ntawd, kov yeej qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Turks, uas ua txhua yam kom qeeb kev khiav tawm thiab tsim cov tub rog Muslim hauv nroog, cov neeg Armenians thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1918 tau tsim kev tswj hwm Kars, Oltu thiab Kagizman. Tsis tas li, ib ntus, Armenia tuaj yeem nyob hauv Nakhichevan.
Nkag mus
Cov neeg nyob hauv German-Turkish tau hloov los ntawm Askiv. Askiv suav nrog Transcaucasia hauv nws qhov kev cuam tshuam. Cov tub rog Askiv tau tshwm sim hauv Batumi, Tiflis, Baku, Nakhichevan thiab Kars. Cov neeg Askiv tau tsim lawv txoj kev tswj hwm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Transcaucasian, cov kav dej Baku-Batum. Kev tuaj txog ntawm Askiv "phoojywg" ua rau muaj kev zoo siab hauv Armenia. Coob leej vam tias nrog kev pab los ntawm Entente, kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv thaj av South Caucasus yuav raug daws, cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog yuav raug txhim kho (teeb meem tshaib plab, kis kab mob, tsis muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam). Muaj tseeb, tsis ntev nws tau pom tseeb tias cov kev cia siab no tsis yog lawm. Cov neeg Askiv muaj lawv tus kheej txoj kev npaj rau Transcaucasus - ntsib Russia, ntes cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub tebchaws poob, thiab tsis mus pab Armenia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tso siab rau Georgia thiab Azerbaijan, thiab tuav tseg kev tsim cov tub rog Armenian. Cov neeg Askiv tsis kam pauv cov peev txheej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias hauv Kars mus rau Armenians. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias riam phom, mos txwv thiab khoom siv yuav dhau mus rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Pab Tub Rog Dawb, tab sis qhov tseeb, ib feem tseem ceeb tau poob rau hauv cov neeg Muslim txhais tes.
Hauv Armenia, lawv vam tias nrog kev pab los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, yuav tsim ib lub xeev uas yuav koom ua ke Lavxias (sab hnub tuaj) thiab Turkish (sab hnub poob) ib feem ntawm Armenia, thiab nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub. Cia siab rau kev pab los ntawm Entente hauv kev daws teeb meem Western Armenia, Erivan xyoo 1919 tau xa nws cov neeg sawv cev mus rau Paris rau kev sib tham txog kev thaj yeeb, txawm hais tias Armenians tsis tau lees paub tias yog kev sib cav thiab tseem tsis tau caw tuaj rau Fabkis. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14, 1919, Lub Rooj Sib Tham Paris tau xa txoj haujlwm rau Armenia rau Tebchaws Meskas. Tsoomfwv Meskas Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Woodrow Wilson tau xa General Harbord thiab King-Crane Commission mus rau Turkey kom piav qhia qhov xwm txheej hauv av thiab daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tsim kev ywj pheej Armenian xeev raws li Asmeskas txoj haujlwm.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias tsis muaj kev sib koom siab hauv Armenia nws tus kheej nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Kev txiav txim siab Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Revolutionary Commonwealth) tog tau sib cais. Qee tus neeg tswjfwm sawv los rau kev ywj pheej lossis koomhaum koomhaum ntawm Armenia (suav nrog sab hnub poob) hauv tebchaws Russia. Lwm qhov tau thov kom muaj kev ywj pheej "Great Armenia" nrog kev nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub, tej zaum mus rau Hiav Txwv Mediterranean. Cov radicals vam rau kev sib cais hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, qhov uas lawv qhov kev kub ntxhov pib, thiab rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm Entente. Qhov haujlwm "Great Armenia" no tau txhawb los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Muaj tseeb, Asmeskas tau nyob deb thiab tsis tau txhawb nqa lub tswv yim no los ntawm kev siv nws txhais caj npab thiab kev lag luam. Armenian Social Democrats, cuam tshuam nrog Georgia Mensheviks, tawm tsam kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia. Kev hloov pauv kev sib raug zoo thiab "tib neeg tog neeg" (kev ywj pheej) tau pom zoo koom nrog Russia. Tsoomfwv Armenian yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tam sim no kev tswj hwm ntawm Entente hauv cheeb tsam thiab nws kev ua siab phem rau Soviet Russia. Yog li ntawd, tsis tau npaj siab los txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog Moscow. Thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog VSYUR (kev txav dawb) tau tsim nrog lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg Askiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj cai ntawm Denikinites, nrog lawv "ib thiab tsis tuaj yeem" Russia, tau tawm tsam Erivan.
Tsov rog nrog Georgia thiab Azerbaijan
Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1918, kev ua tsov rog Armenian-Georgia tau tawg. Qhov laj thawj yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Borchali koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab cheeb tsam Lori, qhov chaw uas muaj tooj liab ntau nyob. Cov pej xeem ntawm thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb tau sib xyaw, tab sis feem ntau ntawm Armenians. Tom qab kev khiav tawm ntawm cov tub rog Turkish los ntawm koog tsev kawm ntawv Akhalkalaki thiab Borchali, kev sib tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Armenian thiab Georgia. Georgia tso txhua tus txiv neej Armenians hnub nyoog 18-45 nyob hauv chaw pw hav zoov. Tsis yog Armenians lossis Georgians tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim siab yeej. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau khov nrog kev kho kom haum xeeb ntawm tebchaws Askiv, uas, qhov tseeb, txhawb nqa Tiflis. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1919, tau kos npe rau kev ua tsov rog hauv Tiflis: sab qaum teb ntawm thaj tsam Borchali tau xa mus rau Georgia, sab qab teb mus rau Armenia, thiab ib nrab tau tshaj tawm tias "thaj chaw nruab nrab" nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Askiv. Yav tom ntej kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Armenia thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, Georgia coj txoj haujlwm nruab nrab.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv thaj av, kev sib tua ntawm kev sib tua, kev tsis sib haum hauv Nakhichevan coj mus rau Armenian-Azerbaijani tsov rog xyoo 1918-1920. Ib feem ntawm yav dhau los Lavxias xeev Elizavetpol tau muaj teeb meem: cheeb tsam Kazakh, Nagorno-Karabakh thiab Zangezur. Cov koom pheej ntawm Armenia tau tawm tsam cov neeg Muslim nyob hauv Nakhichevan, Surmaly, Sharur-Daralagez, Erivan cov cheeb tsam ntawm yav dhau los Erivan xeev, koom pheej ntawm Azerbaijan tawm tsam cov pawg ntawm Armenian National Councils hauv Karabakh thiab Zangezur. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Transcaucasian cov koom pheej tau zam kev sib cav ncaj qha nrog txhua lwm yam. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb muaj keeb kwm, haiv neeg, kev ntseeg, kev lag luam thiab kev npaj ua ntej thiab tau nrog los ntawm kev tua neeg. Qaib ntxhw thiab Askiv nquag cuam tshuam hauv kev ua tsov rog. Denikin tsoomfwv tau muab kev pabcuam tub rog mus rau Armenia thiab ua haujlwm siab rau Baku. Tsov rog tau nres tsuas yog tsim los ntawm Soviet lub zog, ua ntej hauv Azerbaijan, tom qab ntawd hauv tag nrho South Caucasus. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1920, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau kov yeej cov Denikinites uas seem hauv North Caucasus thiab mus txog ciam teb ntawm Azerbaijan. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1920, Soviet 11th Army thiab Caspian Flotilla tau ua haujlwm Baku (Baku "blitzkrieg" ntawm Red Army). Lub zog Soviet tau tsim hauv Azerbaijan, ASSR tau tshaj tawm.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1920, kev tawm tsam ntawm Bolsheviks thiab cov neeg Muslim tawm tsam qhov kev txiav txim Dashnaktsutyun tog tau pib hauv Armenia. Kev tawm tsam tau txhawb los ntawm Soviet Russia thiab ASSR. Dashnaks tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam, nws cov thawj coj raug tua. Vim li ntawd, nws tsis muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub zog Soviet tam sim hauv Armenia, zoo li hauv Georgia. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 2, ob lub xeev Soviet (Russia thiab ASSR) ntawm ib sab thiab Armenia ntawm lwm qhov tau pom zoo txog kev sib tua hauv Karabakh, Zangezur, Nakhichevan thiab koog tsev kawm ntawv Kazakh, tab sis kev sib cais sib cais txuas ntxiv tom qab ntawd. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, Nakhichevan Soviet Socialist Republic tau tshaj tawm hauv Nakhichevan. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 10, daim ntawv cog lus sib tua tau kos npe los ntawm Armenia thiab Soviet Russia, uas tau ua kom muaj cov tub rog Soviet nyob ib ntus hauv thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb: Zangezur, Karabakh thiab Nakhichevan.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Turkey
Qaib ntxhw muaj nws tus kheej kev sib cav nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub teb chaws Ottoman tau swb rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tau swb thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1918. Demobilized cov tub rog, surrendered lub fleet. Nws tau xa cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, hauv paus, kev tsheb nqaj hlau, kev sib txuas lus thiab chaw khaws khoom rau Entente. Sab Hnub Poob pib rhuav tshem lub tebchaws Ottoman. Qaib ntxhw poob tag nrho nws cov khoom hauv North Africa thiab Arab ntiaj teb, thim cov tub rog los ntawm South Caucasus. Cov tub rog Askiv, Fab Kis, Italis thiab Greek tau pib ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, suav nrog Bosphorus thiab Dardanelles, Constantinople. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Entente tau mus rau dismember Turkey nws tus kheej, hloov chaw ntawm Anatolia mus rau Armenians, Kurds thiab Greeks. Kev cuam tshuam ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam. Tag nrho cov no tau tshwm sim tawm tsam qhov kev txom nyem loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev noj qab haus huv hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Ua tiav kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev lag luam, nyiaj txiag, kev thauj mus los thiab kev lag luam. Kev txom nyem thiab tshaib plab. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua tub sab, kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cheeb tsam ntawm ciam teb.
Lub teb chaws tau sib cais. Muaj ob lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog - tsoomfwv Sultan ntawm Mehmed VI thiab kev tshem tawm lub tebchaws ntawm Mustafa Kemal. Tsoomfwv ntawm Grand Vizier Damad Ferid Pasha tau npaj rau kev pom zoo nrog Entente ntawm tus nqi. Tsoomfwv Sultan tau nyob hauv Constantinople los ntawm cov phoojywg thiab tau npaj siab ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Entente, "caliphate army" tau tsim. Tab sis qhov tseeb, thaj av tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm sultan cov tub ceev xwm tsuas yog hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub peev. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1919 g.hauv Sivas, kev sib tham Turkish ntawm Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Txoj Cai ntawm Anatolia thiab Rumelia tau tuav thiab Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev sawv cev los ntawm Kemal tau raug xaiv. Cov neeg Patriots Turkish tau thov kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm Turkish nyob hauv ciam teb hauv tebchaws thiab yuav tsum muaj rooj sib tham. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1920, tau muaj rooj sib tham tshiab, uas Kemal cov neeg txhawb nqa muaj feem coob. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis, Parliament tau tawg los ntawm cov neeg Askiv. Hauv kev teb, thaum lub Plaub Hlis, Kemalists tau tsim lub rooj sib tham tshiab hauv Ankara - Grand National Assembly (VNST), uas tshaj tawm nws tus kheej tsuas yog txoj cai raug cai hauv lub tebchaws. Cov Kemalists tshaj tawm tias Sultan "raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees" thiab yog li nws cov lus xaj tsis raug rau txim. Mehmed tshaj tawm tias Kemal yog neeg ntxeev siab, nws raug txim tuag hauv qhov tsis tuaj.
Entente tau sim txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Turkish. Lub luag haujlwm no tau muab rau cov neeg Greek, uas los ntawm xyoo 1919 nyob hauv Smyrna. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920, cov tub rog Greek tau pib ua phem rau hauv Anatolia, ntes Bylykesir, Bursa. Tsis tas li, cov neeg Greek tau nyob Adrianople (Edirne). Cov tub ceev xwm Greek tau npau suav txog "Magna Graecia" (rov qab los Byzantine Empire). Cov Phooj Ywg tau npaj los muab Greece rau cov khoom Turkish uas tseem tshuav nyob hauv Europe, Smyrna. Hauv ib xyoos, cov neeg Greek tau tuaj yeem nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Anatolia, thiab lawv txoj kev ua tiav tau xaus rau ntawd.
