Kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm Pskov pib 440 xyoo dhau los. Lub nroog tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm 50,000 tus tub rog muaj zog ntawm tus huab tais Polish Stefan Batory, uas cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tshwj xeeb los ntawm thoob plaws Europe tau ua haujlwm. Cov tub rog Lavxias coj los ntawm Ivan Shuisky thiab cov neeg hauv nroog tau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv 143-hnub, 2 kev txiav txim siab txiav txim siab thiab ntau dua 30 tawm tsam.
Kev tiv thaiv Pskov ua tiav yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv. Batory cov phiaj xwm los kov yeej Smolensk, Seversk av thiab Novgorod tau mus pov tseg. Russia tawm tsam, tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tom ntej ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Poland, sab sab hauv kev ua tsov rog, yuav tsum tau xaus qhov kev ua siab ntev.
Livonian tsov rog
Tsov rog Livonian pib nrog kev yeej (1558). Cov tub rog Lavxias tsoo cov Livonian cov tub rog kom tawg, coj Narva thiab Yuryev-Dorpat. Feem ntau ntawm Livonia tau tawg thiab hlawv. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev ntshai ntawm Sweden, Denmark, Lithuania thiab Poland, uas muaj lawv tus kheej kev xav ntawm thaj av Livonian. Livonian Confederation pib poob sib nrug. Cov av ntawm Kev Txiav Txim thiab muaj ntawm Archbishop ntawm Riga xyoo 1559 dhau los ntawm "cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev txhawb nqa", uas yog, nyob hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Revel ceded rau Sweden, Npis Sov ntawm Ezel tau muab cov kob ntawm Ezel rau Duke Magnus, tus tij laug ntawm vaj ntxwv Danish.
Xyoo 1560, Livonia raug kev txom nyem tshiab los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab tau tawg. Livonia tau faib los ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania, lawv tau thov kom tshem tawm ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Ivan qhov txaus ntshai tsis kam. Ob lub ntsej muag tshiab tau tsim. Ib qho ntxiv, Crimean horde, txhawb los ntawm Turks, raug hem los ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Russia. Tsov rog dhau los ua ntu zus thiab nyuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsov rog Lavxias-Lithuanian xyoo 1561-1570, cov neeg Lavxias tau kov yeej cov neeg Lithuanians thiab rov ua qub qub Lavxias Polotsk nrog thaj tsam uas nyob ib sab. Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, sab sab thiab raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, raug yuam kom xaus qhov kev ua siab ntev. Lavxias lub nceeg vaj, khi los ntawm Crimean kev hem thawj, tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho nws txoj kev ua tiav.
Lithuania, uas tau ntsib kev hem thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj tub rog, xyoo 1569 xaus Lub Koom Haum Lublin nrog Poland. Lub xeev muaj hwj chim tau tsim - Lub Tebchaws (koom ua ke Poland thiab Lithuanian Rus). Cov cheeb tsam loj heev ntawm Lithuanian Rus - Podlasie, Volhynia, Podolia thiab Middle Dnieper cheeb tsam - tau pauv mus rau kev tswj hwm ntawm cov yas Polish. Lub xeev Lithuanian-Lavxias lub xeev tau nqus los ntawm cov neeg Polish, thiab kev sib cav ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian thiab Lavxias tus neeg siab dawb (siab dawb) tau pib. Hauv tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Cov Neeg Muaj Peev Xwm, lub sijhawm pib tsis muaj paus, uas tau nrog kev kub ntxhov. Txawm tias muaj kev txhawb nqa cov neeg khav theeb hauv tebchaws Russia, uas tau hais kom xa cov rooj Polish mus rau Ivan qhov txaus ntshai lossis nws tus tub txhawm rau sib koom ua ke ntawm Cov Tebchaws thiab Russia hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Chaw nres nkoj muaj zog thiab Crimean Khanate. Cov Crimeans nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog kev puas tsuaj tiag rau yav qab teb ntawm Lithuanian Rus thiab Poland, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thiab ua rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam mus ua qhev.
Cov neeg Lavxias tsim lawv tus kheej lub nkoj hauv Baltic raws li cov lus txib ntawm Dane Karsten Rode, thiab tawm tsam kev lag luam hauv Swedish thiab Polish. Ivan the Terrible pib tsim lub nkoj hauv Hiav Txwv Dawb (xyoo 1584 Arkhangelsk tau tsim los ntawm Tsar txoj cai). Ntawd yog, Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm Ivan Vasilyevich tau ua txhua yam uas tau muab los ntawm Peter I. Hauv Livonia, thaum muaj kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj nrog cov neeg Swedes thiab Livonians, los ntawm 1576 cov neeg Lavxias tau ntes yuav luag tag nrho cov ntug dej hiav txwv, tsuas yog Riga thiab Revel.
Xyoo 1577, Cov tub rog Lavxias tau kaw lub nroog Revel, tabsis ua tsis tau nws. Cov tub rog German uas tiv tsis tau tshaj plaws uas tau khiav tawm ntawm Livonia tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej hauv nroog. Lub Swedes tswj ferry ob peb txhiab mercenaries. Lub fortress tau muaj zog, nrog rab phom loj. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias voivode Ivan Sheremetev raug mob tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tom qab nws tuag, txhua yam mus tsis zoo. Qhov thib ob voivode Fyodor Mstislavsky tsis zoo rau Sheremetev hauv kev ua tub rog thiab tsis tuaj yeem txhawb cov tub rog. Siege tau raug tshem tawm.
Cov haujlwm Polish
Hmoov tsis zoo, Russia tsis tuaj yeem xaus Kev Tsov Rog Livonian hauv nws txoj kev nyiam thiab sib koom ua ke ntawm Baltic xeev. Thaum cov neeg Lavxias tau tsoo cov yeeb ncuab hauv Livonia, muaj kev hem thawj tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob.
Kev tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv tau los txog qhov kawg hauv tebchaws Poland. Qaib Cov Txwv tau thov kom cov neeg Polish tsis xaiv tus huab tais ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Maximilian II lossis nws tus tub, Austrian Archduke Ernst, ua vajntxwv, thiab vassal ntawm Porta, Transylvanian tus tub huabtais Stephen Batory, tau raug xaiv los ua tus sib tw.
Kev tawm tsam Crimean ntawm 1575 ntawm Podolia thiab Volhynia tau ceeb toom rau tus Pole. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ntxhov siab muaj zog tau pib rau Batory, lawv tau siv nyiaj yam tsis suav, ua rau cov neeg siab zoo. Thiab tsis tsuas yog Turks tau pab tus tub huabtais ntawm Transylvania me me. Ua kom ntseeg tau tias Swedish Johan thiab Sigismund tsis muaj kev cia siab, Roman lub zwm txwv nyob ntawm Batory. Nws qhov kev xaiv tsa tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Npis Sov ntawm Krakow thiab tus yawg hetman ntawm Zamoysk.
Bathory nws tus kheej ua si nrog tus neeg siab zoo hauv txhua txoj hauv kev, ua ib qho kev lav phib xaub kom mus rau lub zwm txwv. Nws tau lees paub Henry Cov Kab Lus - cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev txwv tsis pub muaj vaj huam sib luag hauv tebchaws, pom zoo los ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab kos npe los ntawm King Heinrich de Valois xyoo 1573 (Heinrich tau khiav nrawm mus rau Fabkis thaum lub zwm txwv tsis nyob ntawd). Nws tau cog lus tias yuav muaj kev thaj yeeb nyob mus ib txhis nrog cov Turks thiab Crimeans, uas txhais tau tias kev nyab xeeb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg zoo nyob rau sab qab teb Poland thiab Lithuanian Rus. Nws tau cog lus ua tsov rog nrog cov neeg Lavxias hauv kev koom tes nrog Qaib Cov Txwv, qhib qhov kev cia siab rau plunder ntawm Russia. Nws txawm tau cog lus tias yuav yuav tus viv ncaus laus ntawm tus tuag King Sigismund II, uas yog, nws tau lees tias nws yuav tsis muaj qub txeeg qub teg.
Thaum pib ntawm 1576, kev sib cais tshwm sim hauv kev xaiv noj haus. Cov lauj kaub ua kom ntseeg tau tias Maximilian tau raug xaiv los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov pov npav. Tab sis cov neeg ntxeev siab tawm tsam. Lawv tau qw tias lawv tsis xav "nyob hauv German," thiab qw tawm tsam Batory. Nws tuaj tawm tsam. Maximilian cov neeg txhawb nqa poob thiab khiav tawm. Batory cov neeg txhawb nqa tau nyob hauv Krakow, ntes tau cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Vim li ntawd, ob tug vajntxwv thiaj raug xaiv. Tus uas yuav txiav txim siab ntau dua thiab nrawm dua yuav tsum tau yeej. Maximilian tsis txiav txim siab, uas muaj qee yam poob, tseem nyob hauv nws qhov chaw. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Batory, uas tau cia siab tias yuav dhau los ua tus kav ntawm lub hwj chim loj, tam sim ntawd tau tawm nrog nws cov neeg raug kaw thiab tshwm sim hauv Krakow, qhov uas nws tau tshaj tawm ua vaj ntxwv.
Qhov xwm txheej nyob rau sab qab teb
Kev xaiv tsa ntawm Batory txhais tau tias kev ua tsov rog ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth tawm tsam Russia. Kuj tseem muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tib txhij tawm tsam peb los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Crimeans.
Tseeb tiag, Batory los rau lub hwj chim tau tshoov cov neeg Crimeans. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, Devlet-Girey tau coj pab tub rog coob mus rau Field, thawj zaug tom qab yeej ntawm Crimean cov tub rog ntawm Molodey. Tab sis kev txawj ntse Lavxias pom pom qhov kev hem thawj nyob rau lub sijhawm. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau mus txog kab tiv thaiv yav qab teb. Ivan qhov txaus ntshai nws tus kheej tawm mus rau Kaluga. Nyob rau qis dua ntawm Dniep er thiab Don, pawg Cossacks tau pib sib sau ua ke los tawm tsam ntawm Crimean nraub qaum. Cov Crimeans tsis tau twv kom hla ciam teb Lavxias thiab tig rov qab.
Kev tshem tawm ntawm hetman Bogdan Ruzhinsky, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Don Cossacks, tau siege rau Turkish fortress ntawm Dnieper - Islam -Kermen. Cossacks tau nqa cov mines, tshuab rau phab ntsa thiab nqa lub tsev tiv thaiv. Tab sis Ruzhinsky, uas tsim kev hem thawj loj rau Crimea thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no. Cov Crimeans tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab tsav Cossacks rov qab. Txawm li cas los xij, Cossacks tau teb tam sim nrog kev ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam. Cov cheeb tsam Dnieper thiab Don tau ua rau lub nroog Ochakov, Ackerman thiab Bender puas tsuaj.
Batory nyob rau lub sijhawm no pib sib tham rau kev koom tes nrog Chaw nres nkoj thiab Crimean Khanate. Tab sis los ntawm Turks thiab Crimeans cov dej tsis txaus siab tau tawm tsam nws cov ntsiab lus - Dnieper Cossacks. Qaib ntxhw thiab Crimea tau thov kom rau txim rau cov luag haujlwm thiab them nyiaj puas tsuaj. Lub lauj kaub tau thov kev zam txim uas raug tua los ntawm cov neeg ua phem, cov neeg khiav dim los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, thiab tus vaj ntxwv tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm rau lawv cov kev ua.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsoomfwv Batory tau sim cais Cossacks, tshem lawv tawm ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Moscow thiab tsim lawv txoj kev tswj hwm. Xyoo 1576, tau tshaj tawm txoj cai thoob ntiaj teb txog kev lees txais Cossacks rau hauv qhov kev pabcuam thiab qhia txog kev sau npe rau 6 txhiab tus neeg. Sau npe Cossacks tau muab lawv cov cai (chij, pawg, foob), tus hetman thiab tus thawj coj tau pom zoo los ntawm huab tais. Sau npe Cossacks tau them nyiaj hli, thaj av tau faib. Cov tub rog qub txeeg qub teg tau tsim, uas dhau sijhawm yuav tsum sib npaug hauv txoj cai nrog cov neeg siab zoo. Thiab cov uas tsis suav nrog hauv daim ntawv sau npe tsis tau lees paub tias yog Cossacks thiab tig mus rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Yog li ntawd, Batory muaj peev xwm subjugate ib feem ntawm Cossacks.
Lub lauj kaub tsis tuaj yeem swb tag nrho Cossacks. Cov uas tsis suav nrog hauv daim ntawv sau npe tsis kam mloog thiab tsim Grassroots Army - yav tom ntej Zaporozhye. Zaporozhye nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau kawm tiav. Gossroots Cossacks nyob ze rau ntawm ciam teb Lavxias dhau Dnieper. Cov chaw pw hav zoov Cossack yog thaum ntawd ntawm Chernigov, ntawm ib kob nyob ntawm tus dej. Samara (ib feem ntawm Dnieper). Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Cossacks tau txav mus rau Zaporozhye, lub fortress ntawm Samara tau hloov mus rau hauv Desert-Nicholas Monastery.
Kev ua nom loj: Poland, Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Roman, Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Crimea
Batory yeej yuav tawm tsam nrog Moscow. Thaum nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv, nws tau cog lus tias yuav rov qab tag nrho cov qub qub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lithuania, uas tau rov qab los ntawm Moscow txoj cai kav. Ntawd yog, nws yuav tawm tsam Polotsk, Smolensk thiab Severshchina.
Qhov tseeb, thaum xub thawj tus huab tais Polish tau npog nws qhov kev tsim txhoj puab nrog kev ua siab zoo siab dawb paug. Ib lub tsev lis haujlwm raug xa mus rau Ivan Qhov txaus ntshai, uas tau ntseeg tsar ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm Tebchaws, cog lus tias yuav saib xyuas kev phooj ywg. Tab sis Ivan Vasilyevich tsis muaj npe tsar, thiab Batory tau hu ua "kev tswj hwm ntawm Livonia." Yog li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev Polish tau txais hauv Moscow txias.
Tsoomfwv Lavxias tau hais tawm qhov xav tsis thoob vim li cas Batory hu nws "kwvtij"?
Nws tau sau tseg tias nws sib npaug tsuas yog rau cov thawj coj loj - Ostrog, Belsky, thiab lwm yam.
Moscow tau paub zoo txog qhov laj thawj rau Batory's "kev hwm". Txog nws kev sib tham nrog Turks thiab Crimean Tatars. Lub zog ntawm tus huab tais Polish thiab Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania tseem tsis ruaj khov. Prussia tsis lees paub nws, Gdansk ntxeev siab. Ntau lub lauj kaub txuas ntxiv xav txog tus huab tais Maximilian raws li txoj cai kav. Ntawm nws lub tsev hais plaub, cov neeg Polish thiab Transylvanian cov neeg siab phem, ua siab phem rau Batory, sib sau ua ke thiab hu rau huab tais kom pib ua tsov rog.
Hauv tebchaws Lithuania, cov neeg txhawb nqa Lavxias tau tuav nws txoj haujlwm, tig mus rau Moscow, thov kom xa tub rog. Tab sis Ivan Vasilyevich tsis xav rov pib ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws Lithuania, nws tau tos Maximilian tham. Habsburg tab tom yuav npaj Reichstag ntawm cov lus nug Polish, nws tau npaj los xaus kev koom tes nrog Moscow tawm tsam Batory. Cov neeg laus thiab twb mob Maximilian II tsis tawm tsam Batory. Nws tuag.
Nws tau ua tiav los ntawm Rudolph, tus menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Jesuits. Nws tau xav paub ntau ntxiv txog kev ntseeg, kos duab thiab ua txuj ci ntau dua li kev ua haujlwm sab hnub tuaj. Nws ua raws txoj cai hloov pauv tau. Nws tau sau ntawv mus rau Moscow tias nws tau npaj siab los xaus kev koom tes. Lub sijhawm ntawd nws nws tus kheej lees paub Batory ua tus huab tais ntawm Poland, tsim kev phooj ywg nrog nws thiab qhia txog kev txwv tsis pub ntshuam tooj liab thiab coj mus rau Russia.
Tab sis Batory tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam Russia tam sim ntawd. Kev tawm tsam Lavxias kev koom tes nrog Qaib Cov Txwv tsis tau tshwm sim. Shah Tahmasp tuag hauv Iran, tawm tsam kev muaj hwj chim, kev sib cav sib ceg tau pib hauv lub tebchaws. Shah Ismail tshiab, qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua xyem xyav thiab kev lim hiam, cuam tshuam nws cov kwv tij thiab lwm tus txheeb ze, pib kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov neeg muaj peev xwm. Yog li, nws ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tsis zoo, nws raug tshuaj lom. Muhammad, uas tsis muaj zog hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub siab, tau raug xaiv los ua tus tshiab shah. Txhua lub zog hauv lub tebchaws tau koom nrog cov emirs, kev sib cav ntawm pab pawg neeg thiab kev sib cav hauv zej zog tau pib.
Persia tau qaug zog heev. Lub Ottoman Sultan Murad txiav txim siab los ua kom zoo dua qhov no. Xyoo 1578, Cov Turks tau pib ua tsov rog nrog Iran. Kev ua tsov rog tau ua tiav, cov neeg Ottomans tau kov yeej cov Pawxia tau yooj yim, ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua sab hauv, ntes Georgia, Azerbaijan, ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Caspian Hiav Txwv thiab lwm thaj chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tsov rog tau ntev, cov neeg Ottomans tau poob qis hauv nws. Lawv tau thov kev pab los ntawm pab tub rog Crimean.
Devlet tuag hauv Crimea. Tus tshiab Khan Mehmed-Girey, txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm thiab cov tub rog, tau teeb tsa phiaj xwm mus rau sab qaum teb. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai mus tawm tsam Lavxias lub tebchaws, uas muaj cov kab tiv thaiv zoo, thiab muaj zog tsar. Yog li ntawd, lawv maj mus rau Ukraine, raug rau Poland. Lawv hlawv tawm thiab puas tsuaj Volyn Rus.
Bathory yuav tsum tau them se ntau heev kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv. Tus tshiab Crimean Khan xav kom "mis nyuj" Russia thiab. Nws nthuav tawm nws cov phiaj xwm kev nyiag khoom raws li kev sib tsoo hauv kev koom tes nrog cov tswv Polish. Rau qhov "phooj ywg" Kuv tau thov 4 txhiab rubles, muab Astrakhan, tshem Cossacks los ntawm Dnieper thiab Don. Lub Khan tau xa 1 txhiab rubles los ua khoom plig, nws yog qhov tseeb tias Crimeans tau tawm mus yam tsis muaj Astrakhan. Raws li rau Cossacks, lawv tau teb nrog cov lus teb ib txwm muaj: Dnieper yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov yas Polish, Don yog cov neeg khiav dim los ntawm Lithuania thiab Russia thiab tsis ua raws li leej twg.
Xyoo 1578-1581, Cov tub rog Crimean Tatar tau tawm tsam hauv Transcaucasus. Rau Russia, tig Turkey thiab Crimean Horde mus rau sab hnub tuaj tau muaj txiaj ntsig heev. Qhov kev hem thawj ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog cov tub rog Ottoman muaj zog raug thawb rov qab. Thiab tus huab tais Polish nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau raug teeb meem sab hauv. Nws yuav tsum tsim pab tub rog ntawm cov tub rog, feem ntau yog Hungarians thiab Germans, cuam tshuam nrog Prussia, thaiv Gdansk. Cov tswv Polish thiab Lithuanian nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau tos, lawv tsis maj nrawm los pab Batory. Lub sijhawm no, Moscow vam tias yuav ua tiav kev sib tw hauv Livonia, thiab tom qab ntawd sib tham nrog Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth los ntawm txoj haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig.
