100 xyoo dhau los, Cov tub rog Soviet tau ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab yeej ntawm White Far Eastern Army thiab tso tawm Chita. Ataman Semyonov thiab cov seem ntawm nws pab tub rog tau khiav mus rau Manchuria.
Cov xwm txheej dav dav hauv Transbaikalia
Ua ntej nws raug ntes, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1920, "tus thawj coj zoo tshaj" Kolchak tau muab rau General Semyonov tag nrho ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab lub xeev lub zog ntawm thaj chaw ntawm "Russia sab hnub tuaj sab nrauv". Ataman Grigory Semyonov tsim tsoomfwv Chita. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1920, cov seem ntawm Kolchak cov tub rog koom nrog Semyonov cov chav nyob. Cov Tub Rog Sab Hnub Tuaj Dawb tau tsim los ntawm cov lus txib ntawm General Voitsekhovsky. Tom qab ntawd nws tau sib cav nrog tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws thiab cov tub rog tau coj los ntawm Lokhvitsky. Cov tub rog muaj peb pawg: 1st Trans-Baikal Corps (Chita Rifle and Manchurian Special Ataman Semenov Division), 2nd Siberian Corps (Irkutsk and Omsk Rifle Division, Volunteer Brigade and Siberian Cossack Regiment), 3rd Volga Corps (Ufa, Consolidated rifle and Kev sib faib Orenburg Cossack, Volga sib cais sib cais npe tom qab General Kappel thiab 1st pawg tub rog caij nees sib cais). Tsis tas li, Semyonov cov tub rog tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Transbaikal, Amur thiab Ussuri Cossacks, Asian Cavalry Division ntawm Baron von Ungern.
Cov Tub Rog Liab nres ntawm ntug Dej Hiav Txwv Baikal. Qhov no yog vim tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv. Cov tub rog Soviet tau muaj peev xwm ua tiav Kev Tiv Thaiv Dawb thiab Cossacks Dawb hauv Transbaikalia. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm no qhov kev txaus siab ntawm Soviet Russia cuam tshuam nrog cov phiaj xwm ntawm Nyij Pooj. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau ua lawv tus kheej kev ua si thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob Hauv Tebchaws Russia. Thaum Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub zog Entente pib thim tawm ntawm Siberia thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj, Nyij Pooj tseem nyob. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj xav khaws cia cov menyuam roj hmab tsis zoo nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj, suav nrog lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw ncig ntawm tebchaws Nyij Pooj. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau muaj zog, ua tub rog zoo thiab muaj kev qhuab qhia nyob rau tebchaws Russia. Lawv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tiv thaiv Soviet, Dawb Tus Saib Xyuas rog, tsim kev hem thawj rau Soviets zoo li Kolchak pab tub rog. Nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb txuas ntxiv hauv lub tebchaws thiab kev ua tsov rog nrog Finland thiab Poland, Moscow tsis tuaj yeem them taus tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj Tebchaws.
Yog li ntawd, tsoomfwv Soviet tau nthuav tawm qhov kev nthuav dav. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1920, qhov tsis tuaj koom Far Eastern Republic (FER) tau tsim nrog nws cov peev hauv Verkhne-Udinsk (tam sim no Ulan-Ude). FER suav nrog Amurskaya, Zabaikalskaya, Kamchatka, Primorskaya thiab Sakhalin cheeb tsam. Txoj cai ntawm Russia hauv thaj tsam CER tau xa mus rau nws. Tab sis thaum xub thawj, lub zog ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob tau nthuav tawm tsuas yog thaj chaw ntawm Western Transbaikalia. Tsuas yog thaum Lub Yim Hli 1920 puas tau ua tus thawj coj saib xyuas thaj tsam Amur pom zoo xa mus rau Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Ib Ntus ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaj tsam sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob tau faib los ntawm "Chita plug" - thaj tsam ntawm Chita, Sretensk thiab Nerchinsk nyob hauv Semyonovites thiab Nyij Pooj. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog lub xeev muaj kev ywj pheej nrog txhua lub cim tsim nyog thiab cov koom haum, nrog kev lag luam muaj peev txheej, tab sis qhov tseeb yog tus neeg nyob hauv Moscow tag nrho. Raws li kev sib cais ntawm Soviet thiab cov koom nrog liab, Cov Tib Neeg Cov Tub Rog Tawm Tsam (NRA) tau tsim. Kev tsim ntawm FER ua rau nws muaj peev xwm zam kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj thiab, tib lub sijhawm, nrog kev pab los ntawm NRA, ua tiav Kev Tiv Thaiv Dawb nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj.
Chita kev ua haujlwm
Lub zog ntawm White Far Eastern Army thaum Lub Peb Hlis-Plaub Hlis 1920 hauv cheeb tsam Chita yog kwv yees li 20 txhiab tus tub rog nrog txog 80 rab phom thiab 500 rab phom tshuab. Kev ua tsov ua rog tsis tu ncua, kev nqis tes ua ntawm cov neeg liab liab yuam kom cov lus txib dawb ua kom ntau dua ib nrab ntawm nws cov tub rog hauv thaj tsam Nerchinskaya thiab Sretenka. Mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Chita thiab hauv nroog nws muaj li ntawm 8, 5 txhiab tus tub rog. Tsis tas li, cov neeg dawb tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Nyij Pooj Thib 5 Infantry Division - ntau dua 5 txhiab tus neeg nrog 18 rab phom.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm "Chita ntsaws", tsoomfwv DRA tau teeb tsa kev tawm tsam. NRA raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm Heinrich Eikhe nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd suav nrog 1st Irkutsk Infantry Division, koom nrog pab pawg ntawm Morozov, Zykin, Burlov, thiab lwm yam. Trans-Baikal Infantry Division thiab Trans-Baikal Cavalry Brigade tau nyob rau theem ntawm kev tsim. Thawj qhov haujlwm Chita koom nrog txog 10 txhiab tus tub rog nrog 24 phom thiab 72 rab phom tshuab. Ua ntej pib kev ua haujlwm, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 4-5, cov neeg liab liab tau tawm tsam thiab ob peb teev tau ntes lub chaw nres tsheb Sretensk, ua rau cov yeeb ncuab mloog mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 10-13, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Tawm Tsam Tsov Rog pib. Txij li thaum cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau tuav txoj haujlwm raws txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, Reds tau ua rau lub tshuab tseem ceeb los ntawm sab qaum teb los ntawm kev hla ntawm Yablonevy Range. Nov yog kab ntawv sab laug hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Burov (ntau dua 6 txhiab tus neeg) tau nce mus. Txoj kab sab xis ntawm Lebedev (2, 7 txhiab tus tib neeg) tau xav tias yuav tsum taug txoj hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau. Nws tawm los rau Chita los ntawm sab qab teb hnub poob. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau rov qab mus rau Chita, Lebedev qhov kev sib cais tau mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb Gongota, qhov uas Reds raug txwv los ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb thiab Neeg Nyij Pooj.
Cov tub rog thib 1 ntawm Irkutsk faib hla hla, nqis mus rau hauv hav Chitinka. Cov tub rog NRA tau pib ua ntej los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau Chita. Los ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob, qhov kev tawm tsam tau txhawb nqa los ntawm 2nd thiab 3rd brigades ntawm NRA. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau rov qab mus rau Chita, qhov kev hem thawj ntawm lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab swb yeej tau tshwm sim. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 12, Burov qhov kev sib cais tau tawg mus rau sab qaum teb sab nrauv ntawm Chita, tab sis raug kev nyuaj siab los ntawm Nyij Pooj, tib neeg cov tub rog tau thim rov qab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsoomfwv Semyonov tau khaws cia tsuas yog nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg pab cuam Nyij Pooj. Ib qho ntxiv, NRA tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab zoo tshaj hauv cov lej thiab riam phom.
Thaum pib ua haujlwm Chita thib ob, NRA tau muaj zog ntxiv. Txhawm rau sib koom tes ua nrog cov koom nrog, Amur Front tau tsim rau lub Plaub Hlis 22 (tus thawj coj D. S. Shilov, tom qab ntawd SM Seryshev). Nws suav 20 txhiab tus xov tooj cua thiab sabers. Tam sim no Pab Tub Rog Dawb tau tawm tsam ntawm ob sab. Txawm li cas los xij, tus yeeb ncuab kuj loj zog tuaj. Cov pab pawg Nyij Pooj Nyij Pooj tau txhawb ntxiv los ntawm cov tub rog tub rog thiab sib koom ua ke ntawm 3,000 tus neeg xa mus thoob qhov chaw nres tsheb Manchuria. NRA hais kom faib cov tub rog ua peb ntu: kab sab xis nyob hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Kuznetsov tau nce mus ib puag ncig Chita los ntawm sab qab teb; Neumann txoj kab nruab nrab sab hnub poob; sab laug ntawm Burov - los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj. Kev faib tawm ib feem ntawm Amur Front ua haujlwm ntawm Sretensk thiab Nerchinsk. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau xa tawm: los ntawm sab qaum teb - Burov qhov kev sib cais (Pawg thib 1 thiab thib 2 ntawm 1st Irkutsk faib) thiab los ntawm sab qab teb - Neumann's kem (pawg tub rog thib 3). Kev tawm tsam tau pib rau lub Plaub Hlis 25, tab sis twb tau ua tsis tiav thaum pib lub Tsib Hlis. Qhov tsis ua tiav tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj hwm tsis raug, tsis sib xws hauv kev ua ntawm peb kab thiab Amur cov pab pawg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Semyonovites muaj peev xwm ua tus tswj hwm raws txoj kab kev ua haujlwm sab hauv, hloov kev txhawb nqa thiab tsav rov qab cov yeeb ncuab.
Kev swb ntawm Far Eastern Army
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920, txoj haujlwm ntawm FER tau ua kom muaj zog, thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv Semyonov zuj zus. Thaum Lub Rau Hli-Lub Xya Hli 1920, Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau pib lawv qhov kev tawm tsam zaum kawg hauv Transbaikalia. Ungern kev faib ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm Aleksandrovsky thiab Nerchinsky cov chaw tsim khoom hauv kev koom tes nrog thib 3 phom loj ntawm General Molchanov. Dawb tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. Thaum Lub Yim Hli, Baron von Ungern coj nws tawm mus rau Mongolia. Amur pem hauv ntej tau txais kev txhawb ntxiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog thiab kws tshaj lij pab tswv yim. Cov pab pawg sib cais yuav tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub. Kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Amur Front tau nce ntau. Kev nthuav dav ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tawm tsam ib tog tau tsim kev hem thawj tiag tiag ntawm kev poob ntawm cov tub rog Nyij Pooj txoj kev sib txuas lus raws txoj kev Manchurian. Tsis tas li, cov tebchaws sab hnub poob tau tso siab rau Tokyo. Tsoomfwv Nyij Pooj tau yuam kom sib tham nrog FER cov tub ceev xwm. Kev sib tham tau pib thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 24 ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Gongota thiab ua rau muaj kev nyuaj. Ib qho kev ua siab ntev tau kos npe rau thaum Lub Xya Hli. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj pib tshem cov tub rog los ntawm Chita thiab Sretensk. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau tawm thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Transbaikalia.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, chav nyob ntawm 2nd Rifle Corps ntawm White Far Eastern Army tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov chaw no, uas tau hloov chaw mus rau thaj tsam Adrianovka-Olovyannaya. Hauv kev txuas nrog kev khiav tawm ntawm cov tub rog Nyij Pooj, kev sib cais tshwm sim hauv qib ntawm cov lus txib dawb. Thaum Lub Yim Hli-Cuaj Hli 1920, kev sib tham pib ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm Pab Tub Rog Dawb. Feem ntau ntawm cov thawj coj ntseeg tias nws yuav tsum tau tawm hauv Transbaikalia rau Primorye. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog kev txhawb nqa tub rog ntawm Nyij Pooj, tab sis hais txog lawv cov kab khoom. Yog tsis muaj khoom siv, Cov Tub Rog Sab Hnub Tuaj tau raug piam sij. Hauv Primorye, txij li lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, cov chaw khaws khoom muaj riam phom, mos txwv thiab khoom siv tau nyob. Commander-in-chief Semyonov ntseeg tias White Guard yuav muaj sia nyob hauv Transbaikalia txawm tias tsis muaj neeg Nyij Pooj thiab Reds yuav tsis hla Chita. Cov tub rog nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd muaj txog 35 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers, 40 phom, 18 phom tsheb ciav hlau. Tab sis cov tub rog tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev tsis pom zoo ntawm cov lus txib, kev tawm ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj, uas ua rau cov tub rog poob siab. Kuj tseem muaj kev cia siab rau qhov ua tau ntawm kev pom zoo nrog FER, uas ua rau cov tub rog tawg.
Ib cheeb tsam nruab nrab tau tsim nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Chita. Yog li ntawd, qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm kev tawm tsam Semyonovites tau pauv mus rau thaj tsam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Amur Front. Lub hauv ntej muaj txog li 30 txhiab tus tub rog, 35 rab phom, 2 lub tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv. NRA cov lus txib tau npaj los nkaum tom qab pab pawg tiv thaiv tus kheej, koom nrog, uas tau liam tias tsis lees paub dawb lossis liab. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Amur Front tau npog los ntawm "tib neeg sawv tawm tsam". Cov neeg koom nrog pib ua haujlwm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm Chita thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1920. Txog thaum lub sijhawm cov tub rog Nyij Pooj tau thim tawm ntawm Chita thaum Lub Kaum Hli 15, 1920, NRA cov chaw tau tuav lawv thawj txoj haujlwm thiab pib txiav txim siab tawm tsam. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau xa mus raws txoj kab Nerchinsk - Karymskaya chaw nres tsheb. Qhov tshuab no los ua qhov xav tsis thoob rau White. Hauv Chita, lawv tau siv sijhawm ntev (hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob) kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Kev sib tham tau muaj los ntawm Chita thiab Verkhe-Udinsk. Hauv Transbaikalia, lawv pib ntseeg hauv "kev ywj pheej" ntawm Far Eastern Republic los ntawm Soviet Russia, hauv kev muaj peev xwm xaiv tsa mus rau Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Zos, uas yuav koom ua ke Transbaikalia thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj. Yav dhau los Kappelites, coj los ntawm General Voitsekhovsky, txawm tias tau thov kom suav nrog lawv cov tub rog (thib ob thiab thib 3 pawg) hauv NRA. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov kev sib tham no tsuas yog zais qhov kev npaj ntawm cov neeg cov tub rog rau kev txiav txim siab txiav txim siab.
Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 19, pawg tub rog thib 5 tau tsoo ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Urulga, uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Dawb. Qhov xav tsis thoob rau cov yeeb ncuab yog qhov pom ntawm 4 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, zais zais los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv av ntawm Vladivostok los ntawm cov chaw khaws khoom tub rog thiab coj mus rau Transbaikalia. Noj Urulga thiab Kaidalovo, Cov Reds tau ntes cov neeg saib xyuas Suav nyob rau hnub tom ntej, cuam tshuam txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Chita-Manchuria. Thaum yav tsaus ntuj hnub tim 21, Tib Neeg Cov Tub Rog tau mus rau sab nrauv ntawm Chita. Nyob rau tib hnub, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, Reds coj Karymskaya thiab Makkaveevo. Cov Neeg Dawb tau pib khiav tawm ntawm Chita, uas yog hnub ua ntej, Pawg sib ntaus sib tua liab tau tawm tsam. Molchanov cov neeg thib 3 tau tawm hauv lub nroog yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus. Ataman Semyonov nws tus kheej, tso tseg nws pab tub rog, khiav tawm ntawm Chita hauv lub dav hlau.
Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 22, 1920, NRA chav nyob Chita. Semyonovtsy, muaj kev tswj kom hla mus rau Karymskaya, rhuav tshem cov tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv ntawm chaw nres tsheb Kruchina, hla tus dej. Ingoda thiab txav mus rau sab qab teb raws txoj kev Akshinsky. Tom qab ntawd, cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau hloov pauv mus rau Manchurian ceg, qhov chaw thib 2 thiab thib 1 ntawm Far Eastern Army tau nyob. Cov lus txib dawb tau npaj siab ua kom tig kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lawv txoj kev nyiam txhawm rau ua kom khiav tawm hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 22, cov tub rog thib ob tau tawm tsam Agu thiab sim hla mus rau Karymskaya. Rau peb hnub, kev tawm tsam tawv tawv dhau mus, kev tawm tsam ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb tau raug tshem tawm. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 28, Thib Ob Amur Rifle Division tau tsoo ntawm Mogoytuy. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev hem thawj ntawm ib puag ncig, Dawb tau rov qab mus rau Pewter, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem tuav tawm ntawd ib yam. Qhov muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm "cauldron" tshiab tsim los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm 1st Amur faib hauv Byrka, Semyonovites tau thim rov qab rau Borza, tom qab ntawd mus rau Matsievskaya. Cov tub rog liab tau txiav tawm tus yeeb ncuab lub peev xwm tawm mus rau Manchuria los ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau. Cov seem ntawm Pab Tub Rog Dawb tau sim rov ua dua Matsievska, tab sis ua tsis tau. Cia siab tias yuav tawm ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb tau raug yuam kom hla hla tus steppe, tso tseg 12 lub tsheb ciav hlau, phom hnyav (phom thiab phom tshuab) thiab cov mos txwv ntau.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, cov tub rog sib ntaus ntawm Far Eastern Army nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm General Verzhbitsky tau mus rau Manchuria. Thaum lub sijhawm txav mus los ntawm Suav Sab Hnub Tuaj Kev tsheb nqaj hlau, cov chav dawb tau raug tshem tawm feem ntau los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Suav. Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv Dawb tau teeb tsa hauv kab txaij ntawm Suav Sab Hnub Tuaj Railway thiab hauv Harbin, uas tom qab ntawd suav tias yog lub nroog "Lavxias". Ib feem ntawm Semyonov Cossacks nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov neeg dawb pab pawg sib cais nyob hauv Buryatia, Mongolia thiab Tuva. Lwm qhov ntxiv mus rau sab ntawm Red Army lossis Red partisans. Semyonov tau sim rov kho nws lub zog, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov thawj coj tau tso tseg. Tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj tau mus rau Primorye, qhov uas cov neeg Nyij Pooj tseem sawv thiab lub zog yog koom nrog tsoomfwv tsoomfwv. Tab sis txawm nyob ntawd nws tsis tau txais thiab xa mus. Xyoo 1921, raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, ntau tus qub Kappelevites thiab Semyonovites tuaj txog hauv Primorye thiab thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tau txais lub zog hauv Vladivostok.
Yog li, "Chita plug" raug tshem tawm. Chita dhau los ua lub peev tshiab ntawm Far Eastern Republic, nws sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj tau koom ua ke.
