"Raunchy" ntiaj teb
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, Cov tub rog Lavxias tau ua rau ntau tus yeej swb ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau siv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, ntes Erzurum (chaw tswj hwm loj tshaj plaws thiab chaw tub rog nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv), Bitlis thiab Trebizond. Lub nkoj Lavxias tau npaj ua haujlwm Bosphorus. Tom qab kev kov yeej Turkey, Russia yuav tsum tau txais Western (Turkish Armenia), ua tiav kev sib koom ua ke ntawm keeb kwm Armenia, ib feem ntawm thaj av ntawm Georgia qub thiab ib feem ntawm Kurdistan. Tus Entente tau pom zoo ua ntu zus ntawm Constantinople thiab Bosporus thiab Dardanelles rau cov neeg Lavxias.
Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Ob Hlis Kev Tawm Tsam hla txhua qhov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev yeej ntawm riam phom Lavxias.
Lub teb chaws Ottoman Russia tau tawg.
Teeb meem thiab kev cuam tshuam pib. Tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli, Bolsheviks tsis tuaj yeem ua tsov rog ntxiv. Tsis muaj tub rog ntxiv lawm, nws yuav tsum tau rov kho lub xeev.
Kev sib tham tsis sib haum nrog Qaib Cov Txwv tau ua hauv Odessa. Hmo ntuj ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 15-16, 1917, kev ua tsis ncaj ncees tau xaus. Qhov kev pom zoo no tau cawm Turkey los ntawm kev sib tsoo hauv ob peb hnub tom ntej no. Lub teb chaws Ottoman tau ua tiav tag nrho los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab Istanbul txoj kev tua tus kheej sab hauv.
Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsuas yog ncua kev puas tsuaj ntawm Turkish Empire, nws twb dhau mus lawm.
Nationalists tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv Caucasus. Qhov kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 1917, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Dashnaks thiab Musavatists tau tsim Transcaucasian Commissariat hauv Tiflis.
Qhov tseeb, nws yog tsoomfwv haiv neeg ntawm Transcaucasus (Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan). Cov Commissariat pib tshem riam phom "liab" ntawm Transcaucasian Front. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Transcaucasian tau kos npe rau kev ua rog nrog Turks.
Qhov no tsis tau nres Turkey.
Tom qab tos kom tiav kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv Caucasus, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1918 cov tub rog Turkish tau pib tawm tsam. Kev tawm tsam tsuas yog muab los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Armenian. Cov Turks nyob Erzincan, Bayburt, Memahatun thiab Erzurum. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis, cov tub rog Turkish tau tuav tag nrho thaj chaw uas lawv tau poob ua ntej.
Ntawm kev hais lus hauv Brest-Litovsk, Qaib Cov Txwv xav kom sib cais ntawm Caucasus los ntawm Russia thiab tsim kev ywj pheej ntawm lub xeev nyob ntawd.
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub xeev zoo li no tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Qaib Cov Txwv.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 3, 1918, qhov "qias neeg" Brest Peace tau xaus. Kars, Ardahan thiab Batum tau tawm mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv.
Kev cuam tshuam German-Turkish
Cov tub rog German-Austrian thiab Turkish siv lub ntiaj teb rau kev nthuav dav ntxiv mus tob rau hauv thaj av uas yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias lub xeev.
Bolsheviks tsis muaj lub zog thiab peev txheej los tawm tsam qhov kev cuam tshuam no. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1918, Cov Turks tau nyob hauv Batum thiab Kars yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus, thaum lub Tsib Hlis lawv tau mus txog Tiflis.
Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 22, 1918, Lub Koom Haum Transcaucasian tau tsim, uas tsis kam lees paub Soviet hwj chim thiab Brest Peace.
Cov thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv tau ua raws txoj cai tsis sib xws. Ib feem ntawm nws (pro-Turkish, Turkic-Muslim) tau sim sib tham nrog Qaib Cov Txwv, vam khom nws. Lwm tus (Armenian nationalists) txiav txim siab Turks lawv cov yeeb ncuab. Yog li ntawd, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tsoomfwv tau sim cuam tshuam nrog kev txav chaw ntawm pab tub rog Turkish, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham nrog Turks.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam ntxiv ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tau tso tseg los ntawm cov neeg German.
Kev txeeb cov roj, manganese thiab lwm yam peev txheej los ntawm Turks tsis haum rau hauv Berlin txoj kev npaj. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 27, 1918, Cov Neeg German yuam Turks kom xaus qhov kev pom zoo hauv Constantinople txog kev faib kev sib faib ntawm lub zog. Qaib ntxhw tau txais sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Georgia thiab yuav luag tag nrho ntawm Armenia, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees - seem ntawm South Caucasus.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1918, Lub Koom Haum Transcaucasian tau kwv yees tias yuav tawg. Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej. Qaib ntxhw tau kos npe pom zoo "ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab kev phooj ywg" nrog Georgia thiab Armenia.
Qaib Cov Txwv, ntxiv rau Kara, Ardahan thiab Batumi cheeb tsam, tau txais: los ntawm Georgia - Akhalkalaki koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab ib feem ntawm Akhaltsikhe koog tsev kawm ntawv, thiab los ntawm Armenia - Surmalinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, ib feem ntawm Alexandropol, Sharur, Echmiadzin thiab Erivan cov cheeb tsam.
Cov tub rog German nkag mus rau Georgia. Cov tub ceev xwm tau nyob hauv cov nroog loj thiab tseem ceeb thiab cov chaw nres nkoj. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Cov tub rog German sib cav hauv Georgia suav txog li 30 txhiab tus tub rog. Cov peev txheej hauv Georgia thiab kev thauj mus los tau coj los ntawm German kev tswj hwm. Cov kws pab tswv yim hauv German plundered Georgia cov peev txheej.
Azerbaijan poob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Cov tub rog Turkish-Azerbaijani (Musavatists) tau pib tawm tsam Baku, qhov twg lub zog yog koom nrog cov neeg txhawb nqa Bolshevik Baku.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias lub sijhawm ntawd Baku tsis yog haiv neeg Azerbaijani lub nroog (lawv tau hu ua "Transcaucasian Tatars"). Ntau tshaj li ib feem peb ntawm cov pej xeem yog neeg Lavxias. Armenians thiab Azerbaijanis muaj txog 20% txhua. Muaj coob leej neeg Pawxia (tshaj 11%), Neeg Yudais, Georgians, Germans, thiab lwm yam.
Bolsheviks tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa zoo hauv nroog. Thiab lawv tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Baku tsis luag thaum pom cov Turks ntawm txoj kev hauv nroog (qhov kev zam tsis tau ntawm kev tua neeg ntawm cov ntseeg thiab Armenians). Yog li ntawd, Pawg Sab Laj Baku tau thov kev pab los ntawm cov neeg Askiv, uas nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Persia.
Lub Bolsheviks tau khiav tawm ntawm lub nroog. Lub zog ntawm "Central Caspian" tau tsim los. Cov neeg Askiv sai los txog. Thaum lub Yim Hli pib, cov tub rog Turkish tsoo rau hauv nroog, tab sis cov tub rog hauv nroog thiab Askiv tau tsav lawv rov qab los. Cov Turks tau txhawb nqa kev txhawb zog. Thiab nyob rau nruab nrab lub Cuaj Hli lawv tau coj lub nroog. Kev tua neeg tau ua nyob rau hauv Baku, uas ntau txhiab leej neeg tuag. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli, cov Turks tau ntes Derbent. Tom qab kev ntes ntawm Baku, tsoomfwv Soviet tau rhuav tshem Brest Treaty hauv ib feem hais txog Turkey.
Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm Constantinople nrog tsoomfwv Musavat, txhua txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau, kev lag luam roj, cov kav dej Baku-Batum, thiab cov tub lag luam nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Caspian tau pauv mus raws txoj cai Turkish tau 5 xyoos. Cov Turks nyiag cov Azerbaijan, tshem tawm ntau cov khoom thiab cov peev txheej. Ib feem kaum tau qhia rau kev saib xyuas ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm rau cov neeg ua teb. Tsis tas li, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, raws li xav tau, muab cov ntoo, tsiaj txhu, mov ci, lwm yam khoom lag luam, thiab ua haujlwm hauv tsev.
Turkish National Liberation Movement
Cov Turks tsis zoo siab rau qhov yeej ntev.
Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1918, cov neeg Askiv tua yeej lawv hauv Mesopotamia, Palestine thiab Syria. Tsoomfwv Turkish, coj los ntawm Enver Pasha, tau tawm haujlwm. Tsoomfwv tshiab thov kom muaj kev thaj yeeb.
Raws li Mudross Armistice ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 30, 1918, Cov Turks thim lawv cov tub rog tawm ntawm Caucasus.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, Askiv rov qab los rau Baku. Tam sim no Entente faib cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tua Turkish dais. Cheeb tsam ntawm txoj kev nqaim, Constantinople thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tau nyob los ntawm cov tub rog sib koom. Tim Nkij teb chaws thov Constantinople thiab Western Anatolia nrog Izmir (Smyrna). Cov neeg Armenian thiab Kurdish cov neeg tawm tswv yim thov rau Entente los tsim Armenian Republic, nrog rau suav nrog yav dhau los thaj tsam Turkish thiab nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub, thiab lub xeev Kurdish.
Hauv nruab nrab ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, kev tawm tsam pib tawm tsam Sultan tsoomfwv, uas tau ntxeev siab rau lub tebchaws txoj kev nyiam hauv tebchaws. Nws tau coj los ntawm General Mustafa Kemal. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1920, Lub Rooj Sib Tham Loj Hauv Tebchaws ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tau qhib hauv Ankara, uas tau tshaj tawm nws tus kheej tias nws yog tus xaiv tsa uas muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Ib lub tseem fwv los ntawm Kemal tau tsim.
Muaj ob lub zog hauv tebchaws Turkey: ob tsoomfwv thiab ob pab tub rog.
Lub Yim Hli 10, 1920, Sultan tsoomfwv tau kos npe rau Treaty of Sevres. Raws li nws, Qaib ntxhw poob nws thaj tsam yav dhau los: lawv tau faib los ntawm Askiv, Fabkis thiab Ltalis. Tshwj xeeb, Askiv tswj hwm Arabian Peninsula, Palestine thiab Mesopotamia. Constantinople thiab cheeb tsam Straits tau raug tswj hwm thoob ntiaj teb. Tsuas yog sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm Anatolia tau tso rau Turks, cov cheeb tsam seem tau pauv mus rau Greece, Armenia thiab Kurdistan. Cov ciam teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Armenia tau npaj los txiav txim siab nrog kev pab los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.
Kemal tsoomfwv tsis kam lees paub Cov Lus Cog Tseg ntawm Sevres, uas tau xaus rau Qaib Cov Txwv. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, tsuas yog lub zog tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yav tom ntej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Cov tub rog Greek tau tsaws rau sab hnub poob ntawm Anatolia. Cov neeg Askiv thiab Fab Kis tsis cuam tshuam txog kev ua tsov rog, lawv twb tau ua raws qhov lawv xav tau lawm.
Russia rov qab mus rau Transcaucasia
Cov Teeb Meem tau qhia tias tsoomfwv Transcaucasian tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav. Lawv tsuas tuaj yeem muaj nyob nrog kev txhawb nqa sab nraud.
Txoj cai hauv tsev tau ua tsis tiav. Cov koom pheej tau plunged rau hauv qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws. Cov tub rog hauv nroog muaj kev tawm tsam tsis zoo. Tsoomfwv Soviet, tau kov yeej pab tub rog dawb nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus, txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau Transcaucasia. Qhov no yog vim tub rog-xaiv tsa, nom tswv thiab nyiaj txiag laj thawj.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis-Tsib Hlis 1920, kev ua haujlwm Baku (Baku "blitzkrieg" ntawm Red Army) tau ua tiav. Azerbaijan SSR tau tsim.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1920, Armenian-Turkish tsov rog pib. Kev ua tsov rog tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau Entente, txij li thaum Kemalists pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv tshuab los ntawm sab hnub poob (Greek) thiab sab hnub tuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg sib tw ntawm Turks yuam kev. Lawv tau qhia qib siab ntawm kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus thaum yav tom ntej ntawm lawv lub tebchaws raug hu los nug. Tom qab thawj qhov kev ua tiav me me ntawm Armenian pab tub rog, Turks tau pib txiav txim siab tawm tsam. Vim li ntawd, cov tub rog Armenian yeej swb tag. Cov Turks tau ntes txhua tus ciam teb tseem ceeb ntawm Armenians: Sarykamysh, Ardahan, Kars thiab Alexandropol. Cov tub rog Turkish tau mus rau Yerevan. Thiab tsis muaj leej twg txwv nws (Yuav ua li cas Qaib Cov Txwv tawm tsam Armenia; Armenian swb) Tsoomfwv Armenian tau hu rau Entente kom cawm lawv. Entente tsis ua dab tsi los pab Armenia. Cov Westernizers tsis xav xa lawv cov tub rog mus rau Armenia.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1920, tsoomfwv Armenian tau pom zoo rau kev ua rog nrog Kemalists. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2, tsoomfwv Dashnak tau kos npe rau Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Alexandropol. Cheeb Tsam Kara thiab Cheeb Tsam Surmalinsky nrog Mount Ararat tau tawm mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv, qee thaj chaw tau nyob rau hauv Turkish tus saib xyuas ua ntej ua plebiscite. Qhov seem ntawm Armenia, qhov tseeb, tau nyob hauv txoj cai Turkish, txij li cov tub rog Armenian tau raug tshem tawm, thiab nws txoj kev sib txuas lus tau tswj los ntawm Turks, nrog rau ib feem ntawm nws thaj chaw (Alexandropol koog tsev kawm ntawv).
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev cog lus no tsis tau pib siv, txij li cov neeg Lavxias rov qab mus rau Armenia. Qhov kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 1920, Bolsheviks hauv zos tau tawm tsam hauv Armenia. Lawv tshaj tawm kev tsim lub zog Soviet thiab hu rau kev pab los ntawm Red Army. Armenian SSR tau tsim.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, Soviet pab tub rog nkag rau hauv Yerevan. Tsoomfwv Soviet ntawm Armenia tsis kam lees paub Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Alexandropol thiab tshaj tawm tias nws raug tshem tawm.
Moscow Treaty
Nws yog lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm "kev phooj ywg" ntawm Kemalist Turkey thiab Soviet Russia.
Moscow txiav txim siab tias kev faib cov qaib ntxhw tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau peb. Entente fleet hauv Constantinople yog kev hem thawj rau Russia. Thiab cov xeev tshiab hauv Transcaucasia poob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov peev txheej sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv lem, Kemal xav tau lub nraub qaum nyob rau sab qab teb Caucasus, uas Bolsheviks tuaj yeem muab tau. Tsis tas li, Bolsheviks tuaj yeem muab kev pab rau Kemalists nrog nyiaj, riam phom, thiab lwm yam. Kemalists xav tau kom zam kev ua tsov rog loj ntawm ob sab thiab khoom siv. Nov yog yuav ua li cas kev sib koom ua ke ib ntus ntawm Bolsheviks thiab haiv neeg Turkish tau hloov pauv.
Kev sib tw ntawm Moscow thiab Ankara tau pib thaum xyoo 1920.
Kemal thiab nws cov thawj coj ntseeg tias Entente tau siv "Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob" (Caucasus) txhawm rau ua kom lub tebchaws Turkish muaj kev ywj pheej. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau Kemalists uas cov neeg Lavxias (Bolsheviks) rov qab mus rau Transcaucasia, vim tam sim no lawv yog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Entente. Raws li txoj cai, tus yeeb ncuab ntawm kuv tus yeeb ncuab yog kuv tus phooj ywg. Yog li ntawd, Kemalists tsis tau cuam tshuam, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv tau pab txhawb kom tuaj txog ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab hauv Azerbaijan.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1920, Kemal tau thov Moscow pab nyiaj kub, riam phom thiab mos txwv. Soviet Russia tau muab kev pab no. Ankara tau txais kub, ntau txhiab rab phom, ntau pua rab phom tshuab, ntau rab phom, thiab rab phom loj. Kev xa khoom mus los ntawm hiav txwv los ntawm Novorossiysk thiab Tuapse mus rau Trabzon, Samsun thiab lwm qhov chaw nres nkoj, los ntawm qhov uas cov khoom thauj tau thauj mus rau thaj tsam sab hauv ntawm Anatolia. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920, Soviet pab tub rog, tsoo Zangezur, thiab Kemalists tau nyob hauv Nakhichevan koog tsev kawm ntawv, tshem Armenian Dashnak rog tawm ntawm nws mus.
Nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv nws tus kheej nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, kev pabcuam ntawm Russia tau zoo siab heev.
Kemal sau tseg:
Kev yeej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tshiab dhau ntawm Anglo-French thiab Greek cov neeg nyob yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev txi ntau yam tsis sib xws, lossis txawm tias tsis yooj yim sua, yog tias tsis yog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Russia.
Nws tau pab Turkey rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab nyiaj txiag.
Thiab nws yuav yog kev ua txhaum yog tias peb lub tebchaws tsis nco qab txog qhov kev pab no."
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1921, tus thawj coj ntawm Soviet tus neeg sawv cev, Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws, Chicherin, tau qhib lub rooj sib tham Moscow. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 16, 1921, Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Moscow tau kos npe. Sab qaum teb ntawm cheeb tsam Batumi thiab Batum tseem nyob nrog Georgia (Georgia tau Sovietized thaum Lub Ob Hlis-Peb Hlis 1921). Alexandropol thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm cheeb tsam Alexandropol tseem nyob tom qab Armenia. Nakhichevan koog tsev kawm ntawv tau pauv mus rau Azerbaijan. Qaib ntxhw tau muab Kars thiab Ardahan, sab qab teb ntawm cheeb tsam Batumi. Ob tog tau cog lus tias yuav tsis koom nrog kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam rau ib leeg.
Tshooj VI tshem tawm txhua qhov kev pom zoo uas tau xaus yav tas los ntawm ob lub zog.
Qhov no yog qhov yuam kev loj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet kev lis haujlwm.
Hauv qhov tseem ceeb, Moscow tau tso tseg cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua qhov kev yeej yav dhau los hla Turkey. Thiab cov kev pom zoo no tau txiav txim siab ciam teb, kev tswj hwm ntawm txoj kev nqaim, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws yog Tshooj V - txoj cai nruj. Qhov xwm txheej thoob ntiaj teb zaum kawg ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Straits tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yav tom ntej ntawm xeev xeev ntug dej hiav txwv.
Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1921, tsoomfwv Kemalist tau vam khom rau Moscow txoj haujlwm hauv Caucasus thiab kev pab ntawm Bolsheviks. Nws yog qhov ua tau los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov kev sib tw hauv kev nyiam ntawm Russia. Nws yog qhov yuam kev los hwm cov kev txaus siab ntawm cov xeev ntug dej hiav txwv - Romania thiab Bulgaria. Cov xeev no nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis txaus siab rau Russia (Romania), lossis nyob hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Entente.
Yog li, Moscow muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau Caucasus, los kho feem ntau ntawm txoj haujlwm ua ntej tsov rog.
Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1917 kev hloov pauv, lub xeev thiab cov tub rog tau raug puas tsuaj. Lub Caucasus, zoo li lwm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Bolsheviks tuaj yeem rov qab North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Georgia thiab Armenia. Yog lawm, muaj qhov ua yuam kev. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias xyoo 1921 Lenin twb dhau mus lawm mob, tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Txoj cai txawv teb chaws tau ua los ntawm Trotsky (Tib Neeg Txoj Cai rau Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws Chicherin yog nws tus tiv thaiv), uas tau txhawb los ntawm Zinoviev, Kamenev, thiab lwm yam. Yog li, Stalin tau tawm tsam thaj av rau Turkey, nws ntseeg tias nws tuaj yeem ua tau yam tsis muaj nws.
"Cov kwv tij" nrog Moscow tau ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm sib tham ntawm Mustafa Kemal.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1921, Fabkis tau kos npe cais kev pom zoo nrog Ankara. Cov tub rog Greek tau swb los ntawm Kemalists. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1922, kev ua siab phem tso tseg. Txoj Cai Lausanne Xyoo 1923 tau tsim ciam teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tshiab. Cov Turks khaws cia Constantinople, tag nrho ntawm Anatolia.
Nov yog qhov uas Russia pab tsim Turkey niaj hnub no.
