Ottomans subjugate Crimea
Crimean Khan Khadzhi-Girey tau koom nrog kev koom tes nrog Turks hauv 1454, tom qab kev poob ntawm Constantinople, thaum lub nkoj Turkish mus txog ntawm Cafe, tsaws pab tub rog thiab sim coj Genoese fortress. Tsis ntev Genoese pib them se rau Turks thiab Tatars. Xyoo 1475, tus vizier loj Gedik Ahmed Pasha tau coj kev taug kev hiav txwv mus rau Genoese cov nroog nyob hauv Crimea. Hauv Crimean Horde lub sijhawm no muaj kev tawm tsam tsis sib xws. Cov tub ntawm tus tuag Haji-Girey-Nur-Devlet, Mengli-Girey thiab Haider (Aydar)-tawm tsam lub zog. Loj Crimean feudal lords, Genoese thiab Great Horde kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev sib cav. Nur-Devlet tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Big Horde, Mengli-Girey-los ntawm Genoese. Xyoo 1475, Crimean beys loj tso Mengli-Girey thiab xaiv Haider. Mengli tau mus nkaum nrog Genoese hauv Cafe.
Qhov kawg ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 1475, Ottomans, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Tatars, tau thaiv Kafa. Mengli tawm tsam ntawm sab Genoese. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 6, Cov Neeg Ottomans tau siv lub chaw tiv thaiv, tua lawv cov neeg tawm tsam tshaj plaws thiab tau them nuj nqis loj rau lub nroog nplua nuj. Cov neeg raug kaw Mengli-Girey raug xa mus rau Istanbul. Tom qab ntawd cov tub rog Turkish tau siv lub zog tiv thaiv ntawm Genoese - Sudak niaj hnub no, Balaklava thiab Inkerman. Lawv kuj tau kov yeej txoj cai Orthodox me me ntawm Theodoro. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis, tom qab ob peb lub hlis ntawm kev tiv thaiv, lub peev ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Mangup poob. Cov Turks, npau taws los ntawm kev poob hnyav thiab kev tiv thaiv ntev, ua rau muaj kev tua neeg. Nws tus kav, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander, raug ntes thiab xa mus rau Constantinople, qhov uas lawv raug tua. Tsev neeg tseem raug tua pov tseg. Genoese thiab Christian muaj nyob hauv Crimea tau ua tiav nrog. Lub teb chaws Ottoman cov tub ceev xwm tau muab tso rau hauv cov tub rog uas raug ntes. Cov pejxeem Christian raug ntiab tawm, raug coj mus ua qhev thiab muag, lossis ua qhev, ua raws li Islamization. Tom qab ntawd cov Turks tau ntes Taman Peninsula.
Xyoo 1478, Sultan Mehmed II tso Mengli-Girey. Nws tau zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv Crimean ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas Crimea lees txais lub hwj chim siab tshaj ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Mengli nrog kev cais cov janissaries tuaj txog hauv Kafa, cov beys loj tau hla mus rau nws ib sab. Nws tus nrog sib ntaus thiab cov kwv tij Nur-Devlet thiab Haydar tau khiav mus rau Lithuanian Rus, thiab tom qab ntawd tau mus rau hauv qhov kev pabcuam ntawm Moscow Grand Duke. Nur-Devlet tau txais Kasimov qub txeeg qub teg.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm thaj av ntawm Lithuanian (Western) Rus
Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, Mengli-Girey tau daws ob txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb:
1) sib ntaus tawm tsam Great Horde rau hegemony hauv thaj av ntawm yav dhau los Golden Horde;
2) ua tsov rog nrog Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Russia.
Moscow yog kev sib koom ua ke ib ntus hauv kev ua rog nrog Great Horde thiab Lithuania. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau Tsar Ivan III uas nws cov neeg tawm tsam tau tawm tsam ntawm ob sab. Lub sijhawm no, Moscow tuaj yeem ua ntu zus thiab txheej txheem sau cov tebchaws Lavxias thiab ua tiav kev dim ntawm Horde lub zog, tib lub sijhawm ua txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Horde Empire. Xyoo 1480, sawv ntawm tus Dej Ugra xaus lub sijhawm ntawm Rus 'kev vam khom ntawm Horde. Lub sijhawm no, Crimean horde tau tawm tsam rau Podolia, cuam tshuam Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Casimir los ntawm kev tawm tsam Moscow (nws muaj kev koom tes nrog khan ntawm Great Horde, Akhmat). Thaum pib ntawm 1481, Khan Akhmat raug tua los ntawm Tyumen khan thiab Nogai. Nws cov tub pib tawm tsam rau lub zog, thiab kev swb ntawm Great Horde tau ua tiav los ntawm Crimean Horde.
Cov tub rog Crimean, coj los ntawm Mengli-Girem thiab nws cov tub, tau ua ntau qhov kev sib tw hauv thaj av ntawm Lithuanian Rus. Xyoo 1482, Crimeans coj thiab hlawv Kiev, ntes ntau tus neeg raug kaw. Tom qab ntawd lawv txhua xyoo tawm tsam Podolia thiab Moldova. Nyob rau xyoo 1484, cov tub rog sib koom ua ke ntawm Sultan Bayazid II thiab Mengli -Giray tau ntes lub chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Danube - Kiliya, tom qab ntawd Akkerman (Belgorod -Dnestrovsky) - lub fortress ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Dniester. Cov Ottomans thiab Tatars tau tuav tag nrho Hiav Txwv Dub Hiav Txwv los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Danube mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm Dniester. Cov tub ceev xwm Turkish tau muab tso rau hauv txhua lub nroog thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv. Nyob rau yav qab teb Bessarabia (Budzhak), Budzhak horde tau tsim, subordinate rau Crimean Khan.
Xyoo 1489, cov tub rog Crimean tau ua phem rau Kiev thiab Podolsk cov xeev. Tebchaws Poland raug yuam kom lees paub lub zog ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv nyob rau sab qaum teb Dub Hiav Txwv. Xyoo 1490 Lavxias thiab xeev Volyn tau puas lawm. Xyoo 1494, Crimean horde loj heev tau hlawv Podolia thiab Volhynia. Xyoo 1495-1499. Cov tub rog Crimean pheej rov ua phem rau Western Russia. Xyoo 1500, Crimean Tatars tau ua phem rau thaj av Bratslav, Volyn thiab Beresteyshchina, Belz, Lvov, Kholmsk, Lublin thiab Sandomierz. Cov Tatars hlawv Khmelnik, Kremenets, Lvov, Belz, Holm, Krasnostav, Lublin thiab lwm lub nroog, ntes ntau txhiab leej neeg. Xyoo 1502, Crimean hordes ravaged Galician Rus, tsoo rau hauv Poland, coj tag nrho loj. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov tau nyiag thaj av ntawm Dawb Russia. Xyoo 1503, cov tub rog Crimean tau hlawv thaj av Kiev thiab Podolia, ntxeev siab rau Belarus, ua rau lub nroog Novogrudok thiab Slutsk puas tsuaj. Xyoo 1505, Crimean horde loj tau ntxeem Dawb Russia, hlawv tawm thiab plundered ib puag ncig ntawm Minsk, Slutsk, Novogrudok, Polotsk, Vitebsk thiab Drutsk. Hauv cov xyoo tom ntej no, kev tawm tsam nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tub sab, kev ua tub sab thiab tshem tawm cov neeg muag rau kev ua cev qhev txuas ntxiv mus.
Rogue Khanate
Yog li, Qaib ntxhw thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th tau tsim nws tus kheej hauv thaj av Sab Qab Teb Dub. Tub rog-tub sab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Crimea tau tsim. Crimean Khanate tau dhau los ua tub rog ntawm Ottomans tau 300 xyoo. Cov kev txaus siab ntawm Ottoman sultans thiab Crimean khans feem ntau ua ke. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Ottomans tsis tau tsim lub zog ncaj qha hla Crimea, Crimean beys thiab cov tub rog zoo ib yam tsis hnov nws. Qhov tseeb, txoj hlua ntev, tab sis tawv. Tus Sultan yog tus caliph, tus thawj coj ntawm txhua tus neeg Muslim. Ntau tus tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg txiav txim siab ntawm Gireev tau nyob tas mus li hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, hauv Constantinople. Tus sultan ib txwm muaj Crimean cov thawj ntawm tes, leej twg tuaj yeem hloov lub sijhawm nyuaj thiab tsis txaus siab khan. Cov Turks khaws cov tub ceev xwm hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm thaj av Sab Qab Teb Dub. Lub nkoj Ottoman tau tswj hwm Hiav Txwv Dub.
Txog rau khanate, Qaib ntxhw yog qhov tsuas yog lub qhov rais rau ntiaj teb. Kev lag luam ntawm Crimean Khanate tau ua tiav raws li kev ua phem ntawm thaj av Lavxias-Lithuanian. Ntawm kev ua qhev. Kev tsim khoom thiab khoom siv tes ua tsis zoo. Cov seem ntawm cov pejxeem Christian, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, tau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm nws tau tsawg heev. Nukers thiab cov muaj koob muaj npe nyob tsuas yog tub sab. Hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg lag luam thiab tus tswv nkoj. Qaib ntxhw tsuas yog tus neeg yuav khoom ntawm cov neeg raug ntes los ntawm Tatars (yav tas los lawv tau yuav los ntawm cov tub lag luam Italian) thiab nyiag khoom, tshwj tsis yog tus txhiv rau qee tus Polonyans.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Chaw Nres Nkoj yog "ru tsev" ntawm kev tsim tub sab-cab Parasitic Crimean. Qhov no khov kho Bakhchisarai rau Constantinople, muaj zog dua li, piv txwv li, Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Algeria, uas tau suav hais tias yog cov xeev ntawm Ottoman Empire. Puas yog nws tsis yog rau Qaib Cov Txwv, Russia thiab Lithuanian-Polish xeev, ib leeg lossis koom ua ke, yuav muaj peev xwm tso qhov kawg rau tus tub sab no. Nws yog qhov ua tau uas twb tau nyob hauv XVI xyoo pua, tab sis tsis dhau tom qab XVII xyoo pua. Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Hwj Chim Loj Tshaj Plaws Turkish yog tus muaj kev ntseeg siab. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Lavxias, Lithuanians thiab Tub Rog yuav tsum txwv lawv tus kheej kom tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, tsim kev sib tsoo, tiv thaiv kab, tiv thaiv kab ke ntawm ciam teb, txhawb nqa Cossacks.
Sawv ntawm Muscovite Rus
Thaum lub sijhawm tawg ntawm Golden Horde nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th ntawm thaj chaw ntawm yav dhau los Bulgar ulus, yav dhau los Golden Horde Khan Ulu-Muhammad tshaj tawm lub khanate tshiab nrog lub peev hauv Kazan. Kazan Khanate nyob nruab nrab ntawm Volga thiab yuav luag tag nrho Kama phiab. Moscow tam sim xav tias hnyav tes ntawm lub khan tshiab. Xyoo 1437, pab tub rog ntawm Ulu-Muhammad yeej cov tub rog ntawm Moscow tus tswv xeev nyob ze Belyov, xyoo 1439 Kazan Tatars tau tawm tsam Moscow, tiv thaiv Lavxias lub peev, tom qab Nizhny Novgorod. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1445, Ulu-Muhammad tau kov yeej pab tub rog Lavxias Tsar Vasily II nyob ze Suzdal. Cov Tatars ntes Grand Duke nws tus kheej, coj thiab hlawv Suzdal. Hauv kev poob cev qhev, Vasily Vasilyevich uas txaus ntshai tau muab tus nqe txhiv loj heev - 200 txhiab rubles thiab qub txeeg qub teg ntawm tus dej Oka. Nov yog li cas Tatar qub txeeg qub teg - Kasimov lub nceeg vaj - tau tshwm sim ntawm Lavxias av hauv thaj av Meshchera. Moscow kuj tau cog lus rau Kazan Khan kom them se ("tawm").
Ib txhij nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm Horde Lub Tebchaws, qhov tshwm sim hauv nws qhov chaw ntawm Kazan, Astrakhan thiab Crimean khanates, Loj, Nogai thiab lwm yam hordes, nkag mus rau sab qaum teb Dub hiav txwv Dub hiav txwv ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nce ntawm lub xeev Orthodox, Muscovite Russia, tab tom ua. Tsar Ivan III tau dhau los ua kev sib sau ua ke thiab sib sau ntawm lub zog loj. Novgorod, lub hauv paus ntawm kev tawm tsam rau cov thawj coj ntawm Moscow, tau sim tawm tsam, kom hloov pauv raws li txoj cai ntawm Lithuania. Tab sis Ivan III kov yeej Novgorod. Cov av loj Novgorod, uas nws cov khoom tau nthuav mus rau sab qaum teb dhau ntawm pob zeb Ural, tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm ib lub xeev. Poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab koom nrog Moscow Russia Great Perm, Vyatka thiab Tver. Lawv tau khaws lawv txoj kev ywj pheej, tab sis qhov tseeb Pskov thiab Ryazan tau nyob hauv Moscow.
Xyoo 1472, Grand Duke tau sib yuav Sophia Palaeologus, tus ntxhais ntawm tus huab tais Byzantine kawg, uas nyob hauv Rome tom qab kev poob ntawm Constantinople. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib yuav no tau lees paub los ntawm Pope Sixtus IV, vam tias yuav kos Russia mus rau hauv Union ntawm Florence (Orthodox khaws lawv qhov sib txawv thiab kev ywj pheej, tab sis nrog kev lees paub ntawm kev ua tus thawj ntawm lub papal throne). Nrog Sophia, cov neeg Loos raug xa mus rau Moscow kom "qhia txoj hauv kev tseeb rau cov uas ua yuam kev." Tab sis Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm tsis lees txais xws li "nqi tsev". Cov legate tau tso tawm sai sai. Thiab Sophia tau dhau los ua tus saj rau tus kav tag nrho ntawm Russia. Yog li Ivan Vasilievich tau cuam tshuam nrog kev ploj tuag ntawm huab tais huab tais thiab qhia ob lub taub hau dav dav rau hauv peb lub tsho caj npab - nrog rau lub tsho tiv thaiv yav dhau los ntawm caj npab, uas piav txog St. George tus Victorious tua tus nab (Perun ntaus Veles). Russia dhau los ua tus txais qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Byzantine kev coj noj coj ua, uas los ntawm lub zog qub qub ntawm Asia Me Me.
Xyoo 1480, Moscow Russia tau dhau los ua neeg ywj pheej los ntawm Golden Horde (qhov tseeb qhov no tau tshwm sim ntau dua ua ntej). Kasimov Tatars nyob rau hauv Tsar Ivan III tau dhau los ua nws tus neeg saib xyuas, thiab cov khoom plig rau lawv pib suav tias yog nyiaj hli. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis tsuas yog cov tub rog yooj yim thiab Murza-beys, tab sis kuj yog cov thawj coj, cov neeg sib tw raug cai rau lub rooj ntawm Kazan thiab Crimea, mus rau hauv caj npab ntawm Moscow. Moscow tsis tu ncua siv lwm qhov kev coj ua zoo - Horde ib.
Thawj thawj zaug, Ivan tus Phem txaus ntshai yawg tau thawb ciam teb nrog Lithuanian Rus mus rau sab hnub poob. Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj kev kav, nws tau tshwm sim ze Moscow, ze Mozhaisk. Lithuania muaj peev xwm rov qab tau Vyazma, Dorogobuzh, Bryansk, Kozelsk, Belev, Tarusa thiab ob lub kaum os lwm lub nroog. Raws li txoj cai ntawm Moscow kev tswj hwm, Chernigov, Seversky, Starodub thiab Rylsky tus thawj coj dhau los nrog lawv cov vaj tse.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv ciam teb sab hnub tuaj, Grand Duke tau ua ntau qhov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Kazan. Tib lub sijhawm, Moscow pib txhawb nqa "pro-Russian" tog hauv Kazan. Ib feem ntawm Kazan kev coj ncaj ncees yog tsom mus rau Moscow. Cov neeg Lavxias tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tawm tsam sab hauv ntawm khanate, txhawb nqa Muhammad-Emin tawm tsam nws tus tij laug Ali-khan. Xyoo 1484, nrog kev pab Lavxias, Tsar Ali tau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm lub zwm txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo tom ntej, Sab Hnub Tuaj, nrog kev pab los ntawm Nogai, tau rhuav tshem Muhammad. Ali tau tuav lub zwm txwv. Xyoo 1487, cov tub rog Lavxias tau kaw lub nroog Kazan, thiab cov tog "Lavxias" tau qhib lub rooj vag. Mohammed-Emin tau rov nce siab rau lub zwm txwv, nws lees paub nws tus kheej li vassal ntawm Moscow. Nws cov kwv tij raug xa mus rau Russia, Ali tuag hauv kev ntiab tawm hauv Vologda. Ivan Vasilievich coj lub npe ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Bulgaria.
