Tebchaws Asmeskas kev txwv tsis pub siv riam phom nuclear tau xaus rau lub Yim Hli 29, 1949 tom qab kev sim ua tiav hauv USSR ntawm qhov chaw sim hauv thaj av Semipalatinsk ntawm Kazakhstan ntawm lub chaw ruaj khov nuclear uas muaj peev xwm kwv yees li 22 kilotons.
Tom qab ntawd, Semipalatinsk qhov chaw sim raug tsim hauv thaj chaw no - thawj zaug thiab ib ntawm qhov chaw kuaj nuclear loj tshaj plaws hauv USSR. Qhov chaw ntsuas nuclear nyob hauv Kazakhstan ntawm ciam teb ntawm Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar thiab Karaganda cheeb tsam, 130 kilometers sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Semipalatinsk, ntawm sab laug ntawm tus dej Irtysh. Nws cheeb tsam yog 18,500 km².
Kev tsim lub chaw sim yog ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm atomic, thiab kev xaiv tau ua, raws li nws tau muab tawm tom qab, ua tiav zoo - thaj av ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tawg hauv av nuclear tawg ob qho tib si hauv qhov nkag thiab hauv qhov dej.
Txij xyoo 1949 txog 1989, ntau dua 600 qhov kev sim nuclear tau ua tiav ntawm Semipalatinsk qhov chaw sim nuclear, uas lawv tau tawg: 125 huab cua (26 av, 91 huab cua, 8 qhov siab), 343 av tawg nuclear (ntawm uas 215 hauv qhov lees paub) thiab 128 hauv qhov dej). Tag nrho lub zog ntawm kev tsub nqi nuclear raug sim nyob rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1949 txog 1963 ntawm Semipalatinsk qhov chaw sim yog 2500 zaug siab dua li lub zog ntawm lub foob pob tawg hauv Hiroshima. Kev sim nuclear hauv Kazakhstan tau txiav tawm xyoo 1989.
Google Earth snapshot: qhov chaw thawj Soviet tawg nuclear
Qhov chaw ntsuas nuclear tau muab faib ua rau thaj tsam rau xeem. Ntawm qhov chaw naj npawb 1, qhov twg thawj Soviet nuclear tawg tau ua tiav, atomic thiab thermonuclear tsub nqi raug sim. Thaum lub sijhawm xeem, txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev puas tsuaj, cov tsev thiab cov qauv (suav nrog cov choj), nrog rau ntau yam chaw nyob thiab chaw nyob, tau teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw xeem. Ntawm lwm qhov chaw, hauv av, huab cua thiab hauv av tawg ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog tau ua.
Qee qhov hauv av thiab hauv av tawg ua "qias neeg", uas ua rau muaj hluav taws xob muaj kuab paug nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj av ntawm Kazakhstan. Ntawm qhov chaw ntsuas nws tus kheej, hauv qhov chaw uas tau ntsuas hauv av thiab hauv av nuclear, tom qab tawg tau txog 10-20 milliroentgens ib teev. Tib neeg tseem nyob hauv thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg. Ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg tam sim no tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab txog xyoo 2006 tsis tau kos npe rau hauv ib txoj hauv kev hauv av. Cov pejxeem tau siv thiab txuas ntxiv siv ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg rau cov nyom thiab cog qoob loo.
Google Earth snapshot: lub pas dej tsim los ntawm thaj av tawg nuclear
Los ntawm lig 90s rau 2012, ntau qhov kev sib koom ua haujlwm zais cia tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw sim, uas tau ua los ntawm Kazakhstan, Russia thiab Asmeskas kom tshawb nrhiav thiab khaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tshwj xeeb, kwv yees li 200 kg ntawm plutonium uas tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw sim (foob pob nuclear tsis tau tawg), nrog rau cov cuab yeej siv los tsim thiab sim riam phom nuclear. Lub xub ntiag ntawm plutonium no thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia tseeb txog kev ua haujlwm tau zais los ntawm IAEA thiab zej zog ntiaj teb. Qhov chaw pov tseg tsis tau muaj kev tiv thaiv, thiab plutonium sau rau ntawm nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua phem ntawm kev ua phem nuclear lossis hloov mus rau lwm lub tebchaws los tsim riam phom nuclear.
Lwm qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm nuclear nuclear Soviet tau nyob ntawm Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Thawj qhov kev sim nuclear tau tshwm sim ntawm no thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 21, 1955. Nws yog qhov tawg hauv qab dej nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 3.5 kilotons nqa tawm hauv kev nyiam ntawm Navy. Hauv Novaya Zemlya xyoo 1961, lub foob pob hluav taws muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej tau raug foob - 58 -megaton Tsar Bomba ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm Sukhoi Nos ceg av qab teb. Ntawm qhov chaw sim, 135 qhov kev foob pob hluav taws tau ua: 87 hauv huab cua (ntawm qhov uas 84 yog huab cua, 1 av, 2 nto), 3 hauv qab dej thiab 42 hauv av.
Raws li txoj cai, thaj tsam nyob ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov kob. Ntawd yog, cov nqi nuclear tau tawg hauv thaj tsam kwv yees sib npaug rau thaj tsam ntawm Netherlands. Tom qab kos npe thaum Lub Yim Hli 1963 ntawm kev cog lus txwv kev sim nuclear hauv huab cua, sab nrauv thiab hauv qab dej, tsuas yog kev ntsuas av tau ua nyob ntawm qhov chaw xeem mus txog 1990.
Google Earth snapshot: nkag mus rau qhov lees paub qhov kev sim nuclear tau ua tiav
Tam sim no, lawv tsuas yog koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev siv riam phom nuclear (Matochkin Shar chaw). Hmoov tsis zoo, ib feem ntawm Novaya Zemlya archipelago yog "pixelated" ntawm cov duab satellite thiab tsis tuaj yeem pom.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev ntsuas riam phom nuclear, thaj chaw ntawm Novaya Zemlya tau siv xyoo 1957-1992 rau kev pov tseg cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg. Yeej, cov no yog cov ntim nrog siv cov roj nuclear thiab cov tshuaj tua hluav taws los ntawm cov nkoj submarines thiab cov nkoj saum nkoj ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Fleet ntawm Soviet thiab Lavxias Navy, nrog rau cov dej khov nrog cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear.
Kev sim nuclear tau ua tiav hauv lwm qhov ntawm USSR ib yam. Yog li thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 14, 1954, kev tawm dag zog siv riam phom nuclear tau tuav ntawm Totsk qhov chaw sim. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tawm dag zog yog los xyaum ua txhaum los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab echeloned tiv thaiv siv riam phom nuclear.
Thaum lub sijhawm tawm dag zog, Tu-4 tus foob pob tau tso RDS-2 lub foob pob nuclear nrog rau qhov tsim tawm ntawm 38 kilotons ntawm TNT los ntawm qhov siab ntawm 8,000 meters. Tag nrho cov tub rog uas tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm dag zog yog kwv yees li 45 txhiab tus neeg.
Google Earth snapshot: qhov chaw ntawm Totsk qhov chaw sim, dhau qhov uas lub foob pob nuclear tau tawg
Tam sim no, daim ntawv nco txog tau teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw uas lub foob pob tawg tau tshwm sim. Cov hluav taws xob theem hauv cheeb tsam no txawv me ntsis los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab tsis ua kev hem thawj rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1946, Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim raug tsim nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm thaj av Astrakhan los sim thawj lub foob pob Soviet. Tam sim no thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg yog li 650 km².
Kev sim cov foob pob hluav taws txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov chaw sim: R-1, R-2, R-5, R-12, R-14, thiab lwm yam. thiab kev tiv thaiv huab cua. Ntawm Kapustin Yar, 177 qhov piv txwv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tau raug sim thiab kwv yees li 24 txhiab tus foob pob uas tau siv.
Google Earth snapshot: qhov chaw sim ntawm Kapustin Yar huab cua tiv thaiv kab ke
Ntxiv rau qhov kev ntsuas lawv tus kheej, lub hnub qub ci ntawm Cosmos series tau pib los ntawm qhov chaw sim. Tam sim no, Kapustin Yar qhov chaw xeem raug xaiv los ua "Plaub Lub Xeev Hauv Xeev Qhov Chaw Sib Ntsib Tshwj Xeeb".
Google Earth snapshot: qhov chaw ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim, qhov chaw uas muaj huab cua nuclear tau tawg
Txij li xyoo 1950, tsawg kawg 11 lub foob pob nuclear tau ua tiav ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1955, kev tsim kho qhov chaw pib thiab kev tsim vaj tsev rau kev pib R-7 ICBMs tau pib nyob ze ntawm Tyuratam chaw nres tsheb. Lub hnub yug tseem ceeb ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome tau txiav txim siab Lub Rau Hli 2, 1955, thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm qauv ntawm Fifth Research Test Site tau pom zoo los ntawm General Staff directive. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm cosmodrome yog 6717 km².
Lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1957 - thawj qhov kev sim pib (tsis ua tiav) ntawm R -7 foob pob hluav taws los ntawm qhov ntau tau tshwm sim, peb lub hlis tom qab - thaum Lub Yim Hli 21, 1957, thawj qhov ua tiav tau tshwm sim, lub foob pob hluav taws tau xa cov mos txwv mus rau Kamchatka Kura. ntau yam.
Google Earth snapshot: tso lub ncoo rau R-7 tso tsheb
Tsis ntev, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 4, 1957, tom qab tshaj tawm thawj lub hnub qub dag rau hauv qhov chaw, lub foob pob hluav taws tau dhau los ua cosmodrome.
Google Earth snapshot: Zenit tso ncoo
Ntxiv rau kev tso tsheb mus rau ntau lub hom phiaj mus rau hauv qhov chaw, ICBMs thiab ntau lub tsheb pib tau sim ntawm Baikonur. Ib qho ntxiv, R-7 ICBMs nruab nrog lub ntsuas cua sov thaum ntxov 60s tau ceeb toom ntawm lub ncoo tso tawm. Tom qab ntawd, silos rau R-36 ICBM tau teeb tsa nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cosmodrome.
Google Earth snapshot: puas ntsoog ICBM R-36
Hauv tag nrho, ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, Baikonur tau tshaj tawm ntau dua 1,500 lub dav hlau rau ntau lub hom phiaj thiab ntau dua 100 lub foob pob hluav taws sib txuas, sib tw 38 hom cuaj luaj, ntau dua 80 hom dav hlau thiab lawv hloov kho. Xyoo 1994, Baikonur cosmodrome tau xauj rau Russia.
Xyoo 1956, Sary-Shagan qhov chaw sim raug tsim hauv Kazakhstan rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv foob pob hluav taws. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau xaiv qhov chaw rau qhov chaw pov tseg yog: muaj cov neeg nyob tiaj tus, thaj chaw tsis muaj neeg nyob, muaj coob leej tsis muaj hnub tsis muaj huab, thiab tsis muaj cov liaj teb muaj txiaj ntsig. Thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg thaum lub caij Soviet yog 81,200 km².
Google Earth snapshot: "Don-2NP" foob pob tiv thaiv radar ntawm "Sary-Shagan" kev qhia hauv av
Txhua lub tebchaws Soviet thiab Lavxias tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws tsim los tsim cov phiaj xwm tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv cov foob pob hauv nruab nrab tau raug sim ntawm qhov chaw sim. Ib qho kev sim nyuaj rau kev txhim kho thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob laser siab kuj tau tsim los ntawm Sary-Shagan.
Google Earth snapshot: "Neman" foob pob tiv thaiv radar ntawm "Sary-Shagan" kev qhia hauv av
Tam sim no, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw pov tseg hauv tsev tau poob rau hauv kev lwj lossis raug nyiag. Xyoo 1996, Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo tau kos npe los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias thiab tsoomfwv ntawm Republic of Kazakhstan ntawm kev xauj ib feem ntawm Sary-Shagan qhov chaw xeem. Kev xeem tawm ntawm thaj tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias tsis tshua muaj, tsis pub ntau tshaj 1-2 zaug hauv ib xyoos.
Sab qaum teb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog Plesetsk, tseem hu ua Thawj Xeem Xeem Kev Xeem Cosmodrome. Nws nyob 180 kilometers sab qab teb ntawm Arkhangelsk, tsis deb ntawm Plesetskaya chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Sab Qab Teb Railway. Lub cosmodrome npog thaj tsam ntawm 176,200 hectares.
Lub cosmodrome hnub rov qab mus rau Lub Ib Hlis 11, 1957, thaum Kev Txiav Txim Siab ntawm Pawg Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws ntawm USSR ntawm kev tsim lub chaw ua tub rog nrog lub npe "Angara" tau txais. Lub cosmodrome tau tsim los ua thawj lub foob pob ua tub rog tsim nyob hauv USSR, ua tub rog nrog R-7 thiab R-7A cov foob pob hluav taws sib txuas.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: Soyuz pib ncoo ntawm Plesetsk cosmodrome
Xyoo 1964, kev sim pib ntawm RT-2 ICBMs pib los ntawm Plesetsk. Tam sim no, nws yog los ntawm no uas feem ntau ntawm qhov kev sim thiab tswj kev qhia pib ntawm Lavxias ICBMs tau ua tiav.
Lub cosmodrome muaj cov thev naus laus zis nyob ruaj khov thiab nthuav tawm cov teeb pom kev zoo rau cov teeb pom kev hauv tsev thiab nruab nrab-chav tso tsheb: Rokot, Cyclone-3, Kosmos-3M thiab Soyuz.
Los ntawm 70s txog rau thaum ntxov 90s, Plesetsk cosmodrome tuav lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua hauv tus lej foob pob ua ntxaij mus rau hauv qhov chaw (txij xyoo 1957 txog 1993, 1372 tau tsim los ntawm no, tsuas yog 917 los ntawm Baikonur, uas yog nyob hauv qhov chaw thib ob). Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 1990, txhua xyoo ntawm kev xa tawm los ntawm Plesetsk tau dhau los tsawg dua los ntawm Baikonur.
Ntawm lub tshav dav hlau tub rog "Akhtubinsk" hauv thaj av Astrakhan yog nyob ntawm kev tswj hwm Lub Xeev Kev Xeem Kev Xeem Chaw ntawm Ministry of Defense uas muaj npe tom qab V. P. Chkalov (929 GLITs ntawm Air Force). Lub tshav dav hlau yog nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog uas muaj npe tib yam.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau ntawm Akhtubinsk tshav dav hlau
Ntawm lub tshav dav hlau muaj qhov ua tau zoo txhua yam kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev pabcuam nrog Lavxias Air Force. Hauv xyoo 2013, txoj hauv kev tshiab ua vaj tsev nrog qhov ntev ntawm 4000x65 m tau tsim ntawm lub tshav dav hlau. Tus nqi tsim kho yog 4.3 billion rubles. Ib feem ntawm txoj kev qub yog siv rau khaws cov dav hlau.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau ntawm Akhtubinsk tshav dav hlau
Qhov loj tshaj plaws huab cua nyob hauv Russia, Groshevo (Vladimirovka), nyob 20 km ntawm tshav dav hlau. Qhov dav dav dav dav yog nyob ib sab ntawm Kapustin Yar cov dav hlau ntau. Muaj cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm zoo uas tso cai rau koj los xyaum siv kev sib ntaus thiab sim ntau yam ntawm riam phom dav hlau.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: qhov ntxa ntawm thaj tsam dav hlau
Hauv thaj tsam ib puag ncig muaj lub tshav dav hlau Ramenskoye, uas muaj peev xwm txais tau txhua yam dav hlau yam tsis txwv qhov nqa hnyav. Txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshav dav hlau yog qhov ntev tshaj plaws tsis yog hauv Russia nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem nyob hauv Europe (5403 m).
Satellite duab ntawm Google Earth: Su-47 "Berkut" ntawm tshav dav hlau "Ramenskoye"
Hauv "Ramenskoye" - yog kev sim (sim) tshav dav hlau ntawm LII npe tom qab Gromova. Nws nyob ntawm no uas feem ntau ntawm Lavxias cov tub rog kev siv dav hlau (suav nrog PAK T-50) raug sim. Nov yog kev sau ntau ntawm cov dav hlau thiab sim dav hlau ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: MAKS-2011
Ntxiv rau kev sim ya dav hlau, lub tshav dav hlau tau siv los ntawm kev ya dav hlau raws li lub tshav dav hlau thauj khoom thoob ntiaj teb, thiab International Aviation thiab Space Salon (MAKS) kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv tshav dav hlau ntawm xyoo txawv.
Ntawm lub tshav dav hlau Lipetsk-2, 8 kilometers sab hnub poob ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog Lipetsk, muaj Lipetsk Center for Combat Use and Retraining of Flight Personnel of the VP Chkalov Air Force.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau ntawm "Su" tsev neeg hauv Lipetsk
Muaj txhua hom kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev pabcuam nrog rau pem hauv ntej-kab kev ya dav hlau ntawm Lavxias Air Force. Kuj tseem muaj tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau "hauv kev cia" ntawm no, lub neej kev pabcuam uas tau los txog qhov kawg.
Satellite duab ntawm Google Ntiaj Teb: sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau "hauv kev cia" hauv Lipetsk
Los ntawm txhua qhov saum toj no, nws tau pom meej tias peb lub tebchaws muaj lub hauv paus kev sim ua tiav: cov foob pob hluav taws thiab aviation thiab thaj chaw sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no tso cai, muab txoj cai tswjfwm txoj cai thiab faib cov peev txheej, los tsim thiab ntsuas tag nrho cov cuab yeej siv dav hlau thiab dav hlau niaj hnub no.
