Ukraine
Tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm Soviet Union, pab pawg muaj zog tiv thaiv huab cua tseem nyob hauv Ukraine, uas tsis zoo ib yam ntawm cov koom pheej koom pheej. Tsuas yog Russia muaj lub peev txheej loj ntawm cov riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Xyoo 1992, lub dav hlau ntawm Ukrainian SSR tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ob pab tub rog (49th thiab 60th) ntawm pab tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua thib 8. Ib qho ntxiv, 28th Air Defense Corps ntawm 2nd Separate Air Defense Army tau nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine. Pawg Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb Thib 8 suav nrog: 10 tus neeg tua rog thiab 1 tus tub rog sib xyaw ua ke, 7 pab tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab cov tub rog, 3 tus tub rog siv xov tooj cua thiab ib pab tub rog. Cov tub rog rog tau ua tub rog nrog cov neeg cuam tshuam: Su-15TM, MiG-25PD / PDS, MiG-23ML / MLD. Txij li qhov kawg ntawm 80s, ob peb lub dav hlau tau nyob hauv cov txheej txheem rov nruab nrog cov cuab yeej tshiab. Su-27 cov neeg tua rog tau txais 136 IAP thiab 62 IAP. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tom qab faib cov cuab yeej Soviet, Ukraine tau txais ntau dua 2,800 lub dav hlau rau ntau lub hom phiaj, uas 40 yog Su-27 thiab ntau dua 220 MiG-29. Xyoo 1992, Ukraine muaj plaub lub dav hlau loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv ntiaj teb., thib ob tsuas yog Tebchaws Meskas, Russia thiab Suav. Kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm rau tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua tau ua tiav ntawm Cov Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Zoo Tshaj Xov Tooj Cua Engineering Academy hauv Kharkov, ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Tiv Thaiv-Aircraft Missile Command Tsev Kawm Ntawv hauv Dnepropetrovsk thiab ntawm Kev Qhia Ua Haujlwm hauv Evpatoria, uas cov kws tshaj lij tau kawm tiav.
Xyoo 1991, Pawg Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv 8 tau suav nrog 18 lub foob pob tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab cov foob pob tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas muaj 132 tus tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau yog piv rau tam sim no tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua hauv Lavxias Aerospace Force. Cov qauv thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm lub dav hlau tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws uas tau siv rau hauv Ukraine tau zoo ib yam li cov uas tau txais hauv Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Cua ntawm USSR. Cov tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua thib 8 tau ua tub rog SAMs: S-75M2 / M3, S-125M / M1, S-200A / V thiab S-300PT / PS.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev tsim ntawm pawg thib 8 cais pab tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua
Hauv Vasilkov, Lvov, Odessa, Sevastopol thiab Kharkov, tau siv cov tub rog siv xov tooj cua, uas suav nrog cov tub rog siv xov tooj cua thiab cov tuam txhab tsim hluav taws xob sib cais, uas ntau dua 900 lub radars tau ua haujlwm: 5N84A, P-80, P-37, P-15U, P-18, 5N87, 64Zh6, 19Zh6, 35D6 thiab xov tooj cua altimeters: PRV-9, PRV-11, PRV-13, PRV-16, PRV-17. Ntxiv rau radars, uas muaj qib ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ntawm kev txav mus los, hauv Ukraine muaj ntau qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov 44Zh6 (nyob ruaj khov ntawm Oborona-14 radar) thiab 5N69 (ST-67). Txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm RTV ZRV thiab cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv huab cua txuas nrog rau hauv ib qho kev tawm tsam tag nrho qhov tseeb ACS tshuab "Osnova", "Senezh" thiab "Baikal". Nyob rau hauv Ukrainian kev tiv thaiv huab cua network tau txais los ntawm Soviet Union tom qab nws vau, nrhiav cov cuab yeej thiab tiv thaiv huab cua tshuab tau teeb tsa kom lawv tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb thiab thaj tsam thaj tsam. Cov no suav nrog cov chaw lag luam thiab chaw tswj hwm: Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Nikolaev, Odessa thiab, txog tam sim no, Crimean Peninsula. Thaum lub sijhawm Soviet, kev tiv thaiv huab cua tau xa mus rau sab hnub poob ciam teb thiab thoob plaws tebchaws Ukraine.
HLB ST-67
Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Soviet tau dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau kev ywj pheej Ukraine. Txog xyoo 1997, cov neeg cuam tshuam: MiG-25PD / PDS, MiG-23ML / MLD thiab Su-15TM tau tso tseg lossis pauv "rau kev cia". Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm MiG-29 niaj hnub no tau muab tso rau muag. Txij li thaum tau txais kev ywj pheej, Ukraine tau xa tawm txog 240 lub dav hlau tub rog thiab nyoob hoom qav taub. Ntau tshaj 95% ntawm lawv yog cov tsheb tau txais thaum lub sijhawm faib ntawm Soviet Air Force thiab Air Defense. Ntawm lub dav hlau tshiab rau kev xa tawm, tsuas yog thauj An-32 thiab An-74 tau tsim. Tom qab 20 xyoo ntawm kev ywj pheej, tus naj npawb ntawm cov dav hlau sib ntaus muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam tau lub hom phiaj huab cua tau zoo thiab ua tiav lub luag haujlwm huab cua zoo tau poob ntau ntau zaug. Yog li, xyoo 2012, 16 Su-27 thiab 20 MiG-29 tau nyob hauv lub davhlau, txawm hais tias 36 Su-27 thiab 70 MiG-29 tau raug tsim tawm hauv kev sib ntaus dav hlau. Raws li daim ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo "Flightglobal Insight's World Air Force 2015", tus naj npawb ntawm dav hlau thiab nyoob hoom qav taub ntawm Ukrainian Air Force hauv kev ya davhlau tsis tshaj 250 units.
Layout ntawm mus tas li airfields ntawm Ukrainian fighters
Cov neeg tua hluav taws hauv tebchaws Ukrainian tau ua raws lub tshav dav hlau: Vasilkov, Kiev cheeb tsam (40 lub chaw muaj tswv yim dav hlau dav hlau), Mirgorod, thaj tsam Poltava (831st cov tub rog siv dav hlau), Ozernoye, Zhytomyr cheeb tsam (pawg tub rog thib 9), Ivano -Frankovsk, Ivano -Frankivsk cheeb tsam (114th) tactical aviation brigade). Tom qab pib ntawm ATO, nws tau tshaj tawm kev rov kho lub tshav dav hlau uas tsis tau siv yav dhau los: Kolomyia hauv Ivano-Frankivsk cheeb tsam thiab Kanatovo hauv cheeb tsam Kirovograd.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov chaw tsim khoom dav hlau hauv Kiev thiab Kharkov, Ukraine tau txais los ntawm USSR ob lub dav hlau kho lub tuam txhab: Zaporozhye lub dav hlau kho cog "MiGremont" thiab Lvov xeev lub dav hlau kho cog. Muaj nuj nqis tseem ceeb rau kev siv cov peev txheej siv hluav taws xob, Ukraine tsis tuaj yeem them nyiaj yuav cov neeg tua hluav taws tshiab, thiab thaum ntxov 2000s, qee qhov kev sim tau ua kom hloov kho cov uas twb muaj lawm. Txoj hauv kev tau pab nrog kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm MiG-29, thaum kawg xyoo 2005 Ukraine tau kos npe cog lus nrog Azerbaijan rau kev muab 12 MiG-29 thiab 2 MiG-29UB los ntawm Air Force. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li cov lus cog tseg, lub dav hlau yuav tsum tau kho dua tshiab thiab hloov kho tshiab. Yog li, hauv Ukraine lawv tau txais lub sijhawm los sim "hauv kev xyaum" kev tsim kho theoretical raws li txoj haujlwm "kev hloov pauv me me" ntawm MiGs. Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Ukrainian MiG-29 (kev hloov kho 9.13) tau pib ntawm Lviv lub dav hlau kho chaw cog hauv xyoo 2007. Thawj peb tus neeg tua hluav taws niaj hnub tau xa mus rau Tub Rog Cua xyoo 2010. Lub dav hlau hloov kho tau txais lub npe MiG-29UM1. Hauv chav kawm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab, ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv cov peev txheej, kev qhia tshiab thiab kev pabcuam kev sib txuas lus tau teeb tsa uas ua tau raws li ICAO cov kev xav tau. Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm lub radar nrog kev npaj ua kom nce ntxiv txog 20% ntawm qhov ntsuas pom ntau dua piv rau cov ntaub ntawv qub tsis tau ua. Yuav kom ua tiav cov yam ntxwv xav tau, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim (lossis yuav los ntawm Lavxias "Fazotron") lub chaw nres tsheb tshiab, uas yog, tau kawg, tsis yooj yim sua nyob rau niaj hnub no. Ukrainian xov xwm tshaj tawm txog 12 MiGs npaj rau kev hloov kho tshiab. Nws tsis meej tias peb tab tom tham txog cov tshuab npaj rau tus kheej Air Force lossis cov neeg siv khoom txawv teb chaws. Yog li, tom qab pib muaj kev sib cav sib ceg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, MiG-29 tus neeg tua rog, tom qab raug kho ntawm Lviv lub chaw kho tsheb dav hlau, tau tawm mus rau Tebchaws Chad.
Fighter MiG-29 "hauv kev khaws cia" ntawm Lviv lub dav hlau kho chaw cog
Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Su-27 tau ncua, thawj lub dav hlau uas tau kho dua thiab "kho dua tshiab" tau muab xa mus rau Ukrainian Air Force los ntawm Zaporozhye Aircraft Repair Plant thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2012. Thiab thaum ib nrab lub Plaub Hlis 2012, lwm lub Su-27 tau hloov kho dua tshiab. Txog rau tam sim no, nws tau paub txog rau yam tshiab Su-27 P1M, Su-27S1M thiab Su-27UBM1. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov tub rog raws li ntawm cov tshav dav hlau hauv Mirgorod thiab Zhitomir. Raws li lawv lub peev xwm, Ukrainian MiG-29 thiab Su-27 yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo rau cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua niaj hnub no hauv Russia. Feem ntau, kev tawm tsam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov dav hlau tua rog hauv tebchaws Ukraine tsawg, thiab yav tom ntej tsis paub meej. Yav dhau los Ukraine tau muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub tswj hwm nws lub zog huab cua hauv lub xeev npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab tom qab kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm qhov xwm txheej hauv lub tebchaws thiab qhov pib tiag tiag ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv zej zog, cov peev txheej no tau dhau los tsawg dua. Vim tias tsis muaj peev txheej (roj av, cov khoom seem thiab cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog), feem ntau ntawm cov dav hlau tua rog hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau txuas rau hauv av. Thaum lub sijhawm ATO ua los ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Ukraine, ob lub MiG-29s (ob qho los ntawm 114th tactical aviation brigade, Ivano-Frankivsk) raug tua.
Tam sim no, ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov radars uas tswj lub dav hlau hla thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine yog Soviet-ua radars: 5N84A, P-37, P-18, P-19, 35D6. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm kev ncaj ncees tshiab 36D6. Kev tsim cov radars ntawm hom no tau ua tiav ntawm Lub Xeev Kev Lag Luam "Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm" Iskra "" hauv Zaporozhye. Lub tuam txhab no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb hauv Ukraine, nws cov khoom lag luam tau nyob ruaj khov hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam thiab suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb.
Tsis lees paub rau WN366 Davhlau Radar Cov Ntaub Ntawv
Tam sim no, Iskra tab tom tsim lub xov tooj cua peb-dimensional radar keb soj ntsuam radar 36D6-M. Tam sim no lub chaw nres tsheb no yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws hauv nws chav kawm thiab tau siv rau niaj hnub siv lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tsis zoo, tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau kom pom lub dav hlau ya qis, npog nrog kev cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam, rau kev tswj hwm huab cua ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab kev ya dav hlau.. Yog tias tsim nyog, 36D6-M ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv hom kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Kev ntsuas ntau yam 36D6 -M - txog li 360 km. Txhawm rau thauj lub radar, siv lub tsheb laij teb KrAZ-6322 lossis KrAZ-6446, lub chaw nres tsheb tuaj yeem siv tau lossis tsoo tsis pub dhau ib nrab teev. Radars ntawm hom no tau nquag muab rau txawv teb chaws, yog ib tus neeg yuav khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm 36D6-M radar yog Is Nrias teb. Ua ntej pib kev sib ntaus sib tua Lavxias-Georgia thaum xyoo 2008, Georgia tau txais ntau lub chaw.
Rov qab rau hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, NPK Iskra pib txhim kho 79K6 Pelikan mobile peb-kev sib koom ua ke ncig saib-radar nrog lub dav dav ntawm cov kav hlau txais xov. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tsis muaj peev nyiaj txaus, thawj tsab ntawv tau tsim tsuas yog xyoo 2006. Hauv tib lub xyoo, kev sim hauv xeev tau ua tiav, thiab thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2007, 79K6 radar tau lees paub los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Ukraine. Cov ntawv xa tawm tau txais lub npe 80K6.
Tsis lees paub rau WN680 Davhlau Radar Cov Ntaub Ntawv
Lub chaw nres tsheb tau npaj los siv ua ib feem ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Cua thiab Tub Rog Tub Rog los ua cov ntaub ntawv txuas rau kev saib xyuas thiab tshaj tawm lub hom phiaj rau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tiv thaiv thiab siv lub tshuab tswj huab cua tsis siv neeg. Lub radar nyob ntawm ob lub KrAZ-6446. Lub sijhawm xa tawm radar yog 30 feeb. Kev tshawb pom ntau ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua siab yog 400 km.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab 36D6-M thiab tsim tshiab 79K6, Soviet radars 5N84, P-18 thiab P-19 tau hloov kho tshiab hauv Ukraine. 5N84 meter range radar yog qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm P-14 radar. Lub Ukrainian version ntawm 5N84AMA tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 2011. Hauv chav kawm ntawm 5N84 kev hloov kho tshiab, kev hloov pauv mus rau kev tsim qauv thiab lub hauv paus tshiab tau ua tiav, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce lub chaw nres tsheb kom ntseeg tau thiab txo kev siv zog. Tus naj npawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau zaus thiab kev tiv thaiv suab nrov tau nce. Kev hloov kho radar muaj peev xwm taug qab thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Cov teeb nrog 5N84AMA muab rau kev siv xov tooj cua niaj hnub ntsuas qhov siab PRV-13 thiab PRV-16.
Ukraine tau tsim cov kev xaiv rau kev kho dua tshiab mobile P-18 meter ntau radar nrog kev ua haujlwm digital thiab tsis siv neeg cov ntaub ntawv: P-18MU (muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 2007) thiab P-18 "Malachite" (muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 2012). Tam sim no, ntau dua 12 lub radars tau xa mus rau cov tub rog. Hauv kev hloov kho tshiab, txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ua haujlwm tau zoo, txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam, thiab ua tiav nce qib ntawm kev ntseeg tau thiab kev pab lub neej. Radar P-18 "Malachite" tuaj yeem taug qab cov khoom, qhov nrawm uas nce mus txog ib txhiab meters ib pliag. Ib tus neeg tua rog ntawm hom MiG-29, ya ntawm qhov siab ntawm 10,000 m, lub chaw nres tsheb pom ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 300 mais. Qhov ntev ntawm qhov hloov kho tshiab ntawm lub radar tau raug txo qis piv rau lub hauv paus P-18. Tam sim no "Malachite" yog pub dawb kom haum rau ntawm ib qho KRAZ thiab lub tsheb thauj khoom.
Hauv xyoo 2007, kev hloov kho tshiab ob txoj haujlwm radar ntawm decimeter ntau P-19MA nkag rau hauv kev pabcuam. Hauv chav kawm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab, lub chaw nres tsheb tau pauv mus rau lub hauv paus ruaj khov hauv lub xeev niaj hnub, nrog rau kev suav nrog cov chaw. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev siv hluav taws xob tau poob qis thiab MTBF tau nce ntxiv, cov yam ntxwv pom tau zoo dua qub, thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev taug qab tsis siv neeg ntawm cov khoom siv hauv huab cua tau ua tiav. Lub chaw nres tsheb muab kev txais tos ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lwm lub radars, kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv radar tshwm sim los ntawm txhua cov ntaub ntawv sib pauv raws hauv kev pom zoo pauv raws tu qauv.
Tswj thaj tsam ntawm Ukrainian radars raws li xyoo 2010
Ua ntej pib kev tsov rog hauv tebchaws Ukraine, thaj chaw radar txuas ntxiv muaj nyob thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo, ib feem ntawm RTV cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws tau raug puas tsuaj thaum muaj kev tawm tsam. Yog li, thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Tsib Hlis 6, 2014, vim yog kev tawm tsam ntawm lub tshuab xov tooj cua hauv cheeb tsam Luhansk, ib lub chaw nres tsheb radar tau raug puas tsuaj. RTV raug kev txom nyem tom ntej no rau lub Rau Hli 21, 2014, thaum lub chaw nres tsheb radar hauv Avdiivka tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev siv phom sij. Cov neeg saib xyuas sau tseg tias ib feem ntawm 36D6, P-18 thiab P-19 radars tau rov ua haujlwm los ntawm thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Qhov no yog vim tsis ntau rau kev sim tshem tawm cov kev tawm tsam ntawm Lavxias aviation, tab sis tswj kev ya dav hlau ntawm lawv cov dav hlau sib ntaus hauv thaj tsam ATO.
Yog tias txhua yam muaj ntau lossis tsawg ib txwm nrog kev tsim cov radars hauv Ukraine, tom qab ntawd nrog cov dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau ntev txhua yam tsis zoo raws li cov thawj coj hauv Ukraine xav tau. Raws li tau hais dhau los, tom qab kev faib ntawm Soviet qub txeeg qub teg, ywj pheej Ukraine tau txais cov peev txheej loj thiab cov cuab yeej siv riam phom, uas zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg thaum ntxov 90s. Rau cov kws lij choj Ukrainian thiab cov thawj coj, yav tom ntej zoo li tsis muaj nuj nqis, thiab cov khoom lag luam ntawm Soviet riam phom zoo li tsis muaj ntxiv lawm. Hauv nruab nrab-90s, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho cov tub rog ntawm Ukraine, thawj qhov kev txo qis tau ua rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua, qhov twg C-75M2 thiab C-125 tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab ke ntawm kev hloov kho thaum ntxov tau ua haujlwm. Kaum ob ntawm cov khoom raug xa mus rau rov ua dua, thiab nrog lawv ntau dua 2000 lub foob pob 20D, 15D, 13D, 5V27. Hauv ib nrab ntawm 90s, nws yog tig ntawm S-75M3 thiab S-125M. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tau muab pov tseg yam tsis xav ua ntxiv lawm, tab sis tau sim muag rau cov tebchaws uas twb tau muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tawm tsam kev siv Soviet lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua. Nws tau paub tias nyob rau xyoo 90s lig thiab thaum ntxov xyoo 2000s, ntau qhov chaw tau caij nkoj mus rau cov tebchaws uas muaj huab cua sov. Ua raws li "Volkhov" thiab "Neva" tig los ntawm "Angara". Txhua S-200A nrog 5V21 cov cuaj luaj tau raug tshem tawm vim qhov kev siv lub foob pob tawg tas lub neej thiab kev siv cov roj tsis zoo.
Cov txheej txheem nruab nrab thiab ntev-ntau lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua thiab radar ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine raws li xyoo 2010
Cov xim ntawm cov cim txhais tau li hauv qab no:
- daim duab peb sab liab: SAM S-200;
-daim duab peb sab liab: S-300PT thiab S-300PS lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua;
- Peb lub txiv kab ntxwv: S-300V tiv thaiv huab cua;
- plaub fab: khaws cov hauv paus rau cov cuab yeej siv thiab riam phom ntawm lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua;
- lub voj voos xiav: lub dav hlau soj ntsuam huab cua;
- lub voj voos liab: 64N6 lub dav hlau saib xyuas lub dav hlau txuas rau S-300P lub chaw tiv thaiv huab cua.
Tsis lees paub rau airspace radar 64N6 hauv txoj haujlwm ze Kiev
Raws li xyoo 2010, kwv yees li peb lub kaum os nruab nrab thiab ntev-ntau lub dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau thiab cov teeb meem tau ua haujlwm nyob hauv tebchaws Ukraine-feem ntau yog S-300PT thiab S-300PS lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua. Ua tsaug rau kev ua siab loj ntawm kev suav thiab ua tiav ntawm kev kho dua tshiab, ntau lub cuaj luaj, muaj riam phom ntev S-200Vs, muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog rau xyoo 2013. Tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau dua ntawm hom no hauv Ukraine. Qhov kawg uas yuav raug tshem tawm yog chav ntawm 540th Lviv cov tub rog.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm S-300PT kev tiv thaiv huab cua nyob ze Kiev
Lub koom haum, kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib feem ntawm Air Force ntawm Ukraine. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, muaj 13 tus tub rog tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tua phom thiab cov tub rog nyob hauv lub tebchaws no, qhov twg txog 20 S-300PT / PS lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tau ua haujlwm raws cai. Nws nyuaj rau npe tus lej pes tsawg ntawm kev npaj sib ntaus sib tua npaj rau Ukrainian S-300Ps, vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv ntawm Ukrainian cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau tau hnav tsis zoo. Qhov tshiab tshaj plaws tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv tebchaws Ukrainian yog S-Z00PS, uas tau tsim tawm txij li xyoo 1983. Kev lees paub kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm S-300PS ua ntej kho dua tshiab tau teeb tsa ntawm 25 xyoo, thiab cov tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tshiab tshaj plaws muaj nyob hauv Ukraine tau tsim xyoo 1990. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, S-300PS tseem yuav yog tib lub dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv tebchaws Ukraine. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm Ukraine, lawv muaj peev xwm nqa qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ceeb toom tsis pub ntau tshaj 10 lub foob pob hluav taws, kom tswj hwm lawv kom ua haujlwm tau zoo, cov tub rog Ukrainian yuav tsum koom nrog "kev ua phem", tshem tawm cov kev pab cuam thaiv los ntawm lwm qhov nyuaj thiab tiv thaiv -cov aircraft. Qhov no tsis tau hais tias tsis muaj kev ntsuas ntsuas los kho qhov xwm txheej no. Hauv tebchaws Ukraine, Lub Chaw rau Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Khoom Siv Tub Rog tau tsim los txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv huab cua thiab riam phom hauv lub xeev uas tau npaj ua rog, nrog rau nws kho thiab kho dua tshiab. Lub hauv paus yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb faib ntawm Lub Xeev Enterprise "Ukroboronservice". Lub tuam txhab tab tom ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm S-300PS kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob thiab 5V55R kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws paub txog yim S-300PS cuaj luaj uas tau kho dua tshiab thaum xyoo 2013. Yog li ntawd, kev pab lub neej ntawm S-300PS lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tom qab kho tau txuas ntxiv 5 xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev taw qhia no raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm Ukrainian Ministry of Defense rau cov khoom siv kho. Ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, 5N83S cov lus txib tau raug kho thiab kho dua tshiab ib nrab. Rau cov tub rog Ukrainian, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua haujlwm zoo li no ntawm tsib lub foob pob, txhua qhov uas kaw txog 6 zrdn. Tsis tas li, kev kho cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom yog ua los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txawv teb chaws. Xyoo 2007, daim ntawv cog lus tau ua tiav rau kev kho kho S-300PS cov khoom faib rau Ministry of Defense ntawm Kazakhstan. Xyoo 2012, kev kho 5N83S cov lus txib rau Kazakhstan tau ua tiav thiab daim ntawv cog lus tshiab tau kos npe rau kev kho S-300PS kev tiv thaiv huab cua. Hauv xyoo 2011, Lub Xeev Enterprise "Ukroboronservice" tau kho tus kheej ib feem ntawm S-300PS kev tiv thaiv huab cua uas yog los ntawm Ministry of Defense ntawm Republic of Belarus.
Cov teeb meem hauv kev tswj hwm kev sib ntaus sib tua npaj nruab nrab thiab ntev-ntau lub tshuab tiv thaiv dav hlau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lub teb chaws txoj kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv nruab nrab suav nrog qee qhov tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua ntev S-300V thiab nruab nrab-tiv thaiv huab cua tshuab "Buk-M1 ". Hauv tebchaws Ukraine, muaj ob pab tub rog S-300V thiab peb tus tub rog, qhov chaw Buk-M1 tau ua haujlwm. Raws li rau S-300V, lawv tsis muaj txoj hauv kev uas cov tub rog ntev no tau taug qab cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv huab cua yuav nyob hauv qhov kev pabcuam. Hauv tebchaws Ukraine, tsuas yog tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog los tswj hwm lawv hauv kev pabcuam. Buk-M1 qhov nruab nrab-tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab ke tiv thaiv kab ke thiab 9M38M1 cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob tseem tab tom kho dua tshiab ntawm Ukroboronservice cov tuam txhab nrog 7-10 xyoo txuas ntxiv lub neej. Thaum ib nrab xyoo 2000s, ob lub foob pob los ntawm Ukrainian tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua tau xa mus rau Georgia tom qab kho tas. Ib pawg tub rog ntawm Buk-M1 lub dav hlau tiv thaiv huab cua tau raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias nyob hauv Georgian chaw nres nkoj Poti sai tom qab tshem tawm. Thaj, kev sim los ntawm cov tuam txhab Ukrainian los tsim Artyom State Holding Company, Luch Design Bureau thiab Arsenal NVO ZUR ZR-27 tau xaus qhov tsis ua tiav. Lub foob pob no, tsim los ntawm R-27 lub dav hlau tua rog, tau npaj los hloov lub foob pob hluav taws 9M38M1 hauv Buk-M1 kev tiv thaiv huab cua. R-27 foob pob hluav taws tau tsim tawm txij li xyoo 1983 ntawm Kiev kev lag luam ntawm Artyom State Holding Company thiab tau siv los ua ib feem ntawm riam phom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm MiG-29, Su-27 thiab Su-30 cov neeg tua rog. Yog tias ua tiav, qhov no yuav tso cai rau Ukraine pib tsim nws tus kheej nruab nrab-huab cua kev tiv thaiv lub sijhawm dhau los thiab khaws cov lag luam uas R-27 foob pob hluav taws tau tsim.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem kho, kho dua tshiab thiab txuas ntxiv lub neej kev pabcuam ntawm cov cuab yeej siv Soviet tas mus li. Yog tias ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam Ukrainian nws muaj peev xwm tsim kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab siv lawv tus kheej thiab cov khoom lag luam txawv teb chaws, tom qab ntawd qhov xwm txheej tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws tsis zoo. Tsis muaj kev tsim cov khoom siv ntev-ntev-foob pob foob pob hauv tebchaws Ukraine, thiab tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntej rau nws tsim. Ua ntej kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb lub tebchaws tau tawg, cov neeg sawv cev Ukrainian tau tshawb xyuas cov av rau kev muab khoom siv tshiab S-300Ps los ntawm Russia. Tsis tas li, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov kho niaj hnub tam sim no S-300PS kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau ua haujlwm nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv niaj hnub Lavxias ua 48N6E2 cov foob pob hluav taws hauv lawv. Hauv xyoo 2006, kev sib tham tau muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Ukrainian thiab Lavxias tus xa khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm S-300PS kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob thiab Buk-M1 kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob, cov neeg tsim khoom uas tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Lavxias. Ob tog tau pom zoo los tsim kev sib koom ua lag luam. Ntawm Ukrainian sab, tus tsim ntawm kev sib koom ua lag luam yog los ua lub tuam txhab lag luam hauv lub xeev Ukrspetsexport, thiab ntawm Lavxias sab, FGUP Rosoboronexport. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm tawm qhov kev pom zoo, cov kws tshaj lij Ukrainian tau rov mus xyuas cov tuam txhab Lavxias uas tau tsim cov tshuab tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab cuaj luaj. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, nws tau pom meej tias Ukrainian pawg tsis mus rau nyiaj txiag rau qhov xwm txheej no, thiab Russia tsis xav dais cov nqi ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ib puag ncig, tsis yog lub xeev phooj ywg ib txwm. Nws tsim nyog rov nco qab tias tsuas yog lub sijhawm no Ukraine tau muab lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua rau Georgia, uas peb lub tebchaws tau muaj kev sib raug zoo. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, vim yog kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Ukraine hauv 2000s, txoj haujlwm no tsis tau ua tiav, thiab tam sim no txhua qhov kev ua tub rog-kev koom tes ntawm peb lub tebchaws tau tso tseg.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem ntseeg ruaj khov tias kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv Ukraine yuav txuas ntxiv mus. Nyob rau hauv kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine, yav dhau los, tsis muaj cov peev txheej peev nyiaj txiag kom tau txais cov tshiab niaj hnub ntev-ntau yam tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab cov neeg tua rog. Lawv tsis muaj tam sim no, tab sis txawm tias lawv tau pom, nyob rau qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, kev muab riam phom los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Europe thiab Israel mus rau ib lub tebchaws uas tsis muaj kev sib cav sab hauv tsis tuaj yeem daws tau. Nws tau mus txog qhov ntawd hauv tebchaws Ukraine lawv nco txog Soviet kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv huab cua qis S-125, uas yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw khaws cia. Kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine los ntawm USSR kev tiv thaiv huab cua tau txais txog 40 S-125 lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua nrog cov khoom loj ntawm cov cuaj luaj, khoom seem thiab khoom siv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau ncaj ncees "tshiab" C-125M / M1. Ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov xwm txheej no, cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau pib koom tes ua lag luam hauv Soviet keeb kwm ntawm cov nqi pov tseg. Georgia tau txais C-125 kho hauv Ukraine, tab sis xyoo 2008 kev sib cav, cov teeb meem no, vim tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm Georgians los tswj lawv, tsis tau siv. Nws tau tshaj tawm txog kev muab S-125 lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua thiab lawv cov khoom ib leeg rau African lub tebchaws, suav nrog cov uas muaj kev tawm tsam ua phem. Yog li, Uganda yuav los ntawm Ukraine plaub lub S-125 tiv thaiv huab cua thiab 300 lub foob pob hluav taws xyoo 2008. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv dav hlau no tau xaus rau hauv South Sudan uas tsis sib haum. Lwm tus neeg paub zoo ntawm Ukrainian S-125 lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua yog Angola, uas tau txais ib pawg ntawm cov tebchaws Ukrainian raws li daim ntawv cog lus xaus rau xyoo 2010.
Kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv tebchaws Ukrainian S-125-2D ("Pechora-2D"), hloov kho tshiab los ntawm NPP "Aerotechnika"
Hauv tebchaws Ukraine nws tus kheej, qhov kawg tsis hloov kho tshiab S-125s tau raug tshem tawm ntawm kev ua tub rog xyoo 2005. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 2015, cov ntaub ntawv tau hais txog lub hom phiaj ntawm Ukrainian Ministry of Defense los txais yuav S-125-2D "Pechora-2D" tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, tsim los ntawm kev hloov kho lig ntawm C-125M1. Raws li Ukrainian xov xwm, nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab, txhua yam khoom muaj nqis ntawm txoj haujlwm tau ua kom zoo dua qub. Qhov kev xaiv hloov kho tshiab no, thaum xub thawj npaj rau xa tawm, tau tsim los ntawm Aerotechnika kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam hauv Kiev. SAM S-125-2D tau sim xyoo 2010. Raws li cov neeg tsim khoom, cov peev txheej ntawm lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tau nce los ntawm 15 xyoo, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho kev ntseeg tau, kev txav mus los, kev muaj sia nyob ntawm qhov nyuaj thiab tsis kam tiv thaiv xov tooj cua-cuam tshuam tau daws. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias tam sim no kev hloov kho tshiab thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm 5V27D cov foob pob hluav taws mus rau 15 xyoo thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua yam ntawm txoj hauv kev mus rau lub chassis txawb. Yog tias kev tsim kho tshiab S-125-2D kev tiv thaiv huab cua tau txais yuav, qhov no yuav yog qhov kev ntsuas yuam kom siv, tsim los kom tsawg kawg ib nrab kho qhov nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm Ukraine. Thaum qhia S-125-2D "Pechora-2D" kev tiv thaiv huab cua, Ukrainian kev coj noj coj ua tau hais tias qhov nyuaj no tau tsim los daws cov haujlwm tiv thaiv huab cua hauv thaj tsam ATO, tab sis qhov tseeb nws tuaj yeem ceeb toom, muab kev tiv thaiv dav hlau npog rau cov khoom ruaj khov nyob ze thaj tsam. Tseem muaj txog 10 S-125M1 lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm cov chaw khaws khoom hauv tebchaws Ukrainian, uas tau npaj yuav coj mus rau qib S-125-2D.
Kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm Ground Forces muaj txog 200 qhov kev tiv thaiv huab cua luv luv "Osa-AKM" thiab "Strela-10M" thiab txog 80 ZSU ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" thiab ZRPK "Tunguska". Lub xeev ntawm txhua yam khoom siv no tsis paub meej, tab sis nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias hauv cov xwm txheej tsis muaj peev txheej, feem ntau nws xav tau kev kho. Ib yam li nruab nrab thiab ntev-ntau lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua, ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub dav hlau yog qhov qub dhau ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab lub cev, thiab cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv huab cua, uas tsis tau xa mus rau cov tub rog ntau dua 20 xyoo, tau ntev lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev thiab muaj qib qis ntawm kev ntseeg tau. Xyoo tsis ntev los no, txog kaum ob ntawm Strela-10M, Osa-AKM, Tunguska lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua thiab li ntawm ib puas Igla-1 MANPADS tau rov qab los thiab kho dua tshiab ntawm kev kho lag luam, tab sis qhov no yog qhov hu ua poob hauv dej hiav txwv. Nrog rau tus nqi ntawm kev muab cov riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau rau cov tub rog, Ukrainian Ministry of Defense tiv thaiv kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawm mus yam tsis muaj tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua.
SAM T-382 rau SAM T38 "Stilet"
Raws li ib feem ntawm kev txhim kho hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib ntaus ntawm Osa-AKM kev tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob, lub xov tooj tshiab tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob T38 Stilet tau tsim ua ke nrog koom pheej ntawm Belarus. Tus tsim khoom kho vajtse ib feem ntawm txoj hauv kev yog Belarusian cov tuam txhab "Tetraedr", lub hauv paus yog txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm lub log tsheb chassis MZKT-69222T, thiab lub tshiab bicaliber foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv kab ke tau tsim hauv "State Kiev Design Bureau" Luch., piv rau 9M33M3 SAM "Osa-AKM", qhov ntau ntawm T-382 foob pob rau T38 kev tiv thaiv huab cua tau nce ob npaug, thiab lub hom phiaj nrawm kuj tau nce ob npaug. Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg heev uas nyob rau tam sim no Belarus yuav muab cov tshuab tiv thaiv dav hlau rau Ukraine, thiab nws tsis zoo li tias lawv yuav tuaj yeem tsim lawv tus kheej kev sib tham ntawm Stilet ntawm nws tus kheej yav tom ntej, txawm tias nrog ib pob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj.
