Raws nraim 130 xyoo dhau los - nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1888, nto moo Lavxias teb sab ethnographer, biologist, anthropologist thiab traveler Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho -Maclay tau tas sim neej, uas mob siab rau nws lub neej feem ntau rau kev kawm ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Australia, Oceania thiab Southeast Asia, suav nrog Papuans ntawm Sab Qaum Teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm New Guinea, niaj hnub no hu ua Maclay Coast (ntu ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm New Guinea nruab nrab ntawm 5 thiab 6 ° latitude sab qab teb, txog 300 kilometers ntev, nruab nrab ntawm Astrolabe Bay thiab Huon Peninsula). Nws qhov kev tshawb fawb tau saib zoo heev thaum nws lub neej. Xav txog nws qhov txiaj ntsig, Miklouho -Maclay lub hnub yug thaum Lub Xya Hli 17 yog kev ua koob tsheej tsis raug cai hauv tebchaws Russia raws li hnub so tshaj lij - Hnub ntawm Ethnographer.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay yug thaum Lub Xya Hli 17, 1846 (Lub Xya Hli 5, yam qub) hauv lub zos Rozhdestvenskoye (niaj hnub no nws yog Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye Okulovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Novgorod) hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus kws tshaj lij. Nws txiv Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha yog tus ua haujlwm tsheb ciav hlau. Leej niam ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm yav tom ntej tau hu ua Ekaterina Semyonovna Becker, nws yog tus ntxhais ntawm tus phab ej ntawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812. Tawm tsam qhov kev nkag siab yuam kev dav, Miklouho-Maclay tsis muaj cov hauv paus tseem ceeb txawv teb chaws. Cov lus dab neeg thoob plaws hais txog Scottish mercenary Michael Maclay, leej twg, tau siv paus hauv tebchaws Russia, los ua tus tsim tsev neeg, tsuas yog lus dab neeg. Tus neeg taug kev nws tus kheej los ntawm tsev neeg Cossack zoo ib yam hu ua Miklukh. Yog tias peb tham txog ntu thib ob ntawm lub npe, tom qab ntawd nws tau siv nws thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1868, yog li kos npe thawj zaug kev tshaj tawm hauv German "Rudiment of the swim bladder in the Selachians." Tib lub sijhawm, cov kws sau keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem pom zoo txog qhov laj thawj ntawm ob lub npe no Miklouho-Maclay. Sib tham txog nws haiv neeg, hauv nws daim ntawv sau txog tus tuag, tus kws sau keeb kwm qhia tias nws yog cov sib xyaw ua ke: Lavxias, German thiab Polish.
Kuj ceeb tias, tus kws sau keeb kwm yav dhau los kawm tsis zoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv, feem ntau tsis muaj chav kawm. Raws li nws tau lees paub 20 xyoo tom qab, ntawm chav dhia ua si nws plam kev kawm tsis yog vim mob tsis zoo, tab sis kuj yooj yim vim tsis xav kawm. Hauv qib 4 ntawm Thib Ob St. Petersburg Gymnasium, nws tau siv ob xyoos, thiab xyoo 1860/61 xyoo kawm ntawv nws tau mus kawm chav tsawg kawg nkaus, ploj tag nrho 414 zaj lus qhia. Miklouha tus cim tsuas yog "zoo" hauv Fab Kis, hauv German nws "txaus siab", hauv lwm yam kev kawm - "tsis zoo" thiab "nruab nrab". Thaum tseem yog menyuam kawm ntawv theem siab, Miklouho-Maclay raug kaw hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress, nws tau raug xa mus ua ke nrog nws tus tij laug rau kev koom nrog hauv kev qhia tub ntxhais kawm, uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhim kho kev nom kev tswv hauv xyoo 1861 thiab cuam tshuam nrog tshem tawm ntawm serfdom hauv lub tebchaws.
Duab Nikolai Miklukha - tub ntxhais kawm (txog 1866)
Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm qhia tias Miklouho-Maclay raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub chaw dhia ua si, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm Tsev Kawm Qib Siab rau koom nrog hauv kev ua nom ua tswv. Tab sis qhov no tsis muaj tseeb. Tus neeg taug kev nto moo yav tom ntej tau tawm ntawm lub gymnasium ntawm nws tus kheej lub siab nyiam, thiab nws tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, vim nws tau nyob ntawd ua tus kws tshuaj xyuas. Nws kawm tsis tiav hauv St. Petersburg, tawm mus rau tebchaws Yelemes. Xyoo 1864, tus kws sau keeb kwm yav tom ntej tau kawm ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Philosophy ntawm Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Heidelberg, xyoo 1865 - ntawm Kws Qhia Tshuaj ntawm University of Leipzig. Thiab xyoo 1866 nws tau tsiv mus rau Jena (lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tebchaws Yelemes), qhov uas nws kawm txog kev sib piv tsiaj lub cev ntawm Kws Kho Mob. Raws li tus pab cuam rau tus kws tshawb fawb German ntuj Ernst Haeckel, nws tau mus xyuas Morocco thiab Canary Islands. Xyoo 1868 Miklouho-Maclay kawm tiav nws txoj kev kawm hauv University of Jena. Thaum thawj qhov ntoj ke mus rau Canary Islands tuaj, yav tom ntej tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog cov dej hiav txwv, thiab vim li ntawd thiaj nrhiav tau ib yam tshiab ntawm cov pob zeb calcareous, hu ua Guancha blanca tom qab cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov Islands no. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias txij xyoo 1864 txog 1869, los ntawm 1870 txog 1882 thiab txij xyoo 1883 txog 1886 Miklouho-Maclay nyob sab nraud ntawm Russia, tsis tau nyob hauv nws lub tebchaws tau ntau dua ib xyoos.
Xyoo 1869, nws tau taug kev mus rau Hiav Txwv Liab Hiav Txwv Liab, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mus ncig yog kawm txog cov tsiaj hiav txwv hauv zos. Nyob rau tib lub xyoo nws tau rov qab los rau Russia. Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm tau mob siab rau kev sib piv lub cev ntawm hiav txwv sponges, lub paj hlwb, nrog rau lwm yam teeb meem ntawm zoology. Tab sis thaum nws mus ncig Miklouho-Maclay tseem ua qhov kev soj ntsuam thaj tsam muaj txiaj ntsig. Nicholas tau xav txog qhov kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau tsim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kev xav no, Miklouho-Maclay txiav txim siab taug kev ntev mus rau cov kob ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific, ntawm no nws tau mus kawm "Papuan race". Qhov kawg ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 1870, nrog kev pab los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Geographical Society, tus neeg taug kev tau txais lub sijhawm tawm mus rau New Guinea. Ntawm no nws tau mus rau ntawm lub nkoj tub rog "Vityaz". Nws txoj kev ntoj ncig tau tsim rau ntau xyoo.
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 20, 1871, Vityaz tau tsaws Maclay nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm New Guinea. Yav tom ntej, thaj chaw no ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv yuav raug hu ua Maclay Coast. Tawm tsam qhov kev xav tsis raug, nws tsis tau mus ib leeg, tab sis nrog ob tus tub qhe - ib tug tub hluas los ntawm cov kob ntawm Niue hu ua Boy thiab Swedish tus neeg tsav nkoj Olsen. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog kev pab los ntawm Vityaz cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev, tau tsim lub tsev pheeb suab, uas tau dhau los rau Miklouho-Maclay tsis yog tsev nyob xwb, tabsis kuj yog chav kuaj mob tsim nyog. Ntawm cov Papuans hauv nroog, nws nyob tau 15 lub hlis xyoo 1871-1872, nrog nws tus cwj pwm coj tsis zoo thiab ua phooj ywg zoo, nws tswj kom yeej lawv txoj kev hlub thiab kev ntseeg.
Corvette "Vityaz" hauv qab lub nkoj
Tab sis thaum xub thawj Miklouho-Maclay tau txiav txim siab ntawm cov Papuans tsis yog vaj tswv, zoo li feem ntau ntseeg, tab sis zoo li tsis zoo, raws li dab phem. Qhov laj thawj rau tus cwj pwm no rau nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj hnub ntawm lawv cov neeg paub. Pom lub nkoj thiab cov neeg dawb, cov neeg nyob hauv ntiaj teb xav tias nws yog Rotei, lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv, uas tau rov qab los. Coob leej ntawm Papuans tau mus rau lawv lub nkoj mus rau lub nkoj txhawm rau nthuav qhia tus neeg tuaj tshiab nrog khoom plig. Ntawm lub nkoj Viking lawv kuj tau txais zoo thiab nthuav tawm, tab sis ntawm txoj kev rov qab rab phom rab phom nrov tam sim ntawd tawm ntawm lub nkoj, yog li cov neeg coob tau hais lus zoo rau qhov lawv tuaj txog. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev ntshai, cov neeg ເກາະ tau dhia tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej lub nkoj, cuam khoom plig thiab ntab mus rau ntawm ntug dej, txiav txim siab tias nws tsis yog Rotei uas tau los rau lawv, tab sis yog dab phem ntawm Buk.
Tom qab ntawd, Papuan npe hu ua Tui tau pab hloov qhov xwm txheej, uas tau ua siab loj dua li cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws thiab tswj kom muaj phooj ywg nrog tus neeg taug kev. Thaum Miklouho-Maclay tswj tau kho Tui los ntawm kev raug mob hnyav, Papuans tau lees txais nws mus rau hauv lawv lub zej zog raws li kev sib luag rau lawv tus kheej, suav nrog nws hauv zej zog hauv zej zog. Tui, tau ntev, tseem yog tus neeg txhais lus thiab tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm keeb kwm hauv nws kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus Papuans.
Xyoo 1873 Miklouho-Maclay tau mus xyuas Philippines thiab Indonesia, thiab xyoo tom ntej nws tau mus xyuas tus ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm New Guinea. Xyoo 1874-1875, nws rov mus ob zaug hla Malacca Peninsula, kawm txog Sakai thiab Semang pawg neeg. Xyoo 1876 nws tau mus rau Western Micronesia (cov Islands tuaj ntawm Oceania), ntxiv rau Sab Qab Teb Melanesia (mus saib ntau pawg neeg nyob hauv hiav txwv Pacific). Xyoo 1876 thiab 1877 nws rov mus xyuas Maclay Coast. Txij ntawm no nws xav rov qab mus rau Russia, tab sis vim muaj mob hnyav, tus neeg taug kev raug yuam kom nyob hauv Sydney, Australia, qhov chaw uas nws nyob mus txog rau xyoo 1882. Tsis deb ntawm Sydney, Nikolai tau tsim thawj lub chaw pov hwm roj ntsha hauv tebchaws Australia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau mus rau cov kob ntawm Melanesia (1879), thiab tseem tau tshuaj xyuas ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb ntawm New Guinea (1880), thiab ib xyoos tom qab, xyoo 1881, nws tau mus xyuas sab qab teb ntawm New Guinea rau zaum thib ob.
Miklouho-Maclay nrog Papuan Akhmat. Malacca, 1874 lossis 1875
Nws yog qhov xav paub tias Miklouho-Maclay tab tom npaj Lavxias tiv thaiv cov Papuans. Nws ob peb zaug ua qhov ntoj ke mus rau New Guinea, tau kos cov npe hu ua "Maclay Coast txoj haujlwm txhim kho". Nws txoj haujlwm tau muab rau kev khaws cia ntawm Papuans txoj kev ua neej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua tiav qib siab ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej ntau dua los ntawm cov kev lis kev cai hauv cheeb tsam uas twb muaj lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Maclay Coast, raws li nws cov phiaj xwm, yog kom tau txais tus tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias lub nkoj. Tab sis nws qhov project tsis ua tau. Txog lub sijhawm thib peb mus rau New Guinea, nws cov phooj ywg feem ntau ntawm Papuans, suav nrog Tui, twb tau tuag lawm, tib lub sijhawm cov neeg hauv zej zog tau sib cav sib ceg, thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lub nkoj Lavxias, uas tau kawm txog lub nroog cov xwm txheej, xaus lus tias ntug dej hiav txwv hauv cheeb tsam tsis tsim nyog rau kev xa nkoj nkoj. Thiab twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1885 New Guinea tau muab faib los ntawm Great Britain thiab Germany. Yog li, cov lus nug ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ua tiav ntawm Lavxias tus tiv thaiv hla thaj chaw no thaum kawg raug kaw.
Miklouho-Maclay tau rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws tom qab tsis nyob ntev hauv xyoo 1882. Tom qab rov qab los rau Russia, nws tau nyeem ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm pej xeem txog nws kev mus rau cov tswv cuab ntawm Geographical Society. Txog nws kev tshawb fawb, lub zej zog ntawm cov neeg nyiam kev tshawb fawb ntuj, keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai haiv neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig Nikolai. Tom qab mus ntsib European lub nroog - Berlin, London thiab Paris, nws tau qhia rau pej xeem paub txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws kev mus ncig thiab kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd nws rov mus rau tebchaws Australia, tau mus ntsib Maclay Coast zaum thib peb ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tau tshwm sim xyoo 1883.
Txij xyoo 1884 txog 1886, tus neeg taug kev nyob hauv Sydney, thiab xyoo 1886 nws rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws. Txhua lub sijhawm no nws mob hnyav, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws txuas ntxiv npaj rau kev tshaj tawm nws cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab ntawv sau tseg. Nyob rau tib lub xyoo 1886 nws tau xa mus rau Academy of Sciences hauv St. Hnub no cov khoom sau no tuaj yeem pom ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Anthropology thiab Ethnography hauv St. Petersburg.
Miklouho-Maclay nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1886-1887. St. Petersburg
Tus neeg taug kev uas rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg tau hloov pauv ntau heev. Raws li cov neeg uas paub nws tau sau tseg, tus kws tshawb fawb hluas hnub nyoog 40 xyoo tau nce zuj zus zuj zus, tsis muaj zog, nws cov plaub hau tig daj. Kev mob hauv lub puab tsaig tau tshwm sim dua, uas hnyav dua thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1887, thiab muaj qog tshwm sim. Cov kws kho mob tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom nws thiab tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov ua rau muaj tus kabmob. Tsuas yog nyob rau ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20 puas tau kws kho mob tshem tawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm kev zais ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Ethnographer raug tua los ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav nrog kev hloov chaw hauv thaj tsam ntawm txoj cai mandibular. Raws nraim 130 xyoo dhau los thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1888 (Plaub Hlis 2, qub style) Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay tuag, nws tsuas yog 41 xyoos. Tus neeg taug kev tau raug faus ntawm lub toj ntxas Volkovskoye hauv St.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb yog tias nws tau nug cov lus ntawm hom kev sib koom siab thiab kev sib txheeb ntawm tib neeg kev sib tw uas twb muaj lawm. Nws kuj yog nws thawj tus tau piav qhia ntxaws txog Melanesian hom kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab ua pov thawj tias nws tau nthuav dav heev ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Southeast Asia thiab hauv Western Oceania. Txog kev coj noj coj ua, nws piav qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua, kev lag luam thiab kev ua neej ntawm Papuans thiab lwm tus neeg nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws ntawm Oceania thiab Southeast Asia yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg taug kev, txawv los ntawm qib siab ntawm qhov raug, thiab tam sim no tseem siv tau cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm qee lub tebchaws ntawm Oceania.
Thaum lub sijhawm Nikolai Nikolaevich lub neej, ntau dua 100 ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, haiv neeg, keeb kwm, tsiaj txhu thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm; tag nrho, nws tau sau ntau dua 160 yam haujlwm no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub neej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tsis yog ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tau tshaj tawm, txhua tus tau tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag. Yog li ntawd xyoo 1923, Miklouho-Maclay's Travel Diaries tau luam tawm thawj zaug, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1950-1954, sau ua haujlwm hauv tsib ntu.
Portrait ntawm Miklouho-Maclay los ntawm K. Makovsky. Khaws cia rau hauv Txee Txiaj Ntsig
Lub cim xeeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm tau khaws cia tsis yog hauv Russia nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Nws tsoo tuaj yeem pom niaj hnub no hauv Sydney, thiab hauv New Guinea lub roob thiab tus dej tau muaj npe tom qab nws, tsis suav nrog ntu ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, uas yog hu ua Maclay Coast. Xyoo 1947, lub npe Miklouho-Maclay tau muab rau Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Ethnography ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Thiab tsis ntev los no, xyoo 2014, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Geographical Society tau tsim tshwj xeeb Kub Medal uas muaj npe tom qab Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay, raws li qhov khoom plig siab tshaj plaws hauv zej zog rau kev tshawb fawb haiv neeg thiab kev mus ncig. Lub ntiaj teb lees paub ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no tseem muaj pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hauv kev hwm nws 150th hnub tseem ceeb, xyoo 1996 tau tshaj tawm los ntawm UNESCO Xyoo ntawm Miklouho-Maclay, tib lub sijhawm nws tau raug xaiv los ua neeg xam xaj ntawm ntiaj teb.
