Cov tshuab siv rab phom loj thiab cov phom loj xub tshwm ntawm lub dav hlau thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov no tsuas yog siv zog ua kom nce lub zog tua hluav taws ntawm thawj lub dav hlau. Txog thaum nruab nrab-30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov riam phom no tau siv hauv kev ya dav hlau nkaus xwb. Hmo ntuj tiag tiag ntawm kev siv phom tua phom sai sai poob rau xyoo ua ntej tsov rog thiab xyoo Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Hauv Soviet Union, ib lub phom loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub dav hlau, uas tau teeb tsa los ntawm ntau lub dav hlau los ntawm I-16 mus rau La-7, thiab ib feem ntawm lub turret tau siv rau Pe-8 thiab Er-2 cov foob pob, yog ShVAK 20-mm automatic aviation cannon (Shpitalny -Vladimirov Aviation Loj-caliber). Feem ntau, rab phom no tau siv rau caj npab Soviet sib ntaus.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj rab phom Soviet lub dav hlau tuaj yeem khav ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo li ShVAK. Xyoo 1942, yog xyoo nyuaj rau tag nrho lub tebchaws, Soviet cov tuam txhab muaj peev xwm tsim tau 34,601 lub dav hlau phom loj ntawm hom no. Kev tsim tawm ntawm ShVAK tau pib ntawm Tula Arms Plant, Kovrov Arms Plant thiab Izhevsk Machine-Building Plants. Hauv tag nrho, hauv USSR, suav nrog kev tsim ua ntej ua tsov rog, ntau dua 100 txhiab daim ntawv ntawm 20-mm ShVAK lub dav hlau phom. Nws qhov hloov kho me ntsis kuj tseem siv rau caj npab lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam, piv txwv li, lub tank loj T-60. Xav txog qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov phom loj no, nws yog qhov raug hu ua "riam phom ntawm yeej".
ShVAK yog thawj lub tebchaws Soviet siv lub dav hlau phom loj ntawm 20 mm caliber. Nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam xyoo 1936 thiab tau tsim kom txog rau xyoo 1946, thaum kawg 754 rab phom ntawm hom no tau sib sau ua ke. Lub dav hlau rab phom tau tsim nyob rau hauv plaub qhov sib txawv: tis, turret, lub cev muaj zog-rab phom thiab ua ke. Lub tshuab rab phom tau txawv los ntawm qhov muaj lub thoob ntev thiab lub poob siab. Hauv nws cov qauv, ShVAK zoo ib yam li rab phom loj 12, 7-mm tshuab rab phom ntawm tib lub npe, uas tau saws rov qab rau xyoo 1934. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog nyob hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub thoob uas siv. Kev sim ntawm ShVAK rab phom loj-tshuab rab phom tau qhia rau cov neeg tsim khoom tias, ua tsaug rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev nyab xeeb, lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem nce mus txog 20 hli yam tsis hloov qhov loj ntawm kev txav chaw, yooj yim los ntawm kev hloov lub thoob. Cov phom ShVAK muaj daim kab xev pub, cov txheej txheem rov ua haujlwm tau ua tiav los ntawm tshuab lossis tshuab raj.
Aviation cannon ShVAK
Synchronous ShVAK ntawm La-5 fighter
Thawj thawj zaug, rab phom tshiab tau teeb tsa ntawm IP-1 tus neeg tua rog tsim los ntawm Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1936, nws tau nthuav tawm rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Huab Cua rau kev xeem hauv xeev. Tib lub sijhawm, nws siv sijhawm plaub xyoos los kho nws. Tsuas yog xyoo 1940, rab phom ShVAK tsim los ntawm Boris Gavrilovich Shpitalny thiab Semyon Vladimirovich Vladimirov tau pib teeb tsa ntawm Soviet cov neeg tua rog, ob qho tib si hauv kev tawg ntawm lub tog raj kheej thaiv ntawm M-105 lub dav hlau cav (lub cav-phom) thiab hauv tis. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ua ntej ntawm rab phom dav hlau Soviet tshiab tau tshwm sim xyoo 1939. ShVAK cov phom loj nyob ntawm I-16 cov neeg tua rog, uas tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Nyij Pooj ntawm Khalkhin Gol.
Cov txheej txheem, ShVAK 20-mm lub dav hlau rab phom tau rov ua dua cov qauv yav dhau los ntawm ShKAS thiab ShVAK tshuab rab phom (12, 7 mm). Qhov phom ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm tau ua los ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob. Cov phom cua muaj lub thoob ntim ruaj khov, uas, thaum sib dhos, tau txuas nrog lub thawv sib dhos los ntawm kev xauv nkag. Raws li kev txhim kho yav dhau los, hauv ShVAK 20-mm lub dav hlau phom loj, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Shpitalny cov tshuab tau siv-10-txoj haujlwm nruas tshuab rau tshem tawm daim cartridge los ntawm kab xev, ua tsaug rau nws siv, tus nqi siab ntawm hluav taws ntawm lub kaw lus tau lav. Tab sis cov phiaj xwm no ntawm kev ua haujlwm xav tau kev siv nws tus kheej welted cartridge nrog lub ntsej muag flange-flange, uas txuas rau lub ntsia hlau zawj ntawm rab phom. Vim li no, tsis muaj lwm hom cartridge tuaj yeem siv hauv Spitalny lub riam phom.
Niaj hnub no peb tuaj yeem hais tau zoo tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke riam phom rau cov ntsuas sib txawv yog qhov paub zoo. Ntau lub tshuab hauv kev coj ua hauv ntiaj teb ua raws tib txoj hauv kev; niaj hnub no, hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, riam phom muaj peev xwm ntau tab tom ntsib kev tsaus ntuj tiag tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Shpitalny cov qauv, txhua yam tsis yooj yim li. Qhov ntawd yog nws thawj qhov project ntawm ShKAS lub dav hlau tshuab rab phom tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig lub hauv paus uas twb muaj lawm ntawm rab phom caliber 7, 62x54R nrog lub ntug, uas tau ua kom ncaj ncees rau lub tshuab rab phom kom ua tiav qhov siab ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Tab sis twb tau ShVAKs tau thov los ntawm Soviet kev lag luam los tsim cov hauv paus tshiab cov mos txwv ntawm cov khoom tsim. Hauv qhov sib txawv nrog rab phom tshuab 12, 7-mm, qhov kev daws teeb meem no tsis ua tiav. Lub peev xwm no tau xeeb los ua thoob ntiaj teb, nws tau npaj los siv nws tsis yog hauv dav hlau. Nrog cov twb muaj lawm 12.7x108 mm degtyarevsky cartridge, uas yooj yim dua rau khaws cov zaub mov, txawm tias qhov kev lees paub uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Shpitalny tsis txaus los thawb cov khoom sib xws ntawm cov khoom sib xws zoo sib xws 12.7x108R. Cov cartridge zoo li no hauv USSR tau tsim rau lub sijhawm luv luv nrog rau kev tsim cov khoom me me ntawm cov tshuab rab phom loj ShVAK. Thaum kawg, nws tau txiav tawm.
Tis ShVAK ntawm I-16 hom-17 fighter
Tab sis 20-mm version ntawm ShVAK tau tos kom muaj txoj hmoo zoo dua. Thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho rab phom dav hlau no, lwm yam 20-mm cartridges tsuas yog tsis muaj nyob hauv Soviet Union. Raws li qhov kev xaiv tau, kev tsim cov "Long Soloturn"-muaj zog Swiss mos txwv ntawm 20x138R caliber, uas Atsleg AP-20 lub tshuab rab phom thoob ntiaj teb tau tsim hauv KB-2, tau txiav txim siab, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm 20-mm mos txwv nyob rau hauv lub USSR twb tsis tau sau, uas kiag li untied ob txhais tes mus rau lub creators ntawm lub ShVAK cannon.
Rau lwm qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm 12, 7-mm thiab 20-mm versions ntawm ShVAK, cov kws tshaj lij suav tias qhov tseeb yog pab pawg Vladimirov, sim ua kom muaj kev tsim ib leeg ntawm ob lub tshuab dav hlau, raug yuam kom sib npaug cov duab geometric raws qhov ntev ntawm ob hom cartridges. Qhov ntev ntawm ob daim cartridges yog 147 mm, uas tau muab ib tus qauv tsim rau feem ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm hnyav hauv kev tsim khoom - nruas pub qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias 12.7mm daim cartridge tau muaj zog txaus rau nws chav kawm, tom qab ntawd 20x99R tshiab tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj 20mm mos txwv mos txwv ntawm nws cov neeg txawv teb chaws.
Thaum kawg, rab phom-phom tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Soviet Yak thiab LaGG cov neeg sib ntaus; hauv tis version, nws kuj tau mus rau thawj Il-2 lub dav hlau tua rog nrog lub peev xwm mos txwv ntawm 200 puag ncig ib chim. Qhov pib ntawm Great Patriotic War tau txhawb nqa ob qho tib si ntau lawm ntawm 20-mm ShVAK rab phom thiab cov lus qhia ntawm cov phom sib xyaw ua ke, uas txij li xyoo 1942 tau pib tshwm rau ntawm Lavochkin cov neeg tua rog, thiab tau teeb tsa ntawm tus kheej ntawm MiG-3 tus neeg tua rog.
Aviamotor VK-105PF nrog lub tshuab rab phom ShVAK
Tab sis lub turret version ntawm ShVAK tsis tuaj yeem khav ntawm txoj hmoo ua tiav thiab tsis muaj lub hauv paus hauv Soviet aviation. Nyuaj thiab hnyav heev, nws tsis haum rau lub teeb nrig ntawm peb cov foob pob. Nws siv tau tsawg kawg. Cov phom tau teeb tsa ntawm lub nkoj ya MTB-2 (ANT-44), ntxiv rau ntawm tus kws tshaj lij foob pob Myasishchev DB-102. Yuav luag tsuas yog cov dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua uas lub turret version ntawm ShVAK tau teeb tsa tsis tu ncua yog Pe-8 (TB-7) cov foob pob hnyav, tsim cov khoom uas tau siv me ntsis thoob plaws xyoo ua tsov rog. Thiab twb dhau qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, rab phom ShVAK kuj tseem tau teeb tsa rau sab saum toj ntawm lub foob pob Er-2.
Yog li, cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ShVAK cov phom dav hlau thoob plaws lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm lawv cov khoom yog Soviet lub dav hlau tua rog. ShVAK tau siv rau I-153P, I-16, I-185, Yak-1, Yak-7B, LaGG-3, La-5, La-7 thiab Pe-3 cov neeg sib ntaus. Thaum I-16 tus neeg tua rog raug rho tawm ntawm kev tsim tawm, thiab Il-2 lub dav hlau nres tau pib rov caj npab nrog VYa tshiab 23-mm dav hlau rab phom, kev tsim cov tis version ntawm ShVAK tau yuav luag tag nrho. Xyoo 1943 ib leeg, 158 ntawm cov phom no tau raug rho tawm kom rov ua dua Lub Tsev Lend-Lease Hurricanes, qhov uas lawv tau teeb tsa hloov ntawm 7, 7-mm Browning tshuab rab phom. Thiab thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, lub tis-ua qauv ntawm rab phom rov pom nws siv, dhau los ua kev tawm tsam riam phom ntawm Tu-2 ntxaib-cav lub tshuab siv lub tshuab ceev.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ShVAK lub tshuab rab phom, nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv hauv xyoo 1941-42, tau teeb ntawm lub teeb T-30 tso tsheb hlau luam (hloov kho ntawm T-40) hloov ntawm 12, 7-mm DShK tshuab rab phom, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntau ntxiv ntawm lawv cov kev tua hluav taws rau cov yeeb ncuab thiab muab lub sijhawm rau cov neeg tua phom los tsoo cov tsheb tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab (cov cuab yeej nkag mus-txog li 35 hli nrog cov phom loj), phom tiv thaiv lub tank, lub tshuab rab phom thiab cov yeeb ncuab lub zog. Qhov sib txawv ntawm rab phom raws li lub npe ShVAK-tank lossis TNSh-20 (tank Nudelman-Shpitalny) tau teeb tsa ntu ntawm lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam T-60.
TNSh-20 rab phom loj hauv T-60 lub teeb roj
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1942, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Air Force tuaj txog qhov xaus tias ShVAK 20-mm lub dav hlau rab phom ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm I-16 (hauv tis), Yak-1 thiab LaGG-3 cov neeg tua rog (los ntawm lub iav). Qhov projectile ntawm rab phom no muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau, tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog, lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab lub tsheb loj, thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau tso tsheb hlau luam. Rau kev nqis tes tawm tsam lub tank nruab nrab thiab hnyav, lub plhaub ntawm rab phom ShVAK tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Feem ntau, ShVAK projectile hais txog qhov hnyav, thiab yog li qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua kom tawg, yog qhov qis dua qhov projectile ntawm lub dav hlau German phom ntawm tib lub peev xwm (ShVAK projectile hnyav 91 grams, thiab German MG FF dav hlau phom - 124 Nws.). Nws kuj tseem tau sau tseg tias hais txog kev ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm lub hom phiaj, ShVAK tau qis dua li 23-hli VYa lub dav hlau phom loj.
Sib piv Soviet ShVAK nrog German MG FF lub dav hlau rab phom, koj los txog qhov xaus tias rab phom German, uas siv lub zog rov qab los ntawm cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj dawb (ntawm ShVAK - lub qhov hluav taws xob), muaj qhov zoo dua nyob hauv qhov hnyav thiab tawg lub zog ntawm cov plhaub siv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj qhov projectile nrawm ntawm German rab phom tau tsawg kawg 220 m / s tsawg dua, tab sis qhov thib ob salvo rau tis dav hlau rab phom tau ua tib yam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, MG FF tau hnyav 15 kg, suav nrog vim yog siv lub thoob luv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov phom loj German tau ploj nrog qhov pom hauv USSR ntawm lub dav hlau B-20 tshiab.
Niaj hnub no nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev kwv yees ntsuas tus nqi ntawm ShVAK 20-mm dav hlau phom. Tau kawg, nws muaj qee qhov ua tsis tau zoo - cov mos txwv tsis zoo nrog lub foob pob tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm thiab thev naus laus zis nyuaj, uas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim khoom, ua rau tus nqi phom loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj qhov ua tsis tau yooj yim tau them nyiaj los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub loj ntawm ShVAK, uas tau mus txog 800 puag ncig ib feeb, thiab kev txo nqi yog vim tsim kev tsim khoom loj thiab hloov kho ntawm kev lag luam. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, ShVAK tsis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov phom dav hlau tsim los ntawm lwm lub xeev. Muaj tseeb, cov qauv sib xyaw uas tau teeb tsa ntawm Soviet La-5 thiab La-7 cov neeg sib ntaus zoo, nyob ntawm seb lub cav ua haujlwm li cas, muaj qhov hluav taws kub qis dua-550-750 puag ncig ib feeb.
Kev sib piv ntawm 20x99R daim cartridge nrog lwm cov mos txwv
Txawm li cas los xij, peb tuaj yeem hais tias Shpitalny-Vladimirov lub phom loj huab cua tau dhau los ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tub rog liab cov riam phom uas tuaj yeem ua kom peb lub tebchaws yeej hauv Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Raws li cov kws tsav dav hlau sib tua nyob rau xyoo ntawd, lub zog txawm tias tsis muaj zog 20-mm zoo li ntawm ShVAK rab phom txaus los tawm tsam Luftwaffe lub dav hlau. Yog lawm, yog tias lub teb chaws Yelemees hnyav muaj cov foob pob hnyav lossis Soviet lub dav hlau yuav tsum sib tsoo saum ntuj nrog armada ntawm Asmeskas "cov dav hlau ya", peb cov neeg tua rog yuav muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj, tab sis qhov tseeb tsis muaj qhov no tshwm sim.
Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias hauv Soviet Union tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev rau ShVAK tau ntev. Kev txhim kho ntawm kev cia siab B-20 lub dav hlau phom tsim los ntawm Mikhail Evgenievich Berezin, kuj tau tsim los ntawm nws los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab rab phom loj thiab ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li ShVAK, tau raug ncua ntev vim yog tus tsim qauv mob. Vim li no, ShVAK lub dav hlau rab phom, txawm tias nws "tsis muaj zog", tseem yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tua rog ntawm Great Patriotic War.
Kev cob qhia ntawm Soviet cov kws tsav dav hlau, uas tau loj hlob thaum ua tsov rog thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv riam phom zoo thaum lawv pov tseg, kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws tsis muaj qhov zais cia tias cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Red Army Air Force, uas tau ntsib kev ua tsov rog thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, muaj cov txuj ci qis heev thiab yuav luag tsis muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev siv kev sib ntaus ntawm lawv lub dav hlau. Tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg ua haujlwm txib uas tswj hwm hla Spain, Khalkhin Gol, kev ua tsov rog lub caij ntuj no nrog Finland, tab sis tsis muaj ob peb tus kws tsav dav hlau no. Thiab lawv, hauv qhov tseem ceeb, tau dhau los ntawm kev paub dhau los ua raws li kev qhia ua haujlwm "Chav kawm ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau tua rog." Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev siv cov mos txwv rau lub hom phiaj huab cua, uas hloov pauv thoob plaws kev ua tsov rog los ntawm nws thawj lub hlis mus txog zaum kawg. Yog tias nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov kws tsav dav hlau Soviet feem ntau tau qhib tua cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 300-400 metres, tom qab ntawd twb yog xyoo 1942, tau txais kev paub dhau los, los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 100-150 meters, thiab qee zaum los ntawm 50 meters. Qhov no coj mus rau kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tua neeg raug thiab txo qis hauv kev siv cov mos txwv. Nrog rau kev xav txog ShVAK lub dav hlau rab phom, qhov no nce qhov ua tau zoo ntawm nws lub plhaub. Thaum cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau tig mus rau hauv lub colander, qhov qis qis ntawm lub zog rab phom ntawm Soviet rab phom tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv lawm.
Tis ntawm German Bf 109 tus neeg tua rog tom qab raug ntaus los ntawm 20 mm ShVAK lub plhaub
Thaum lub sijhawm ua ntej tsov rog thiab xyoo Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, kev lag luam Soviet tsim ntau dua 100 txhiab ShVAK cov phom loj, uas ua rau nws yog ib lub tshuab siv phom loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev ya dav hlau. Kev tsim tawm ntawm ShVAK tau txiav tawm tsuas yog xyoo 1946. Nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov dav hlau B-20 ntau dua, uas, muaj cov yam ntxwv sib ntaus sib tua zoo sib xws, muaj kev ntseeg siab dua thiab hnyav dua.
Cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo ntawm ShVAK:
Ntev / qhov hnyav:
Tis version - 1679 mm / 40 kg.
Turret variant - 1726 hli / 42 kg.
Lub cav rab phom - 2122 mm / 44, 5 kg.
Qhov mob stroke ntev ntawm qhov txav chaw yog 185 hli.
Tus nqi hluav taws - 700-800 rds / min.
Qhov nrawm ntawm lub qhov ncauj yog 815 m / s.
Cartridge - 20x99 hli R.
