Kuv yuav ntiab koj tawm ntawm lub ntiajteb, Los ntawm hauv qab kuv yuav pov koj zoo li tus tsov ntxhuav
Kuv yuav tsis tso leej twg muaj txoj sia nyob hauv koj lub nceeg vaj
Kuv yuav ntxeev siab rau koj lub nroog, cheeb tsam thiab thaj av kom raug hluav taws."
(Fazlullah Rashid-ad-Din. Jami-at-Tavarikh. Baku: "Nagyl Evi", 2011. p.45)
Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no ntawm Voennoye Obozreniye ntawm cov ntaub ntawv "Vim li cas lawv thiaj tsim kev dag txog" Mongol "kev ntxeem tau ntawm Russia" ua rau muaj ntau, txwv tsis pub koj tsis tuaj yeem hais, muaj kev sib cav. Thiab qee tus nyiam nws, lwm tus tsis nyiam. Uas yog ntuj. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej no peb yuav tsis tham txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom no, tab sis hais txog … "raug cai", uas yog, txoj cai lees paub rau kev sau cov khoom zoo li no. Hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias tus neeg sau cov ntaub ntawv hais tias yog yam tshiab, nws yog ib txwm pib nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm qhov teeb meem. Tsawg kawg luv luv, vim "peb txhua tus sawv ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov neeg loj," lossis theej cov uas tau ua ntej peb. Qhov thib ob, ib qho lus tshaj tawm ua ntej feem ntau yog ua pov thawj los ntawm kev suav cov peev txheej ntseeg tau. Ib yam li cov lus ntawm cov khoom siv uas cov neeg Mongols tau tseg tsis muaj kab hauv keeb kwm kev ua tub rog. Thiab txij li VO qhov chaw tsom mus rau nws, nws ua rau nkag siab los qhia txog nws hauv kev nthuav dav, tsis yog los ntawm kev tshwm sim dab neeg, tab sis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm niaj hnub.
Clash ntawm mounted Mongol detachments. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami 'at-tavarih", XIV xyoo pua. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Txhawm rau pib nrog, tsis tshua muaj lwm tus neeg hais txog uas tau sau ntau npaum li cas, tab sis qhov tseeb tsawg heev yog paub. Tseeb, txawm hais tias cov ntawv ntawm Plano Carpini, Guillaume de Rubrucai thiab Marco Polo [1] tau hais ntau zaus (tshwj xeeb, thawj qhov kev txhais lus ntawm Carpini kev ua haujlwm rau Lavxias tau luam tawm xyoo 1911), peb, feem ntau, tsis tau nce ntxiv.
Kev sib tham. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami 'at-tavarih", XIV xyoo pua. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Tab sis peb muaj qee yam los piv lawv cov lus piav qhia nrog, txij li Sab Hnub Tuaj nws "keeb kwm ntawm Mongols" tau sau los ntawm Rashid ad-Din Fazlullah ibn Abu-l-Khair Ali Hamadani (Rashid ad-Doula; Rashid at-Tabib-"kws kho mob Rashid ") (c. 1247 - Lub Xya Hli 18, 1318,) - tus kws paub keeb kwm Persian uas paub zoo, kws kho mob thiab kws tshawb fawb -kws tshawb fawb txog kab mob; yav dhau los tus thawj coj hauv xeev Hulaguids (1298 - 1317). Nws yog tus sau keeb kwm ua haujlwm sau ua lus Persian hu ua "Jami 'at-tavarih" lossis "Collection of Chronicles", uas yog keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau keeb kwm ntawm Mongol Empire thiab Iran ntawm Hulaguid era [2].
Siege ntawm Alamut 1256. Qhov me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Tarikh-i Jahangushai". (National Library ntawm Fabkis, Paris)
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ncauj lus no yog keeb kwm kev ua haujlwm "Ta'rih-i jahangushay" ("Keeb Kwm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tus Yeej") Ala ad-din Ata Malik ibn Muhammad Juweini (1226-Peb Hlis 6, 1283), lwm tus neeg Persian xeev thiab keeb kwm ntawm tib lub sijhawm Hulaguid. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj peb ntu tseem ceeb:
Ua ntej: keeb kwm ntawm Mongols, nrog rau kev piav qhia ntawm lawv txoj kev kov yeej ua ntej cov xwm txheej uas tau ua raws kev tuag ntawm Khan Guyuk, suav nrog zaj dab neeg ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm khans Jochi thiab Chagatai;
Qhov thib ob: keeb kwm ntawm Khorezmshah dynasty, thiab ntawm no kuj tau muab keeb kwm ntawm Mongol tus tswv xeev ntawm Khorasan txog 1258;
Thib peb: nws txuas ntxiv keeb kwm ntawm Mongols ua ntej lawv yeej rau Assassins; thiab qhia txog pawg ntseeg no nws tus kheej [3].
Mongol kov yeej Baghdad xyoo 1258. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami 'at-tavarih", XIV caug xyoo. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Muaj cov khoom qub qub qub, tab sis lawv tsis nplua nuj heev. Tab sis niaj hnub no lawv twb txaus txaus los kos cov pov thawj-raws li cov lus xaus, thiab cov ntawv hais txog Mongols, raws li nws tau tawm, tsis muaj nyob hauv cov lus European, tab sis kuj yog lus Suav. Cov peev txheej Suav hais txog qhov no yog keeb kwm muaj koob muaj npe, tsoomfwv cov txheeb cais thiab tsoomfwv cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Thiab yog li lawv piav qhia ntxaws thiab ntau xyoo, nrog tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm Suav, ob qho kev tsov kev rog thiab kev sib tw, thiab cov nyiaj tau them rau cov Mongols hauv daim ntawv ntawm mov, taum thiab nyuj, thiab txawm tias yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Cov neeg taug kev Suav uas tau mus rau cov thawj coj Mongol kuj tau tso tseg lawv cov ntawv hais txog Mongols thiab North China hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. "Men-da bei-lu" ("Cov lus piav qhia tag nrho ntawm Mongol-Tatars") yog qhov siv tau qhov qub tshaj plaws los sau ua lus Suav txog keeb kwm ntawm Mongolia. "Cov lus piav qhia" no muaj zaj dab neeg ntawm South Sung Ambassador Zhao Hong, uas tau mus ntsib Yanjing xyoo 1221 nrog tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Mongol nyob rau sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj, Mukhali. "Men-da bei-lu" tau txhais ua lus Lavxias los ntawm VP Vasiliev rov qab rau xyoo 1859, thiab rau lub sijhawm ntawd txoj haujlwm no yog qhov kev tshawb fawb zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, hnub no nws twb dhau lawm thiab yuav tsum tau txhais lus tshiab, zoo dua.
Civil sib cav. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami 'at-tavarih", XIV xyoo pua. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Kuj tseem muaj cov keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li "Chang-chun zhen-ren si-yu ji" ("Nco txog txoj kev taug mus rau Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees Chang-chun")-mob siab rau kev taug kev ntawm Taoist tus hauj sam hauv Central Asia thaum lub sijhawm sab hnub poob ntawm Genghis Khan (1219-1225 biennium). Kev txhais lus tiav ntawm txoj haujlwm no tau ua los ntawm PI Kafarov xyoo 1866 thiab qhov no tsuas yog ua tiav kev txhais lus ntawm txoj haujlwm no rau niaj hnub no, uas tsis tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb niaj hnub no. Muaj "Hei-da shi-lue" ("Cov ntaub ntawv luv luv txog cov neeg dub Tatars")-qhov tseem ceeb tshaj (thiab cov neeg nplua nuj!) Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Mongols hauv kev sib piv nrog "Men-da bei-lu" thiab " Chang-chun zhen ren si-yu ji ". Nws sawv cev cov ntawv ntawm ob tus neeg Suav nyob hauv ib zaug - Peng Da -ya thiab Xu Ting, uas tau mus ntsib Mongolia ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Ogedei ua ib feem ntawm South Sun kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm, thiab coj ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Lavxias peb tsuas muaj ib nrab ntawm cov ntawv no.
Entronization ntawm Mongol Khan. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami 'at-tavarih", XIV xyoo pua. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Thaum kawg, muaj qhov chaw Mongolian raug cai, thiab lub monument ntawm Mongolian kev coj noj coj ua zoo hauv tebchaws nyob rau xyoo pua 13th. "Mongol-un niucha tobchan" ("Cov Keeb Kwm Ntawm Cov Neeg Mongols"), qhov kev tshawb pom uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau Suav keeb kwm. Nws qhia txog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Genghis Khan thiab nws tau tawm tsam li cas rau lub zog hauv tebchaws Mongolia. Thaum pib, nws tau sau siv Uyghur cov tsiaj ntawv, uas Mongols tau qiv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, tab sis nws tau nqis los rau peb hauv cov ntawv txhais ua lus Suav thiab (hmoov zoo rau peb!) Cov lus Mongolian thiab cov lus tawm luv luv ntawm txhua kab lus sau ua lus Suav.
Mongols. Txhuv. Angus McBride.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv Suav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm Mongol txoj cai nyob hauv Suav teb. Piv txwv li, "Tung-chzhi tiao-ge" thiab "Yuan dian-zhang", uas muaj cov lus txiav txim, kev tswj hwm thiab kev txiav txim plaub ntug ntawm ntau yam teeb meem, pib nrog cov lus qhia yuav ua li cas tua cov yaj raws li kev cai ntawm Mongols, thiab xaus nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev txiav txim hauv Suav teb Mongol emperors, thiab piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg sib txawv ntawm cov neeg Suav tam sim no. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, cov ntaub ntawv no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kws sau keeb kwm kawm txog lub sijhawm Mongol txoj cai nyob hauv Suav teb. Hauv ib lo lus, muaj txheej txheej ntawm cov peev txheej hauv thaj chaw ntawm sinology, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau keeb kwm ntawm Mongolia nruab nrab. Tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb tias txhua yam no yuav tsum tau kawm, raws li qhov tseeb, ib ceg ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los. Qhov "tuaj, pom, kov yeej" hom "cavalry nres ntawm keeb kwm" nrog cov ntawv xa mus rau tsuas yog ib tus Gumilyov thiab Fomenko thiab K (raws li peb pom ntau zaus hauv cov lus hais) tsis tsim nyog kiag li hauv qhov no.
Mongol tsav neeg raug kaw. Txhuv. Angus McBride.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog tias, thaum pib kawm cov ncauj lus no, nws yooj yim dua los cuam tshuam nrog cov peev txheej thib ob, suav nrog cov uas tsis yog los ntawm kev kawm thawj cov ntawv sau los ntawm European thiab Suav tus kws sau ntawv, tab sis kuj ntawm cov txiaj ntsig. ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yav dhau los nqa tawm ib zaug los ntawm Soviet thiab Lavxias cov kws tshawb fawb. Zoo, rau kev txhim kho dav dav hauv keeb kwm ntawm koj lub tebchaws, peb tuaj yeem pom zoo 18 ntu ntawm koob "Archaeology ntawm USSR" luam tawm nyob rau hauv qhib kev nkag los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, tshaj tawm lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1981 txog 2003. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, rau peb lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog PSRL - Ua tiav Sau los ntawm Lavxias Keeb Kwm. Nco tseg tias niaj hnub no tsis muaj pov thawj tseeb ntawm lawv qhov kev dag dag nyob rau tiam Mikhail Romanov, lossis Peter I, lossis Catherine II. Txhua yam no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev tsim ntawm cov neeg nyiam ua "keeb kwm neeg", tsis tsim nyog raug txim. Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog txhua leej txhua tus tau hnov txog cov dab neeg keeb kwm (tom kawg, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog ib qho, tab sis ntau!), Tab sis vim li cas tsawg leej tib neeg thiaj nyeem lawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv vain!
Mongol nrog hneev. Txhuv. Wayne Reynolds: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Raws li cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb txog riam phom tiag, ntawm no yog ib qho chaw tseem ceeb nyob hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias, tau lees paub ob leeg hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws [4]. Muaj tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv tsim los ntawm cov paub keeb kwm zoo hauv ib lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab tau npaj ntau cov ntawv nthuav thiab nthuav tawm ntawm cov ncauj lus no [5].
Ib txoj haujlwm txaus nyiam heev "Caj npab thiab Caj Npab. Siberian riam phom: los ntawm Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb mus rau Nrab Hnub nyoog ", luam tawm xyoo 2003, sau los ntawm A. I. Sokolov, thaum lub sijhawm nws tshaj tawm, tus neeg sib tw ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, tus kws tshawb fawb qib siab ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Archaeology thiab Ethnography ntawm Siberian Branch ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm hauv Altai thiab hauv Steppes ntawm Minusinsk Phiab rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo [6].
Ib ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Stephen Turnbull.
Cov Mongols tseem tau them nyiaj mloog rau cov ncauj lus ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm hais lus Askiv luam tawm hauv Osprey lub tsev tshaj tawm, thiab tshwj xeeb, xws li tus kws tshaj lij uas paub zoo li Stephen Turnbull [7]. Kev paub nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais lus Askiv hauv qhov no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ob zaug: nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los paub cov khoom thiab txhim kho lus Askiv, tsis hais txog qhov tseeb tias cov lus piv txwv ntawm Osprey cov ntawv hloov pauv los ntawm qib kev ntseeg siab.
Cov tub rog Mongol hnyav heev. Txhuv. Wayne Reynolds: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
Paub, txawm hais tias luv luv, nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Mongolian [8] kev ua tub rog, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws twb tau ua tiav thiab feem ntau, tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txhua qhov tseeb rau kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb dawb huv hauv cheeb tsam no.
Yuav pib, txawm li cas los xij, zaj dab neeg ntawm Mongolian riam phom yuav tsum tsis yog nrog riam phom, tab sis … nrog tus nees. Nws yog cov neeg Mongols uas tau kwv yees los hloov qhov me me nrog lub puab tsaig me ntsis nrog cov nplhaib sab nraud loj - snaffles. Lawv nyob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov me ntsis, thiab cov hlua taub hau twb tau txuas rau lawv thiab cov hlua khi tau raug khi. Yog li, qhov me me thiab tus hneev taw tau txais qhov zoo nkauj niaj hnub no thiab nyob li niaj hnub no.
Cov khoom Mongolian, cov ntiv tes me me, cov pob zeb thiab cov nees.
Lawv kuj txhim kho lub eeb. Tam sim no txoj hlua khi tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj hauv kev kom tau txais lub hauv paus dav dua. Thiab qhov no, nyeg, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo lub siab ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb nraub qaum thiab ua kom lub zog maneuverability ntawm Mongolian cov tub rog.
Raws li pov cov riam phom, uas yog, hneev thiab xib xub, tom qab ntawd, raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm txhua qhov chaw, cov Mongols tau zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim qauv ntawm lawv cov hneev tau ze rau qhov zoo tagnrho. Lawv siv hneev nti nrog lub hauv ncoo lub ntsej muag thiab "paddle-like" extremities. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev faib cov hneev no nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog tau cuam tshuam nrog cov Mongols, yog li lawv feem ntau tseem hu ua "Mongolian". Sab xub ntiag overlay ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm hneev kom tawg, tab sis feem ntau nws tsis txo nws txoj kev yoog raws. Hneev kibit (mus txog 150-160 cm) tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm ntau hom ntoo, thiab sab hauv nws tau txhawb nrog daim hlau ntawm lub suab raj ntawm artiodactyls - tshis, tur, nyuj. Tendons los ntawm nraub qaum ntawm tus mos lwj, elk lossis bull tau glued mus rau lub hauv paus ntoo ntawm tus hneev taw los ntawm sab nraud, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua. Rau Buryat cov kws txawj txua khoom, nws cov hneev zoo tshaj li cov neeg Mongols puag thaum ub, cov txheej txheem no tau siv txog ib lub lim tiam, txij li cov tuab ntawm cov leeg txheej yuav tsum tau mus txog ib thiab ib nrab centimeters, thiab txhua txheej tau glued tsuas yog tom qab ib qho dhau los qhuav tag. Cov dos uas tau ua tiav tau dhau los nrog cov tawv ntoo, rub rau hauv lub nplhaib thiab qhuav … tsawg kawg ib xyoos. Thiab tsuas yog ib qho hneev taw tau siv tsawg kawg ob xyoos, yog li ntawd tib lub sijhawm, tej zaum, ntau hneev tau muab tso rau hauv Tshuag ib zaug.
Dua li qhov no, hneev feem ntau tsoo. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog Mongol coj nrog lawv, raws li Plano Carpini, ob lossis peb hneev. Tej zaum lawv kuj tseem muaj cov hlua khawm uas xav tau hauv cov huab cua sib txawv. Piv txwv li, nws tau paub tias txoj hlua khi ua los ntawm txoj hnyuv sib tw ua haujlwm tau zoo nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, tab sis tsis zam lub caij nplooj zeeg. Yog li kom ua tiav kev tua txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo thiab huab cua, xav tau txoj hlua sib txawv.
Pom thiab lawv rov tsim kho los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Zolotarevskoe kev sib hais haum ze Penza.
Lawv kos tus hneev nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas, txawm li cas los xij, paub ntev ua ntej Mongols tshwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm. Nws tau hu ua "txoj hauv kev nrog lub nplhaib:" Thaum mus kos tus hneev, coj nws … ntawm sab tes laug, muab txoj hlua khi tom qab lub nplhaib agate ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo ntawm sab tes xis, sab xub ntiag ntawm qhov uas tau khoov rau pem hauv ntej, khaws nws nyob hauv txoj haujlwm no nrog kev pab ntawm nruab nrab qhov sib koom tes ntawm tus ntiv tes ntsuas, nias rau nws, thiab rub txoj hlua kom txog thaum sab tes laug mus txog thiab sab xis yog ze pob ntseg; tau hais tseg lawv lub hom phiaj, lawv tshem tus ntiv tes los ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo, tib lub sijhawm cov hlua hneev tawm ntawm lub nplhaib agate thiab cuam tus xub nrog lub zog loj "(Uk. Soch. AI Soloviev - p. 160).
Jade Archer Lub Nplhaib. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Yuav luag txhua qhov ntawv sau uas tau nqis los rau peb pom qhov txuj ci uas cov tub rog Mongol siv hneev nti. "Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev kom pib sib ntaus sib tua nrog lawv, vim tias txawm tias muaj kev sib cav me me nrog lawv muaj coob leej raug tua thiab raug mob, zoo li lwm tus muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua loj. Qhov no yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv kev txawj ua hneev tua hneev taw, vim lawv cov hneev taw hla yuav luag txhua hom kev tiv thaiv thiab cuab yeej ua rog, "Armenian tus tub huabtais Gaiton sau hauv 1307. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov kev tua tau ua tiav tau cuam tshuam nrog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Mongolian cov xub xub, uas yog qhov loj thiab txawv los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo. Plano Carpini tau sau txog lawv raws li hauv qab no: "Cov hlau taub hau yog ntse heev thiab txiav rau ob sab zoo li rab ntaj ob npaug", thiab cov uas tau siv "… tua cov noog, tsiaj thiab cov neeg tsis muaj phom, peb ntiv tes dav."
Cov xub xub pom ntawm Zolotarevskoye kev sib hais ze Penza.
Cov lus qhia tau tiaj tus hla ntu, petiolate. Muaj cov asymmetric rhombic cov xub xub, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov uas paub qhov uas ua rau muaj qhov ncaj, obtuse-angled lossis txawm tias cov duab ib nrab. Cov no yog hu ua kev txiav ntoo. Ob-horned tsawg dua, lawv tau siv rau kev tua ntawm nees thiab tus yeeb ncuab tsis tiv thaiv los ntawm cov cuab yeej.
Arrowheads los ntawm Tibet, 17th - 19th centuries (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Qhov txaus siab, ntau cov lus qhia loj muaj zigzag lossis "zoo li xob laim" ntu, uas yog, ib nrab ntawm cov lus qhia nthuav tawm me ntsis saum ib qho, uas yog, nws zoo li zigzag ntawm xob laim hauv ntu. Nws tau raug qhia tias cov lus qhia zoo li no tuaj yeem tig hauv davhlau. Tab sis txawm tias qhov no yog qhov tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg tau tshawb xyuas.
Nws ntseeg tias nws yog ib txwm coj mus tua nrog cov xub nrog qhov txiav loj heev. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem tsoo cov tub rog uas tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, sawv hauv kab rov qab ntawm cov txheej txheem tuab, nrog rau ua rau cov nees raug mob hnyav. Raws li rau cov tub rog hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, lawv feem ntau siv peb plaub, plaub-tog lossis tag nrho puag ncig, subulate, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov lus qhia tawm tsam lawv.
Lub taub hau me me rhombic, uas tau nrov ntawm cov Turks yav dhau los, kuj tau ntsib thiab tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Tab sis peb-bladed thiab plaub-bladed cov lus qhia nrog cov hniav dav thiab qhov punched hauv lawv xyaum ua tsis tau pom hauv Mongolian lub sijhawm, txawm hais tias ua ntej uas lawv tau nrov heev. Ntxiv nrog rau lub taub hau, muaj pob txha "xuav" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob lub khob hliav qab. ib khub ntawm qhov tau ua hauv lawv thiab hauv kev ya dav hlau lawv tso lub suab nrov nrov.
Kev caum tus khiav. Cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Jami 'at-tavarih", XIV xyoo pua. (Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv, Berlin)
Plano Carpini tshaj tawm tias txhua tus neeg Mongol hneev tau nqa "peb qhov loj me me uas muaj puv xub." Cov khoom siv rau tus quivers yog cov tawv ntoo thiab lawv muaj li 30 tus xub xub. Cov xub hauv quivers tau npog nrog lub npog tshwj xeeb - tokhtuy - los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm huab cua. Cov xub hauv quivers tuaj yeem teeb nrog lawv cov lus qhia nce thiab nqis, thiab txawm tias nyob hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv. Nws yog kev coj ua kom zoo nkauj los kho tus nplawm nrog pob zeb thiab pob txha onlays nrog cov qauv geometric thiab cov duab ntawm ntau yam tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag.
Quav thiab hneev. Tibet lossis Mongolia, XV - XVII ib puas xyoo (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Ntxiv nrog rau qhov quivers, cov xub kuj tseem tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv cov tawv tawv, zoo ib yam rau cov plaub hau hneev nrog ib sab ncaj thiab lwm yam nkhaus. Lawv paub zoo los ntawm Suav, Persian thiab Nyij Pooj, nrog rau los ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv Armory Chamber ntawm Moscow Kremlin, thiab ntawm cov khoom siv haiv neeg los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Transbaikalia, Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Siberia, Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Sab Hnub Poob Siberian hav zoov -peb. Cov xub nyob rau hauv cov quivers tau ib txwm tso nrog lawv cov plumage nce, yog li ntawd lawv tau nthuav tawm sab nraud rau ntau dua ib nrab ntawm lawv qhov ntev. Lawv tau hnav ntawm sab xis kom lawv tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog kev caij tsheb.
Suav quiver ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Metrolithin, New York)
Cov ntaub ntawv teev npe
1. Plano Carpini J. Del. Keeb kwm ntawm Mongals // J. Del Plano Carpini. Keeb kwm ntawm Mongals / G. de Rubruk. Taug Kev Mus Rau Tebchaws Sab Hnub Tuaj / Phau Ntawv ntawm Marco Polo. M.: Kev xav, 1997.
2. Rashid ad-Din. Sau cov keeb kwm / Per. los ntawm Persian L. A. Khetagurov, luam tawm thiab sau los ntawm prof. A. A. Semenova. - M., L.: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. - T. 1, 2, 3; Fazlullah Rashid ad-Din. Jami-at-Tavarikh. - Baku: "Nagyl Evi", 2011.
3. Ata-Melik Juvaini. Genghis Khan Ib Genghis Khan: keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus kov yeej / Txhais los ntawm Mirza Muhammad Qazvini cov ntawv ua lus Askiv los ntawm J. E. Boyle, nrog cov lus qhia ua ntej thiab cov ntawv sau los ntawm D. O. Morgan. Kev txhais cov ntawv los ntawm lus Askiv rau Lavxias los ntawm E. E. Kharitonova. - M.: "Publishing House MAGISTR-PRESS", 2004.
4. Gorelik MV Early Mongolian armor (IX - thawj ib nrab ntawm XVI centuries) // Archaeology, ethnography thiab anthropology ntawm Mongolia. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1987. - S. 163-208; Gorelik MV Cov Tub Rog ntawm Mongol-Tatars ntawm X-XIV ib puas xyoo: Kev ua tub rog kos duab, riam phom, khoom siv. - M.: Vostochny qab ntug, 2002; Gorelik M. V. Steppe sib ntaus (los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Tatar-Mongols) // Kev ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg thaum ub thiab nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm North thiab Central Asia. - Novosibirsk: IIFF SO AN SSSR, 1990. - S. 155-160.
5. Khudyakov Yu S. Armament of medieval nomads of Southern Siberia and Central Asia. - Novosibirsk: Science, 1986; Khudyakov Yu S. Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov nomads ntawm yav qab teb Siberia thiab Central Asia hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Kev Tsim Kho Nruab Nrab. - Novosibirsk: IAET, 1997.
6. Sokolov UA Caj npab thiab Armor. Siberian riam phom: los ntawm Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb mus rau Nrab Hnub nyoog. - Novosibirsk: INFOLIO-xovxwm, 2003.
7. Stephen Turnbull. Genghis Khan & Mongol Conquests 1190-1400 (QHOV TSEEB HISTORIES 57), Osprey, 2003; Stephen Turnbull: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Mongol Warrior 1200-1350 (WARRIOR 84), Osprey, 2003; Stephen Turnbull: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Mongol Invasions ntawm Nyij Pooj 1274 thiab 1281 (CAMPAIGN 217), Osprey, 2010; Stephen Turnbull: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Great Wall of China 221 BC - AD 1644 (FORTRESS 57), Osprey, 2007.
8. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias pab tub rog Mongol yeej tsis yog haiv neeg twg, tab sis yog kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm haiv neeg Mongol hais lus thiab tom qab no hais txog haiv neeg haiv neeg Turkic. Yog li ntawd, lub tswvyim ntawm "Mongolian" hauv qhov no yog nqa ntau dua li cov ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg.
