Tom qab ntawd Yexus hais rau nws: Xa koj rab ntaj rov mus rau nws qhov chaw, rau txhua tus uas siv rab ntaj yuav tuag los ntawm ntaj.
Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm Mathais 26:51
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries.
Yuav ua li cas nthuav keeb kwm yog qee zaum! Cov neeg Hungarians yog ib tus ntawm cov neeg uas tuaj ntawm Asia los ntawm Txoj Kev Kawg Nkoj mus rau Tebchaws Europe thiab tau ntau xyoo ua rau nws cov neeg nyob nrog lawv cov kev tawm tsam, nrog rau cov Arab thiab Vikings. Lawv tau tawm tsam Fabkis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, ua phiaj xwm hauv Ltalis thiab txawm tias nyob hauv Spain. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab swb kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Dej Leh xyoo 955, lawv tau nres lawv txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua mus rau sab hnub poob thiab pib txhim kho lawv lub xeev. Yav tas los nomads thiab cov tub rog siv lub teeb nrawm, lawv tau yoog raws li European kev coj ua tub rog thiab kev coj noj coj ua zoo thiab, dhau sijhawm, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev zoo dua rau cov tub rog ntawm Western Europe sab hnub poob. Zoo, tam sim no peb yuav qhia koj txog lawv cov tub rog nyob hauv 1050-1350 li cas.
Xeev ntau lub xeev
Nco tseg tias lub xeev Hungarian nruab nrab yog loj heev thiab suav nrog ntau lub xeev nyob los ntawm cov neeg tsis yog Magyar, txawm hais tias tom qab kev kov yeej, cov neeg Hungarian tseem ceeb nyob hauv lawv. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj thaj chaw uas nws tseem nyob hauv cov neeg tsawg. Ntawd yog, nws tsis yog haiv neeg monocultural thiab monolingual nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntau lub nroog tseem yog tsev rau ntau tus neeg German. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog thaj tsam tsis yog Magyar xws li Transylvania (nws cov pejxeem yog haiv neeg Hungarian, Romanian thiab German pejxeem) thiab Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Temeshvar (sab qaum teb Serbia) thiab sab qaum teb Dalmatia, thiab cov neeg nyob ntawd feem ntau yog Slavs. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, Wallachia thiab Moldavia kuj tseem nyob hauv Hungarian suzerainty rau qee lub sijhawm, txawm hais tias tsis yog rau lub sijhawm luv luv.
Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg Hungarians, lossis Magyars, yog cov neeg nomadic ntawm Finno-Ugric keeb kwm uas tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Siberia, txawm hais tias lawv suav nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg Turkic. Thaum ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov tub rog qub txeeg qub teg tau ploj mus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lech, kev xav ntawm cov neeg uas tseem tau hloov pauv ntau, thiab lawv maj mam koom ua ke rau kev ntseeg European European.
Hungary tau dhau los ua neeg ntseeg lig heev, uas yog xyoo 1001, nrog kev cai raus dej ntawm nws thawj tus vaj ntxwv, Stephen. Nrog rau kev ntseeg, Western European feudal cov koom haum tau qhia, thiab nws cov neeg tseem ceeb tau txais Western kab lis kev cai, suav nrog kev coj ua ntawm kev ua tub rog. Kev thaj yeeb tam sim no tau kav nrog ciam teb sab hnub poob, tab sis kev ntseeg tshiab Hungarian lub nceeg vaj tam sim pib tawm tsam nrog nws cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb, yav qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, sim nthuav dav thaj tsam ntawm lawv thaj av.
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 10, sab hnub poob ciam teb ntawm Hungary suav nrog Slovakia, tab sis tsis yog Moravia. Tom qab ntawd nws tau khiav me ntsis mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm tam sim no Hungarian-Austrian ciam teb, qhov uas nws tseem nyob thoob plaws lub sijhawm uas tau txiav txim siab. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, Croatia thiab Dalmatia nkag mus rau hauv Hungarian lub nceeg vaj los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Bosnia tau kov yeej los ntawm Serbs, thiab sab hnub poob Wallachia nyob hauv Hungarian suzerainty. Ntxiv mus, Hungary yuav tsum tau ntsib kev txaus ntshai tag nrho ntawm Mongol ntxeem tau hauv 1241, tab sis lub tebchaws, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau suav nrog hauv Mongol faj tim teb chaws. Qhov tseeb, Hungary tau rov zoo sai heev, thiab thaum lub xyoo XIV tau dhau los ua lub xeev muaj zog nruab nrab, qhia txhua yam rau Sab Hnub Poob. Bosnia tau kov yeej dua nyob rau xyoo 1328, thaum Wallachia thiab Moldavia tseem nyob hauv Hungarian suzerainty txog thaum 1360s.
Nomads nyob hauv plawv nroog Europe
Raws li rau Magyars 'kev ua tub rog, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg no yog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg nyob. Tab sis thaum tsis ua li ntawd, lawv tsis nco qab nws kiag li. Tam sim no, tau dhau los ua neeg ntseeg thiab tsom mus rau Sab Hnub Poob uas kov yeej lawv, lawv tau pib tso siab rau me me tub rog caij nees, uas, raws li khoom plig rau kev lig kev cai thaum ub, tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tus nees hneev taw. Cov hneev taw muaj cov cuab yeej hnyav dua, cov neeg caij nees nrog hmuv thiab ntaj - hnyav dua. Cov hneev taw ntawm cov neeg Hungarians kuj tseem nyob ze rau Sassanian, Caucasian, Byzantine lossis hom Arab thaum ntxov tshaj li rau Turkish. Kuj tseem muaj pov thawj pom tias kev siv tswv yim ntawm Magyar tus nees caij nees tau nyob ze rau ntawm Middle East dua li Central Asia. Yuav ua li cas qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis meej kiag li. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tsuas yog los ntawm Asia, thiab tsis txhais tau tias los ntawm Middle East. Tsuas muaj ib qho kev piav qhia xwb. Qhov chaw nyob ntawm pab pawg Magyar tsis sib xws nrog thaj tsam ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv, thiab lawv tsis kov ib leeg hauv qhov dav ntawm Asia. Tab sis Caucasus thiab Iran tau muaj kev sib cuag nrog lawv thaum lawv hloov chaw mus rau Sab Hnub Poob, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg no, Magyars nyuam qhuav tau paub txog kev ua tub rog ntawm Iran thaum ub thiab tau txais qee yam los ntawm nws. Qhov txaus siab, Magyars thaum ntxov tau siv riam phom siege ntse dua. Ntawd yog, nws pom tseeb tias Hungary muaj kev sib tham nrog kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb Islamic nyob rau xyoo 10th thiab 11th, thiab lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws.
Thawj theem ntawm "Westernization" nyob rau tiam 10th thiab 11th centuries tej zaum tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, tub rog tub rog thiab tus thawj tub rog. Qee pawg ntawm Magyar haiv neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg uas nyob ntawm Great Plain, uas yog, hauv Pannonia, khaws lawv cov kev coj ua kom txog thaum xyoo pua 12th. Kev lig kev cai, lawv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev yug menyuam nees. Txawm li cas los xij, feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj tsam uas muaj cov pejxeem ntawm Slavs, ib txwm koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb. Ntau tus Magyars kuj tau nyob hauv cov chaw no thiab tau txais sai los ntawm Slavs cov lus hais txog kev yug menyuam nees, uas muaj Finno -Ugric keeb kwm, tab sis rau kev ua liaj ua teb - Slavic! Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov no coj mus rau kev ntxiv dag zog ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cov tub rog. Lub teeb cavalry tsis ploj, tab sis nws qhov tseem ceeb tau ploj zuj zus, thaum riam phom thiab cuab yeej ua rog tau dhau los, txawm hais tias tsis tiav, Western European.
Thiab tam sim no peb yuav saib tus lej me me zoo kawg los ntawm cov ntawv Hungarian "Chronicle of Piktum" 1325-1360. (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Cheeb Tsam ntawm Tshooj, Budapest, Hungary) Thawj zaug peb pom tus tub rog rov hais dua, tshwj tsis yog daim ntaub thaiv, kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm tus tub rog tau piav qhia hauv daim duab, tab sis tsis muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm nws ob txhais ceg.
Hungary tau txais lwm qhov nthwv dej ntawm cov neeg tuaj txawv tebchaws tuaj sab hnub tuaj ua ntej Mongol ntxeem tau, thaum Kumans - pab pawg Polovtsian khiav mus rau nws thaj av. Cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw yog nomads, lawv tau koom nrog kev tu tsiaj txhu, thiab yog li lawv tau nyob ze rau Magyar cov pej xeem hauv Hungary. Tab sis tom qab Mongol ntxeem tau thiab tuag ntawm coob leej neeg, rov qab mus rau lawv lub neej qub dhau los ua tsis tau. Ntxiv mus, cov av uas tau puas tsuaj tam sim no los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Yog li, kev sib xyaw ntau haiv neeg sib txawv ntawm cov lus, kab lis kev cai thiab tib neeg tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Hungary, uas, txawm li cas los xij, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm nom tswv feudal yuav luag tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov neeg German lossis Italis, ib yam li cov neeg nyob hauv German thiab German Teutonic knights hauv thaj chaw xws li as Transylvania.
Kev ua tsov rog mus sij hawm ntev ntawm Hungary nrog cov neeg nyob hauv cov hav txwv yeem nyob dhau ntawm Carpathian Roob, tej zaum, tsuas yog piav qhia qhov tseeb tias txawm hais tias "Westernization" ntawm nws cov tub rog tau teeb tsa, tseem siv txuas ntxiv siv cov phom me me uas muaj zog me ntsis ntawm ntau lub hauv paus.. Tib lub sijhawm, qhov tseeb, pab tub rog Hungarian ntawm XIII xyoo pua muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog cov tub rog Byzantine, uas tseem hais txog kev muaj lub zog muaj zog los ntawm sab no.
Hneev nti vs hneev
Cov neeg hla hneev taw tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog no tau txais los ntawm cov tebchaws Slavic xws li Slovakia. Tus ntoo khaub lig, los ntawm txoj kev, nrawm nrawm dhau los ua riam phom nrov hauv Hungary, txawm hais tias txawm tias los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th nws tsis tau hloov pauv qhov nyo hau sib xyaw ua ke. Cov neeg Hungarians, zoo li ntau lwm tus neeg hauv tebchaws steppe, tau siv kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tsheb laij teb, paub ob qho tib si rau Czechs thiab Poles thiab tseem rau cov tub rog ntawm Russia. Qee leej ntseeg tias muaj cov yam ntxwv pom sab hnub tuaj hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm Hungarians, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Turkish cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg Hungarians tsis tau ntsib Ottomans lub ntsej muag kom txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, txawm hais tias Turks hla Bosphorus mus rau Tebchaws Europe xyoo 1352, thiab twb yog xyoo 1389 tom qab yeej Serbs hauv Kosovo teb. Yog li kev siv lub laub ua qhov chaw tiv thaiv thaj tsam, nrog rau cov phom, feem, tuaj yeem pom ua piv txwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Hungary, uas hloov pauv sai sai txhua qhov tshiab ntawm kev ua tub rog los ntawm Western Europe.
Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg Muslim ntawm European cov tub rog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd feem ntau tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv sau, thiab feem ntau cov duab ntawm cov neeg Muslim yog, cia peb hais, me ntsis "tshem tawm" los ntawm kev muaj tiag, piv txwv li, hauv qhov me me ntawm "Poj huab tais Mary's Psalter "Ua. Tsim los ntawm 1310 txog 1320, nws muaj 223 xim puv npo thiab pleev xim rau ib nrab. (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London)
Cov ntaub ntawv:
1. Nicolle, D. Caj npab thiab Armor ntawm Crusading Era, 1050-1350. UK. L.: Greenhill Phau Ntawv. Nqe 1.
2. Nicolle, D. Hungary thiab poob ntawm Eastern Europe 1000-1568. UK. L.: Osprey (Men-At-Arms # 195), 1988.
